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Chauhan N, Pareek S, Rosario W, Rawal R, Jain U. An insight into the state of nanotechnology-based electrochemical biosensors for PCOS detection. Anal Biochem 2024; 687:115412. [PMID: 38040173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders affecting many women of reproductive age all over the world. PCOS is associated with the onset of enduring health complications, notably diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, PCOS escalates the propensity for conditions such as obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, which can potentially culminate in life-threatening scenarios. A pervasive predicament surrounding PCOS pertains to its underdiagnosis due to discrepancies in diagnostic criteria and the intricacy of available testing methodologies. Consequently, many women encounter substantial delays in diagnosis with traditional diagnostic approaches. Prompt identification is imperative, as any delay can precipitate severe consequences. The conventional techniques employed for PCOS detection typically suffer from suboptimal accuracy, protracted assay times, and inherent limitations, thereby constraining their widespread applicability and accessibility. In response to these challenges, various electrochemical methods leveraging nanotechnology have been documented. In this concise review, we endeavor to delineate the deficiencies associated with established conventional methodologies while accentuating the distinctive attributes and benefits inherent to contemporary biosensors. We place particular emphasis on elucidating the pivotal advancements and recent breakthroughs in the realm of nanotechnology-facilitated biosensors for the detection of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Chauhan
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun, 248007, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Sakshi Pareek
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector-125, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Warren Rosario
- School of Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rachna Rawal
- Department of Physics & Astrophysics, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Utkarsh Jain
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun, 248007, Uttarakhand, India
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2
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Sudhakaran G, Rajesh R, Murugan R, Velayutham M, Guru A, Boopathi S, Muthupandian S, Gopinath P, Arockiaraj J. Nimbin analog
N2
alleviates high testosterone induced oxidative stress in
CHO
cells and alters the expression of
Tox3
and
Dennd1a
signal transduction pathway involved in the
PCOS
zebrafish. Phytother Res 2022; 37:1449-1461. [PMID: 36450691 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder that causes enlargement of ovaries and follicular maturation arrest, which lacks efficient treatment. N2, a semi-natural triterpenoid from the neem family, was already reported to have antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties in our previous report. This study investigated the anti-androgenic property of N2 on testosterone-induced oxidative stress in Chinese Hamster Ovarian cells (CHO) and PCOS zebrafish model. The testosterone exposure disrupted the antioxidant enzymes and ROS level and enhanced the apoptosis in both CHO cells and PCOS zebrafish. However, N2 significantly protected the CHO cells from ROS and apoptosis. N2 improved the Gonado somatic index (GSI) and upregulated the expression of the SOD enzyme in zebrafish ovaries. Moreover, the testosterone-induced follicular maturation arrest was normalized by N2 treatment in histopathology studies. In addition, the gene expression studies of Tox3 and Denndla in zebrafish demonstrated that N2 could impair PCOS condition. Furthermore, to confirm the N2 activity, the in-silico studies were performed against PCOS susceptible genes Tox3 and Dennd1a using molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations. The results suggested that N2 alleviated the oxidative stress and apoptosis in-vitro and in-vivo and altered the expression of PCOS key genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Sudhakaran
- Department of Biotechnology College of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai India
| | - Ravi Rajesh
- Department of Chemistry College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai India
| | - Raghul Murugan
- Department of Biotechnology College of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai India
| | - Manikandan Velayutham
- Department of Biotechnology College of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai India
| | - Ajay Guru
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, SIMATS Chennai India
| | - Seenivasan Boopathi
- Department of Biotechnology College of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai India
| | - Saravanan Muthupandian
- AMR and Nanomedicine Lab, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) Chennai India
| | - Pushparathinam Gopinath
- Department of Chemistry College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai India
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Department of Biotechnology College of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai India
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3
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Kozak J, Tyszczuk-Rotko K, Wójciak M, Sowa I, Rotko M. Electrochemically Pretreated Sensor Based on Screen-Printed Carbon Modified with Pb Nanoparticles for Determination of Testosterone. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15144948. [PMID: 35888414 PMCID: PMC9320313 DOI: 10.3390/ma15144948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Testosterone (TST), despite its good properties, may be harmful to the human organism and the environment. Therefore, monitoring biological fluids and environmental samples is important. An electrochemically pretreated screen-printed carbon sensor modified with Pb nanoparticles (pSPCE/PbNPs) was successfully prepared and used for the determination of TST. The surface morphology and electrochemical properties of unmodified and modified sensors were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Selective determinations of TST at the pSPCE/PbNPs were carried out by differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry (DPAdSV, EPb dep.and TST acc. of −1.1 V, t Pb dep.and TST acc. of 120 s, ΔEA of 50 mV, ν of 175 mV s−1, and tm of 5 ms) in a solution containing 0.075 mol L−1 acetate buffer of pH = 4.6 ± 0.1, and 7.5 × 10−5 mol L−1 Pb(NO3)2. The analytical signal obtained at the potential around −1.42 V (vs. silver pseudo-reference electrode) is related to the reduction process of TST adsorbed onto the electrode surface. The use of pSPCE/PbNPs allows obtaining a very low limit of TST detection (2.2 × 10−12 mol L−1) and wide linear ranges of the calibration graph (1.0 × 10−11–1.0 × 10−10, 1.0 × 10−10–2.0 × 10−9, and 2.0 × 10−9–2.0 × 10−8 mol L−1). The pSPCE/PbNPs were successfully applied for the determination of TST in reference material of human urine and wastewater purified in a sewage treatment plant without preliminary preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jędrzej Kozak
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (J.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Katarzyna Tyszczuk-Rotko
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (J.K.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Magdalena Wójciak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.W.); (I.S.)
