Synthesis of 5-substituted benzyl-2,4-diamino pyrimidine derivatives as c-Fms kinase inhibitors

Novel thiazolidin-4-one benzenesulfonamide hybrids as PPARγ agonists: Design, synthesis and in vivo anti-diabetic evaluation

In the current study, two series of novel thiazolidin-4-one benzenesulfonamide arylidene hybrids 9a-l and 10a-f were designed, synthesized and tested in vitro for their PPARɣ agonistic activity. The phenethyl thiazolidin-4-one sulphonamide 9l showed the highest PPARɣ activation % by 41.7%. Whereas, the 3-methoxy- and 4-methyl-4-benzyloxy thiazolidin-4-one sulphonamides 9i, and 9k revealed moderate PPARɣ activation % of 31.7, and 32.8%, respectively, in addition, the 3-methoxy-3-benzyloxy thiazolidin-4-one sulphonamide 10d showed PPARɣ activation % of 33.7% compared to pioglitazone. Compounds 9b, 9i, 9k, 9l, and 10d revealed higher selectivity to PPARɣ over the PPARδ, and PPARα isoforms. An immunohistochemical study was performed in HepG-2 cells to confirm the PPARɣ protein expression for the most active compounds. Compounds 9i, 9k, and 10d showed higher PPARɣ expression than that of pioglitazone. Pharmacological studies were also performed to determine the anti-diabetic activity in rats at a dose of 36 mg/kg, and it was revealed that compounds 9i and 10d improved insulin secretion as well as anti-diabetic effects. The 3-methoxy-4-benzyloxy thiazolidin-4-one sulphonamide 9i showed a better anti-diabetic activity than pioglitazone. Moreover, it showed a rise in blood insulin by 4-folds and C-peptide levels by 48.8%, as well as improved insulin sensitivity. Moreover, compound 9i improved diabetic complications as evidenced by decreasing liver serum enzymes, restoration of total protein and kidney functions. Besides, it combated oxidative stress status and exerted anti-hyperlipidemic effect. Compound 9i showed a superior activity by normalizing some parameters and amelioration of pancreatic, hepatic, and renal histopathological alterations caused by STZ-induction of diabetes. Molecular docking studies, molecular dynamic simulations, and protein ligand interaction analysis were also performed for the newly synthesized compounds to investigate their predicted binding pattern and energies in PPARɣ binding site.

Antiproliferative Activity of (-)-Isopulegol-based 1,3-Oxazine, 1,3-Thiazine and 2,4-Diaminopyrimidine Derivatives

A series of novel heterocyclic structures, namely 1,3‐oxazines, 1,3‐thiazines and 2,4‐diaminopyrimidines, were designed and synthesised. The bioassay tests demonstrated that, among these analogues, 2,4‐diaminopyridine derivatives showed significant antiproliferative activity against different human cancer cell lines (A2780, SiHa, HeLa, MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231). Pyrimidines substituted with N²‐(p‐trifluoromethyl)aniline, in particular, displayed a potent inhibitory effect on the growth of cancer cells. Structure–activity relationships were also studied from the aspects of stereochemistry on the aminodiol moiety as well as exploring the effects of substituents on the pyrimidine scaffold.

Crystal structures of N-(4-chloro-phen-yl)-2-[(4,6-di-amino-pyrimidin-2-yl)sulfan-yl]acetamide and N-(3-chloro-phen-yl)-2-[(4,6-di-amino-pyrimidin-2-yl)sulfan-yl]acetamide

The title compounds, C12H12ClN5OS, (I), and C12H12ClN5OS, (II), are 2-[(di-amino-pyrimidin-2-yl)sulfan-yl]acetamides. Compound (II), crystallizes with two independent mol-ecules (A and B) in the asymmetric unit. In each of the mol-ecules, in both (I) and (II), an intra-molecular N-H⋯N hydrogen bond forms an S(7) ring motif. The pyrimidine ring is inclined to the benzene ring by 42.25 (14)° in (I), and by 59.70 (16) and 62.18 (15)° in mol-ecules A and B, respectively, of compound (II). In the crystal of (I), mol-ecules are linked by pairs of N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers with an R22(8) ring motif. The dimers are linked via bifurcated N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming corrugated layers parallel to the ac plane. In the crystal of (II), the A mol-ecules are linked through N-H⋯O and N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, forming layers parallel to (100). The B mol-ecules are also linked by N-H⋯O and N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, also forming layers parallel to (100). The parallel layers of A and B mol-ecules are linked via N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional structure.

