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van der Plas A, Antunes M, Pouly S, de La Bourdonnaye G, Hankins M, Heremans A. Meta-analysis of the effects of smoking and smoking cessation on triglyceride levels. Toxicol Rep 2023; 10:367-375. [PMID: 36926662 PMCID: PMC10011683 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking increases lipid levels, including triglycerides, leading to increased cardiovascular disease risk. We performed a meta-analysis to quantify the effects of smoking and smoking cessation on triglyceride levels. The PubMed and Scopus databases were searched to identify studies reporting either triglyceride levels in smokers and non-smokers or the effects of smoking cessation on triglyceride levels. Fixed- and random-effects models were used to perform the analyses when three or more studies/comparisons were available. We identified 169 and 21 studies evaluating the effects of smoking and smoking cessation, respectively, on triglyceride levels. Triglyceride levels were 0.50 mmol/L (95% confidence interval: 0.49-0.50 mmol/L) higher in smokers than non-smokers, but the effect differed widely across studies. No statistically significant effect was observed on triglyceride levels between baseline and 6 weeks (mean difference [MD] = 0.02 [-0.09, 0.12] mmol/L), 2 months (MD = 0.03 [-0.21, 0.27] mmol/L), 3 months (MD = 0.08 [-0.03, 0.21] mmol/L), or 1 year (MD = 0.04 [-0.06, 0.14] mmol/L) after quitting. However, a slightly significant decrease in triglyceride levels was observed at 1 month after cessation (MD = -0.15 [-0.15, -0.01] mmol/L). The results of this meta-analysis provide a basis for understanding the effects of smoking and smoking cessation on triglyceride levels, which could have important implications for public health.
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Smoking and apolipoprotein levels: A meta-analysis of published data. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1150-1171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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The Association between the Binding Processes of Working Memory and Vascular Risk Profile in Adults. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11091140. [PMID: 34573162 PMCID: PMC8467480 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11091140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Episodic buffer (EB), a key component of working memory, seems to have a rather complicated function as part of binding processes. Recent papers on the field claim that binding processes of working memory (WM) are assisted by attention and executive functions. On the same page, vascular pathology is gaining more ground as the main underlying cause for many brain pathologies. Hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, lack of exercise and smoking are the most common risk factors that people of all ages suffer from and constitute the main vascular risk factors responsible for a possible decline in executive functions and attention. Thus, this research is an attempt to examine the relation between the binding functions of WM and the existence of vascular risk factors via a computerized test focusing on feature binding. The study comprised adults (n = 229) with and without vascular risk factors. The main tools used were a biomarker questionnaire and a feature binding test (FBT). The results showed that participants who report suffering from one or more vascular risk factors had significantly lower performance on specific subtasks of the FBT in comparison to the participants who were healthy. This allows us to assume that there might be a positive association between feature binding and a vascular risk profile in adults, and such a test could be a useful diagnostic tool for early cognitive impairment due to incipient vascular pathology.
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Đuretić J, Bufan B. Safety and efficacy of interleukin inhibitors in elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and psoriatic arthritis. ARHIV ZA FARMACIJU 2021. [DOI: 10.5937/arhfarm71-30505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis encompass those with elderly-onset disease, over 60 years of age, but also those with earlier disease onset who entered old age. Considering the age-related changes of the immune system, possible frailty, susceptibility to infection and concomitant comorbidity that implies multiple medicines, the treatment of these diseases in elderly patients can be challenging. Interleukin inhibitors have been shown to be an efficient and safe treatment for these diseases. However, elderly patients with these diseases were often included in the pivotal clinical trials for interleukin inhibitors in numbers insufficient to determine whether they responded differently from younger subjects. The aim of this paper was to review the findings on the efficacy and safety of interleukin inhibitor treatment in elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and psoriatic arthritis. The findings suggest that, for all the interleukin inhibitors reviewed herein, used in elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis, or with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, the efficacy was comparable to younger patients. Furthermore, the incidence of reported adverse events was similar in these two age groups. Severe adverse events, which were related to sarilumab treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and secukinumab treatment for psoriasis, were higher in elderly patients. The reviewed findings suggest that the interleukin inhibitors approved and currently in use in clinical practice for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and psoriatic arthritis can be considered a safe and efficient option for these diseases in elderly patients.