| | - Ireneusz Sowa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.W.); (I.S.)
| | - Marek Rotko
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (J.K.); (M.R.)
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4
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Liu B, Zheng S, Tang H, Liu Q, Li H, Gao B, Zhao X, Sun F. Highly sensitive detection of free testosterone assisted by magnetic nanobeads and gap-enhanced SERS nanotags. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 214:112460. [PMID: 35298951 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The quantitative determination of trace free testosterone (FT) is of great significance for the diagnosis of androgen-related endocrine diseases. Herein, a fascinating detection protocol was developed for highly sensitive FT analysis through a competitive immunoassay mechanism, which was composed of magnetic nanobeads (MNBs) and gap-enhanced surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanotags. With the MNBs as detection carriers, trace FT could be enriched by simple magnetic separation. The SERS nanotag constructed with silver-gold core-shell nanoparticle was acted as quantitative label, and Raman indicators were located at the interface between silver core and gold shell. It is demonstrated that the as-proposed protocol achieves high detection sensitivity for FT of 12.11 fg mL-1, and wider linear dynamic detection range (LDR) in the concentration of 100 fg mL-1 to 100 ng mL-1 with R2 value of 0.979, which is due to the enhanced Raman signal of the gap-enhanced SERS nanotag and the high surface-to-volume ratio of the MNB, respectively. Taking advantages of such sensitivity and accuracy approach, the as-developed powerful strategy presents potential applications for rapid disease diagnosis through analyzing trace levels of FT, and can also provide guidance for the exploitation of analysis project of other analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liu
- Medical School, Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Shiya Zheng
- Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hanyu Tang
- Medical School, Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Medical School, Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Haitao Li
- Medical School, Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Bingbing Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiangwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Southeast University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Fei Sun
- Medical School, Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
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5
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Tang L, Swezey RR, Green CE, Lee MS, Bunin DI, Parman T. A tandem liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC/LC-MS/MS) technique to separate and quantify steroid isomers 11β-methyl-19-nortestosterone and testosterone. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1193:123165. [PMID: 35158319 PMCID: PMC9360186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has become a mainstay analytical technique in pharmaceutical research and development and clinical diagnosis due to several advantages including excellent selectivity, specificity, and high sensitivity. LC-MS/MS has become the method of choice for steroids analysis due to its fast analytical time and improved specificity yet has a challenge in the separation and measurement of isomers with the same product ions. Here we describe a high-sensitivity LC/LC-MS/MS method that combines chiral chromatography and reverse-phase chromatography (LC/LC) along with MS/MS to rapidly separate and quantify steroid isomers of 11ß-methyl-19-nortestosterone (11ß-MNT) and endogenous testosterone in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Min S Lee
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Ahmed AS, Soliman MG. Protective Role of 4-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-Butanone on Prostatic Cells Hyperplasia of Rats and Human, 5α-reductase Inhibition Pathway. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2021; 9:164-169. [PMID: 35070691 PMCID: PMC8751679 DOI: 10.4103/jmau.jmau_37_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate gland is an exocrine gland that could be affected by various pathological conditions. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an age-dependent medical condition caused by increased activity of 5α-reductase enzyme (5α-R). Medical treatment by finasteride is considered during treatment, but it has unavoidable side effects. Hence, there is an increasing need to use natural ingredients for BPH treatment. Gingerol oil (ginger extract) is transferred by heating into zingerone. Recent studies reported the effect of zingerone on prostate cancer cells. