Mutation analysis of TRPS1 gene including core promoter, 5'UTR, and 3'UTR regulatory sequences with insight into their organization

Characterization of a Novel Frameshift Mutation Within the TRPS1 Gene Causing Trichorhinophalangeal Syndrome Type 1 in a Kindred Cypriot Family

Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome (TRPS) is an extremely rare autosomal dominant multisystem disorder characterized by craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities. Three subtypes of TRPS have been described: TRPS type I, TRPS type II, and TRPS type III. Mutations in the TRPS1 gene can cause both TRPS type I and TRPS type III. Therefore, the genotype-phenotype correlation is crucial to determine the subtype. The current family study from Cyprus involves affected patients from 4 generations who presented with alopecia, unoperated umbilical hernia, caput quadratum, long philtrum, depressed nasal bridge, frontal bossing, pes planus, beaked nose, and some deformities in hands and feet. Sequence analysis of the TRPS1 gene revealed a novel c.2854_2858del (p.Asn952ArgfsTer2) frameshift variant leading to a premature stop codon. To the best of our knowledge, we report here the first case of a Turkish Cypriot family of 4 generations with a novel frameshift mutation leading to truncated protein in the TRPS1 gene causing TRPS type I clinical phenotype. Overall, as the genotype and phenotype correlation in TRPSI is still uncertain and complex, the present outcome can enhance our knowledge of this complicated, rare, and severe genetic disorder.

Identification, functional characterization and expression profiling of cytochrome p450 1A (CYP1A) gene in Labeo rohita against emamectin benzoate

The cytochrome p450 1A (CYP1A) plays vital role in detoxification of xenobiotic compounds in living organisms. In the present study, full-length CYP1A gene was sequenced from liver of Labeo rohita and mRNA expression analysis were carried out at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h (h) time points after emamectin benzoate treatment. The full-length cDNA sequence of CYP1A was 1741 bp which consist of open reading frame (ORF) of 1618 bp, 5'-untranslated region (UTR) 48 bp and 75 bp 3'-UTR respectively. ORF encodes 526 amino acids with a molecular mass a 59.05 kDa and an isoelectric point of 8.74. The subcellular localization confirmed presence of the CYP1A protein was higher in plasma membrane (45.8%), followed by the mitochondrial region (13.9%) and nuclear region (9.2%). The CYP1A protein interaction was found to intermingle more with other CYP family proteins. Analysis of tissue distribution revealed that CYP1A gene was predominantly expressed in the liver compared to other tissues kidney, gills, muscle and intestine. Furthermore, present study reveals that CYP1A mRNA level in emamectin benzoate treated group @ 20 mgkg-1 body was significantly (p < 0.05) higher compared with the control. The CYP1A mRNA expression levels were found upregulating with time and highest expression levels at 24 h. Histological examination found that emamectin benzoate treated liver revealed vacuolisation, hepatocyte infiltrations, cytoplasmic degeneration of hepatocytes compared to control. Overall, present results lay a strong basis for CYP1A is important biomarker for drug detoxification in aquatic animals.

Trps1 Regulates Development of Craniofacial Skeleton and Is Required for the Initiation of Palatal Shelves Fusion

Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome (TRPS) is an autosomal dominant disorder resulting from heterozygous mutations of the TRPS1 gene. Common craniofacial abnormalities in TRPS patients include micrognathia, hypoplastic zygomatic arch, high-arched palate, and, occasionally, cleft palate. Studies have demonstrated that mice with a heterozygous Trps1 mutation (Trps1+/- mice) have similar features to patients with TRPS, including high-arched palates. However, mice with a homozygous Trps1 mutation (Trps1-/- mice) exhibit similar but more severe abnormalities, including cleft palate. Our study aimed to characterize the craniofacial phenotype to understand the role of Trps1 in craniofacial development and gain insight on the cleft palate pathogenesis in Trps1 deficiency. Whole-mount skeletal staining revealed hypoplastic skeletal and cartilaginous elements, steep nasal slope, and missing presphenoid in Trps1-/- mice. Although several craniofacial skeleton elements were abnormal in Trps1-/- mice, the Trps1 deficiency did not appear to disrupt cranial vault development. All Trps1-/- mice presented with cleft palate. Analyses of Trps1 expression during palatogenesis detected Trps1 mRNA and protein in palatal mesenchyme and in specific regions of palatal epithelium, which suggested that Trps1 is involved in palatal fusion. Ex vivo culture experiments demonstrated that Trps1-/- palatal shelves were unable to initiate the fusion process. On the molecular level, Trps1 deficiency resulted in decreased epithelial expression of proteins involved in palatal fusion, including chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, transforming growth factor-beta 3, Twist1, and beta-catenin. Mesenchymal expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan expression was unaffected, indicating a cell type-specific mechanism of Trps1 regulation on chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. In conclusion, we demonstrated that Trps1 is involved in the development of craniofacial skeletal elements and in the initiation of the palatal shelves fusion. Furthermore, our studies uncovered that Trps1 is required for epithelial expression of several proteins involved in the palatal shelves fusion.

Atypical GATA protein TRPS1 plays indispensable roles in mouse two-cell embryo

Zygotic genome activation (ZGA) is one of the most critical events at the beginning of mammalian preimplantation embryo development (PED). The mechanisms underlying mouse ZGA remain unclear although it has been widely studied. In the present study, we identified that tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome 1 (TRPS1), an atypical GATA family member, is an important factor for ZGA in mouse PED. We found that the Trps1 mRNA level peaked at the one-cell stage while TRPS1 protein did so at the two/four-cell stage. Knockdown of Trps1 by the microinjection of Trps1 siRNA reduced the developmental rate of mouse preimplantation embryos by approximately 30%, and increased the expression of ZGA marker genes MuERV-L and Zscan4d via suppressing the expression of major histone markers H3K4me3 and H3K27me3. Furthermore, Trps1 knockdown decreased the expression of Sox2 but increased Oct4 expression. We conclude that TRPS1 may be indispensable for zygotic genome activation during mouse PED.

An early diagnosis of trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 1: a case report and a review of literature

Background

Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome (TRPS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by defects involving the TRPS1 gene. It exhibits distinctive craniofacial, ectodermal and skeletal abnormalities, such as sparse hair, bulbous nasal tip and short deformed fingers, with extremely variable expressivity.

Case presentation

We report the case of a 17 months old girl, who presented growth retardation and dysmorphic features. Postnatal growth was always below − 2 Standard Deviation for both weight and length and physical examination revealed relative macrocephaly, sparse hair, bulbous nasal tip, thin upper lip, protruding ears, prominent forehead, small jaw, and short hands and feet. Patient’s mother shared the same facial features, and presented sparse hair and small hands. The maternal grandfather and two uncles presented short stature, bulbous nasal tip, thin hair, and premature alopecia. Molecular analysis of TRPS1 gene showed a heterozygous c.2086C > T;(p.Arg696Ter) mutation both in the patient and her mother, confirming the diagnosis of TRPS, type I.

Conclusions

Clinical phenotype of TRPS can be subtle and the syndrome often remains undiagnosed. A comprehensive clinical examination and an exhaustive family history are crucial to reach the correct diagnosis, which is essential to perform adequate follow-up and timely therapeutic procedures.