Crystal structures of 2-[(4,6-di-amino-pyrimidin-2-yl)sulfan-yl]-N-(naphthalen-1-yl)acetamide and 2-[(4,6-di-amino-pyrimidin-2-yl)sulfan-yl]-N-(4-fluoro-phen-yl)acetamide

The title compounds, C16H15N5OS, (I), and C12H12FN5OS, (II), are [(di-amino-pyrimidine)-sulfan-yl]acetamide derivatives. In (I), the pyrimidine ring is inclined to the naphthalene ring system by 55.5 (1)°, while in (II), the pyrimidine ring is inclined to the benzene ring by 58.93 (8)°. In (II), there is an intra-molecular N-H⋯N hydrogen bond and a short C-H⋯O contact. In the crystals of (I) and (II), mol-ecules are linked by pairs of N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers with R22(8) ring motifs. In the crystal of (I), the dimers are linked by bifurcated N-H⋯(O,O) and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming layers parallel to (100). In the crystal of (II), the dimers are linked by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, also forming layers parallel to (100). The layers are linked by C-H⋯F hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional architecture.

Crystal structures of 2-[(4,6-di-amino-pyrimidin-2-yl)sulfan-yl]-N-(3-nitro-phen-yl)acetamide monohydrate and N-(2-chloro-phen-yl)-2-[(4,6-di-amino-pyrimidin-2-yl)sulfan-yl]acetamide

The title compounds, C12H12N6O3S·H2O, (I), and C12H12ClN5OS, (II), are 2-[(4,6-di-amino-pyrimidin-2-yl)sulfan-yl]acetamides. Compound (I) crystallized as a monohydrate. In both compounds, the mol-ecules have a folded conformation, with the pyrimidine ring being inclined to the benzene ring by 56.18 (6)° in (I) and by 67.84 (6)° in (II). In both mol-ecules, there is an intra-molecular N-H⋯N hydrogen bond stabilizing the folded conformation. In (I), there is also a C-H⋯O intra-molecular short contact, and in (II) an intra-molecular N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bond is present. In the crystal of (I), mol-ecules are linked by a series of N-H⋯O, O-H⋯O and O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming undulating sheets parallel to the (100). The sheets are linked via an N-H⋯Owater hydrogen bond, forming a three-dimensional network. In the crystal of (II), mol-ecules are linked by a series of N-H⋯O, N-H⋯N and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming slabs parallel to (001).

2-[(4,6-Diaminopyrimidin-2-yl)sulfanyl]-N-(2-methylphenyl)acetamide

In the title compound, C₁₃H₁₅NOS, the plane of the pyrimidine ring makes a dihedral angle of 54.73 (9)° with that of the o-tolyl ring. The mol­ecule adopts an extended conformation, which is evident from the C—C(=O)—N—C_ar (ar = aromatic) torsion angle of 178.42 (15)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked via pairs of N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers with an R²₂(8) ring motif. The dimers are linked by N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, with the O atom accepting three such interactions, forming sheets parallel to (100).

FMS Kinase Inhibitors: Current Status and Future Prospects

FMS, first discovered as the oncogene responsible for Feline McDonough Sarcoma, is a type III receptor tyrosine kinase that binds to the macrophage or monocyte colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF or CSF-1). Signal transduction through that binding results in survival, proliferation, and differentiation of monocyte/macrophage lineage. Overexpression of CSF-1 and/or FMS has been implicated in a number of disease states such as the growth of metastasis of certain types of cancer, in promoting osteoclast proliferation in bone osteolysis, and many inflammatory disorders. Inhibition of CSF-1 and/or FMS may help treat these pathological conditions. This article reviews FMS gene, FMS kinase, CSF-1, IL-34, and their roles in bone osteolysis, cancer biology, and inflammation. Monoclonal antibodies, FMS crystal structure, and small molecule FMS kinase inhibitors of different chemical scaffolds are also reviewed.