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Reynolds MA, Henriksen KJ, Chang A. End-Stage Kidney Disease Is Overlooked as a Proximate Cause of Death at Autopsy. Am J Clin Pathol 2020; 153:772-775. [PMID: 31993659 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqz211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine how often end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is implicated as a cause of death (COD) at autopsy. METHODS We searched our autopsy database (2007-2017) using queries "end-stage renal disease," "end-stage kidney disease," "ESRD," "chronic renal disease," and "chronic kidney disease." Final diagnosis and summaries were reviewed to determine if ESKD was appropriately correlated with the COD. Cases in which the COD was unrelated to kidney function were excluded. RESULTS Eighty-five patients with a history of ESKD and histologic confirmation thereof were identified. Their CODs were cardiovascular (36%), infection/sepsis (41%), pulmonary (6%), gastrointestinal/hepatic (2%), central nervous system (3%), other systemic disease (7%), and unspecified (5%). ESKD was implicated as a contributing COD in 24 (28%) cases. CONCLUSIONS ESKD is often overlooked at autopsy, particularly in patients with cardiovascular or infectious disease. Accurate documentation of ESKD contributing to mortality is important for education, counseling, record maintenance, and directing research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kammi J Henriksen
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Anthony Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL
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Thangarasa T, Imtiaz R, Hiremath S, Zimmerman D. Physical Activity in Patients Treated With Peritoneal Dialysis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2018; 5:2054358118779821. [PMID: 29977585 PMCID: PMC6024495 DOI: 10.1177/2054358118779821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise has been shown to be of benefit in the general population and in patients with chronic diseases. Despite a lack of compelling evidence, patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) treated with peritoneal dialysis (PD) are often discouraged from participating in exercise programs that include weight lifting due to concerns about the development of hernias and leaks. The actual effects of physical activity with or without structured exercise programs for patients on PD remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To determine the risks and benefits of physical activity in the ESKD population treated with PD. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. SETTING Included all studies that met our criteria regardless of country of origin. PATIENTS Adult patients with ESKD treated with PD. MEASUREMENTS Descriptive and quantitative analysis of our primary and secondary outcome variables. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for observational and interventional studies examining the effects of physical activity in patients on PD. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted of the identified studies. The primary outcomes of interest included patient-centered outcomes of mental health, physical functioning, fatigue, quality of life, and adverse events. Secondary outcomes included nutritional measures, lipid profile, blood pressure changes, maximum heart rate, resting heart rate, maximal oxygen consumption, muscle development, cognitive function, and markers of inflammation. RESULTS Of 1828 studies identified by the literature search, 12 met the inclusion criteria including 6 interventional and 6 observational studies. There was limited information on the patient important outcomes. However, there is some evidence for improvements in burden of kidney disease, physical function, and some mental health measures with physical activity. LIMITATIONS Lack of well-designed randomized controlled trials impaired our ability to determine the benefits and risks of increasing physical activity. CONCLUSIONS There is limited evidence of benefit with increased levels of physical activity in PD patients. Further research is needed to define the exercise program that is likely to be of most benefit to patients treated with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Swapnil Hiremath
- University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, The Ottawa
Hospital, Kidney Research Centre of the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, ON,
Canada
| | - Deborah Zimmerman
- University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, The Ottawa
Hospital, Kidney Research Centre of the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, ON,
Canada
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Kruzan RM, Herzog CA, Wu A, Sang Y, Parekh RS, Matsushita K, Hwang S, Cheng A, Coresh J, Powe NR, Shafi T. Association of NTproBNP and cTnI with outpatient sudden cardiac death in hemodialysis patients: the Choices for Healthy Outcomes in Caring for ESRD (CHOICE) study. BMC Nephrol 2016; 17:18. [PMID: 26897129 PMCID: PMC4761195 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-016-0230-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is the most common etiology of death in hemodialysis patients but not much is known about its risk factors. The goal of our study was to determine the association and risk prediction of SCD by serum N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP) troponin I (cTnI) in hemodialysis patients. METHODS We measured NTproBNP and cTnI in 503 hemodialysis patients of a national prospective cohort study. We determined their association with SCD using Cox regression, adjusting for demographics, co-morbidities, and clinical factors and risk prediction using C-statistic and Net Reclassification Improvement (NRI). RESULTS Patients' mean age was 58 years and 54 % were male. During follow-up (median 3.5 years), there were 75 outpatient SCD events. In unadjusted and fully-adjusted models, NTproBNP had a significant association with the risk of SCD. Analyzed as a continuous variable, the risk of SCD increased 27 % with each 2-fold increase in NTproBNP (HR, 1.27 per doubling; 95 % CI, 1.13-1.43; p < 0.001). In categorical models, the risk of SCD was 3-fold higher in the highest tertile of NTproBNP (>7,350 pg/mL) compared with the lowest tertile (<1,710 pg/mL; HR for the highest tertile, 3.03; 95 % CI, 1.56-5.89; p = 0.001). Higher cTnI showed a trend towards increased risk of SCD in fully adjusted models, but was not statistically significant (HR, 1.17 per doubling; 95 % CI, 0.98-1.40; p = 0.08). Sensitivity analyses using competing risk models showed similar results. Improvement in risk prediction by adding cardiac biomarkers to conventional risk factors was greater with NTproBNP (C-statistic for 3-year risk: 0.810; 95 % CI, 0.757 to 0.864; and continuous NRI: 0.270; 95 % CI, 0.046 to 0.495) than with cTnI. CONCLUSIONS NTproBNP is associated with the risk of SCD in hemodialysis patients. Further research is needed to determine if biomarkers measurement can guide SCD risk prevention strategies in dialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Kruzan
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charles A Herzog
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Hennepin County Medical Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Aozhou Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore,, MD, USA
| | - Yingying Sang
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rulan S Parekh
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kunihiro Matsushita
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore,, MD, USA.,Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seungyoung Hwang
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Josef Coresh
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore,, MD, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Neil R Powe
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tariq Shafi
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University, 301 Mason Lord Drive, Suite, 2500, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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