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Xu C, Liang J, Xu S, Liu Q, Xu J, Gu A. Increased serum levels of aldehydes are associated with cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors in adults. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 400:123134. [PMID: 32569983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have identified several genetic and environmental risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), but little is known about the associations between serum aldehydes and CVD risk. Herein, we examined associations between serum levels of aldehydes and the risk of CVD and CVD subtypes among 1947 U.S. adults participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2014. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) was used to analyze the combined effect of serum aldehydes on the overall risk of CVD. We found that isopentanaldehyde concentrations were positively associated with the odds of CVD (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 2.17; 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI): 1.36, 3.46). The result of BKMR also indicated a positive association of mixed aldehydes with CVD risk. Isopentanaldehyde had the highest posterior inclusion probabilities (PIP = 0.90). Each one-unit (ng/mL) increase in the isopentanaldehyde concentration was associated with a 25.0 mg/dL increase in triglycerides and a 0.9 × 109/L increase in white blood cell (WBC) count in the fully adjusted model. Current evidence suggests that isopentanaldehyde may increase the risk of CVD by elevating triglycerides and WBC count.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjia Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuqin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Maternal, Child, and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aihua Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Girolineto BMP, de Oliveira AM, Gonçalves AMRF, Campos MSDA, Pereira LRL. INSAF-HAS: a tool to select patients with hypertension for pharmaceutical care. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2019; 18:eAO4858. [PMID: 31851225 PMCID: PMC6905168 DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2020ao4858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop and validate the content of a tool aimed to select patients with hypertension for pharmaceutical care, based on identification of individuals in greater need of attention. METHODS The tool was developed and assessed for face and content validity, which was carried out in three stages. Phase I consisted of comprehensive literature review, which prompted the development of the first version of the tool. Phase II consisted of validation by an expert panel. Phase III consisted of a pilot study with hypertensive patients and preparation of the final version of the instrument. RESULTS Literature review yielded 30 studies, out of which 13 factors associated with hypertension and cardiovascular disease control and complications were selected. Once the initial version of the tool named INSAF-HAS was obtained, four expert meetings were held, each leading to instrument improvement until a final consensus was reached. In the pilot study, INSAF-HAS was applied to 30 patients with a diagnosis of hypertension for applicability pretest; adjustments were made and the final version of INSAF-HAS obtained. CONCLUSION The INSAF-HAS tool developed in this study has face and content validity, and may contribute to the selection of patients with hypertension in greater need of pharmaceutical care services.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Maicon de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Zirak MR, Mehri S, Karimani A, Zeinali M, Hayes AW, Karimi G. Mechanisms behind the atherothrombotic effects of acrolein, a review. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 129:38-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Influence of smoking on levels of urinary 8-iso Prostaglandin F2α. Toxicol Rep 2018; 6:18-25. [PMID: 30519530 PMCID: PMC6260378 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is an important modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Cigarette smoking affects oxidative stress markers such as 8-iso prostaglandin F2α. The effect of smoking on urinary 8-iso prostaglandin F2α levels was meta-analyzed. Urinary 8-iso prostaglandin F2α levels were increased in smokers.
Background To evaluate the reduced-risk potential of alternative tobacco products, biomarkers that are involved in the biological pathways affected by cigarette smoking and smoking cessation are needed. Isoprostanes, a measure of oxidative stress, appear to be influenced by smoking and reversible upon smoking cessation and therefore could be a good biomarker. This review aims at quantifying the effect of smoking and smoking cessation on levels of urinary 8-iso prostaglandin F2α (8-epi-PGF2α), an isoprostane. Methods PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for publications that reported 8-epi-PGF2α levels in smokers and nonsmokers as well as articles reporting the effect of smoking cessation on 8-epi-PGF2α levels. Results Eighteen studies assessing 8-epi-PGF2α levels by smoking status were identified. Five of the papers reported the results as quantity excreted in 24-hour urine (μg/24 h), and 15 reported creatinine adjusted values. The meta-analyses show increased levels of 8-epi-PGF2α in current smokers compared with nonsmokers (mean difference = 0.16, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.14–0.19 μg/24 h with inconsistency statistic [I2] = 98%; mean difference = 172.38, 95%CI: 152.75–192.01 pg/mg creatinine with I2 = 89%, respectively). There were too few publications to perform a meta-analysis assessing the effects of smoking cessation on 8-epi-PGF2α levels. Conclusions Due to the high heterogeneity among the studies included in these meta-analyses, it is difficult to generalize the results; however, our study indicates increased levels of 8-epi-PGF2α and therefore increased oxidative stress in smokers compared with nonsmokers. More studies are still needed to assess if 8-epi-PGF2α levels are reversible after cessation.