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of the present research is to investigate the protective effect of zingerone against BPH. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty male Albino Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control group, prostatic hyperplasia group treated with saline, and prostatic hyperplasia group treated with zingerone (PH-Z-G). At day 28, all rats were sacrificed, epididymis and prostate samples were collected for histopathological examination and Western blotting for androgen receptors (ARs) proteins and steroid 5 alpha-reductase 1 (SRD5A1). Human RWPE-1 prostatic cell line was assessed for viability and cycle after treated with zingerone 500 μg/day for 10 days. RESULTS PH-S group showed significant (P < 0.05) thickening of connective tissue septa associated with narrowing of acinar lumen. PH-Z group showed regain of the normal histological feature. SRD5A1 and AR expression was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in PH-Z group in comparison with PH-S group. Cell line proliferation was significantly reduced after application of zingerone with G2/M cell cycle arrest. CONCLUSION Our results showed that natural herbal zingerone decreased the prostatic tissue levels of (5α reductase and AR) in rat BPH model, which could be a promising herbal medicine for BPH treatment. Further human clinical trials are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S. Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, College of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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7
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Lee W, Lee H, Kim YL, Lee YC, Chung BC, Hong J. Profiling of Steroid Metabolic Pathways in Human Plasma by GC-MS/MS Combined with Microwave-Assisted Derivatization for Diagnosis of Gastric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041872. [PMID: 33668551 PMCID: PMC7918215 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones are associated in depth to cellular signaling, inflammatory immune responses, and reproductive functions, and their metabolism alterations incur various diseases. In particular, quantitative profiling of steroids in plasma of patients with gastric cancer can provide a vast information to understand development of gastric cancer, since both sex hormones and glucocorticoids might be correlated with the pathological mechanisms of gastric cancer. Here, we developed a gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-dynamic multiple reaction monitoring (GC-MS/MS-dMRM) method combined with solid-phase extraction (SPE) and microwave-assisted derivatization (MAD) to determine 20 endogenous steroids in human plasma. In this study, MAD conditions were optimized with respect to irradiation power and time. The SPE enabled effective cleanup and extraction for profiling of steroid hormones in human plasma samples. The MAD could improve laborious and time-consuming derivatization procedure, since dielectric heating using microwave directly increase molecular energy of reactants by penetrating through medium. Furthermore, dMRM method provided more sensitive determination of 20 steroids, compared to traditional MRM detection. The limits of quantification of steroids were below 1.125 ng/mL and determination coefficients of calibration curves were higher than 0.9925. Overall precision and accuracy results were below 19.93% and within ±17.04%, respectively. The developed method provided sufficient detection sensitivities and reliable quantification results. The established method was successfully applied to profile steroid metabolism pathways in plasma of patients with chronic superficial gastritis (CSG), intestinal metaplasia (IM), and gastric cancer. Statistical significances of steroid plasma levels between gastric disorder groups were investigated. In conclusion, this method provided comprehensive profiling of 20 steroids in human plasma samples and will be helpful to discover potential biomarkers for the development of gastric cancer and to further understand metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonwoong Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Wanju 55338, Korea;
| | - Hyunjung Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (H.L.); (Y.L.K.)
| | - You Lee Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (H.L.); (Y.L.K.)
| | - Yong Chan Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea;
| | - Bong Chul Chung
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Correspondence: (B.C.C.); (J.H.); Tel.: +82-2-961-9255 (J.H.); Fax: +82-2-961-0357 (J.H.)
| | - Jongki Hong
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (H.L.); (Y.L.K.)
- Correspondence: (B.C.C.); (J.H.); Tel.: +82-2-961-9255 (J.H.); Fax: +82-2-961-0357 (J.H.)