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Man HS, Yi CM, Fan LT. The effectiveness of telephone counselling for reducing cardiovascular risks in community-dwelling adults: a systematic review protocol. JBI LIBRARY OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2012; 10:1-29. [PMID: 27820450 DOI: 10.11124/jbisrir-2012-284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heung Sin Man
- 1 Hong Kong Centre for Evidence Based Nursing, The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 2 Doctoral Nursing Student
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Doonan RJ, Hausvater A, Scallan C, Mikhailidis DP, Pilote L, Daskalopoulou SS. The effect of smoking on arterial stiffness. Hypertens Res 2010; 33:398-410. [PMID: 20379189 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2010.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library to determine the effect of acute, chronic and passive smoking on arterial stiffness and to determine whether these effects are reversible after smoking cessation. A total of 39 relevant studies were identified and included. Acute smoking was found to cause an acute increase in arterial stiffness. Similarly, passive smoking increased arterial stiffness acutely and chronically. The majority of studies identified chronic smoking as a risk factor for increasing arterial stiffness. However, some studies found no statistical difference in arterial stiffness between nonsmokers and long-term smokers, although chronic smoking seems to sensitize the arterial response to acute smoking. In addition, whether arterial stiffness is reversed after smoking cessation and the timeline in which this may occur could not be determined from the identified literature. The effect of smoking discontinuation on arterial stiffness remains to be established by prospective smoking cessation trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Doonan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
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Paraskevas KI, Bessias N, Papas TT, Gekas CD, Andrikopoulos V, Mikhailidis DP. Do Different Vascular Risk Factors Affect All Arteries Equally? Angiology 2008; 59:397-401. [DOI: 10.1177/0003319708318383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Established vascular risk factors (ie, smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia) play an important role in the development of vascular disease. Emerging evidence suggests that some of these risk factors may have a more intense effect on specific arterial beds, a finding that holds implications for a prognostic role for certain types of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikolaos Bessias
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Red Cross Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Dimitri P. Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (Vascular Disease Prevention clinics), Royal Free Hospital campus, University College London, United Kingdom,
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Sirri L, Potena L, Masetti M, Tossani E, Grigioni F, Magelli C, Branzi A, Grandi S. Prevalence of substance-related disorders in heart transplantation candidates. Transplant Proc 2007; 39:1970-2. [PMID: 17692668 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2007.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Substance abuse cessation is one of the leading factors in determining the eligibility for the heart transplantation waiting list, as noncompliance with this issue may seriously endanger posttransplantation outcomes. Yet, the prevalence of substance-related disorders among candidates for heart transplantation has not been evaluated enough. Eighty three heart transplantation candidates were assessed for prior or current substance-related disorders through the Structured Clinical Interview for mental disorders according to DSM-IV. A prior history of at least one substance-related disorder was found in 64% of patients, with nicotine dependence as the most prevalent diagnosis (61.4% of the sample). Ten subjects were currently smokers, despite heart failure. A prior history of alcohol abuse and caffeine intoxication was found in 9.6% and 2.4% of patients, respectively. Substance abuse or dependence behaviors should be monitored during all the phases of heart transplantation program. Early identification of current substance-related disorders may allow better allocation of organ resources and proper lifestyle modification programs provision. A prior history of substance-related disorders should alert physicians to assess patients for possible relapse, especially after transplantation. The inclusion of a specialist in the assessment and treatment of substance-related disorders in the heart transplantation unit may reduce the risk of unsuccessful outcomes due to noncompliance with an adequate lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sirri
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is usually preceded by impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and/or impaired fasting glucose (IFG), which are often referred to as pre-diabetes. Individuals with IGT demonstrate beta-cell dysfunction, insulin resistance, and increased hepatic glucose production; IGT and IFG are risk factors for both diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Type 2 diabetes is associated with micro- and macrovascular complications that lead to excessive mortality and morbidity and the risk of microvascular complications extends to people with pre-diabetes. Maintaining good glycemic control in type 2 diabetes can reduce the risk of developing chronic disease-associated complications. Most individuals who develop type 2 diabetes appear to pass through a stage of IFG or IGT; thus, early intervention (lifestyle and/or pharmacologic) in individuals with pre-diabetes may help prevent cardiovascular disease and the development of type 2 diabetes.The use of exogenous insulin treatment offers the potential to reduce the cardiovascular risk in individuals with type 2 diabetes or pre-diabetes through effective reductions in blood glucose and lipid levels, and in the associated tissue damage resulting from their chronic elevations. However, there are barriers associated with insulin initiation in both type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes (e.g. hypoglycemia, weight gain, the possible unpredictable action of long-acting insulin, and the need for injections). Insulin glargine, with its flat time-action profile, near 24-hour duration of action, reduced risk of hypoglycemia, and improved glycemic control compared with insulin suspension isophane (neutral protamine hagedorn [NPH] insulin), may help to overcome some of these barriers.Initial results from a small study have indicated the feasibility of treating individuals with pre-diabetes to near-normoglycemia using a regimen of low-dose insulin glargine plus caloric restriction. This is being followed up in the ongoing ORIGIN (Outcomes Reduction with Initial Glargine INtervention) study, which will investigate whether treatment to near-normoglycemia with insulin glargine in individuals with IGT, IFG, or new-onset type 2 diabetes can reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality compared with conventional management of these conditions, and whether the rate of progression to type 2 diabetes can be similarly reduced.Further studies are needed to investigate the potential benefits of insulin therapy in individuals with pre-diabetes.
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