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8
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Gao H, Cheng G, Wang H, Chen T, Xu C, Lv H, Zhang H, Hou R, Wang Y, Peng D, Yuan Z. Development of a broad-spectrum monoclonal antibody-based indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening of androgens in animal edible tissues. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Cao Z, Lu Y, Cong Y, Liu Y, Li Y, Wang H, Zhang Q, Huang W, Liu J, Dong Y, Tang G, Luo YR, Yin C, Zhai Y. Simultaneous quantitation of four androgens and 17-hydroxyprogesterone in polycystic ovarian syndrome patients by LC-MS/MS. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 34:e23539. [PMID: 32820576 PMCID: PMC7755789 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to the low concentration of androgens in women and the limitation of immunoassays, it remains a challenge to accurately determine the levels of serum androgens in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients for clinical laboratories. In this report, a liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method was developed and validated for simultaneous quantitation of testosterone (T), androstenedione (A4), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and 17‐hydroxyprogesterone (17‐OHP) that are associated with PCOS. Methods The serum samples were processed by protein precipitation and solid phase extraction before analysis with the in‐house developed LC‐MS/MS. The chromatographic separation was achieved with a C18 column, using a linear gradient elution with two mobile phases: 0.02% formic acid in water (phase A) and 0.1% formic acid in methanol (phase B). The separated analytes were detected by positive or negative electrospray ionization mode under multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Results The assay for all the five analytes was linear, stable, with imprecision less than 9% and recoveries within ±10%. The lower limits of quantification were 0.05, 0.05, 5, 0.025, and 0.025 ng/mL for T, A4, DHEAS, DHT, and 17‐OHP, respectively. In the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analyses with the PCOS (n = 63) and healthy (n = 161) subjects, the AUC of the four‐androgen combined was greater than that of any single androgen tested in PCOS diagnosis. Conclusions The LC‐MS/MS method for the four androgens and 17‐OHP showed good performance for clinical implementation. More importantly, simultaneous quantitation of the four androgens provided better diagnostic power for PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuting Cong
- Shanghai AB Sciex Analytical Instrument Trading Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Youran Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Husheng Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoli Zhang
- Department of Human Reproductive Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxi Huang
- Guangzhou Kangrun Biotech Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingrui Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Dong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guodong Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqi R Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chenghong Yin
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhong Zhai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Mezzullo M, Pelusi C, Fazzini A, Repaci A, Di Dalmazi G, Gambineri A, Pagotto U, Fanelli F. Female and male serum reference intervals for challenging sex and precursor steroids by liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 197:105538. [PMID: 31734493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Measuring some sex and precursor steroids is still challenging even by liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and few normal values are available. We developed a LC-MS/MS method for estradiol, estrone, dihydrotestosterone and 17-hydroxypregnenolone measurement, compared it with direct immunoassays, and generated sex, age, menopausal and menstrual status specific reference intervals. Liquid-liquid extraction was optimized on 300 μL serum spiked with isotopic internal standards. A 2D-LC system allowed on-line purification and separation in 11 min run. Electrospray ionization was enhanced by ammonium fluoride. MS-detection was obtained by multiple reaction monitoring. Direct ECLIA for estradiol (n = 80) and RIA for estrone (n = 41) were compared with LC-MS/MS. Reference values were estimated in healthy, lean women in reproductive age (n = 118), menopausal women (n = 33) and men (n = 159). The assay showed satisfying imprecision, trueness, recovery and selectivity. Adequate functional sensitivity was achieved for measuring estrone (18.1 pmol/L) and 17-hydroxypregnenolone (117 pmol/L) in all subjects, and estradiol (35.9 pmol/L) and dihydrotestosterone (134 pmol/L) in women in reproductive age and men, but not in menopausal women. Compared with LC-MS/MS, immunoassays showed good agreement for estradiol but severe disagreement for estrone. Estrogens exhibited sex, menopausal and menstrual variations. Dihydrotestosterone and 17-hydroxypregnenolone depended on sex and menopause, the latter also declining with age in men. Strictly defined reference intervals in the adult female and male population were generated for challenging steroids such as estrogens, dihydrotestosterone and 17-hydroxypregnenolone by a novel LC-MS/MS method. Our achievement can be used to deepen the comprehension of several endocrine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mezzullo
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, S.Orsola Policlinic, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Carla Pelusi
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, S.Orsola Policlinic, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Alessia Fazzini
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, S.Orsola Policlinic, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Andrea Repaci
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, S.Orsola Policlinic, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Guido Di Dalmazi
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, S.Orsola Policlinic, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Gambineri
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, S.Orsola Policlinic, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Uberto Pagotto
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, S.Orsola Policlinic, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Flaminia Fanelli
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, S.Orsola Policlinic, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
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11
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Dušková M, Kolátorová L, Stárka L. Androgens in women - critical evaluation of the methods for their determination in diagnostics of endocrine disorders. Physiol Res 2018; 67:S379-S390. [PMID: 30484665 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgens dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, dehydro-epiandrosterone, androstenedione and testosterone are routinely assessed in women, and circulating levels of these androgens reflect their production. These androgens are measured in most laboratories using various immuno-analytical methods. Recently, however, androgen assays have begun to be performed using gas or liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. To better understand the difficulties and issues of androgen laboratory diagnostics, it is important to assess each of the methods used, how and why they were introduced into practice, and their advantages, limits, historic milestones and current status. It is also necessary to understand how reference ranges are determined and specifics arising from the physiology of individual androgens. Here we present a summary and discussion of these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dušková
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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