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Tsotsou GE, Gkotzamani P, Petro V, Argyropoulou A, Karkalousos P. A simple, rapid and low-cost spectrophotometric method for irinotecan quantification in human plasma and in pharmaceutical dosage forms. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:258-266. [PMID: 33367449 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay02201b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Irinotecan is an anticancer drug for which significant benefits from personalised dosing are expected. Quick procedures are therefore essential for monitoring irinotecan in treated patients. The objective of this work was to develop and validate a rapid and simple visible spectrophotometric method for quantitative determination of irinotecan in pharmaceutical dosage forms and to further investigate its usefulness for irinotecan analysis in plasma. Based on the shift of the irinotecan 355/368 nm-peak at very low pH (0.2) to 400 nm, we established a linear relationship between absorbance at 400 nm and irinotecan concentration in dilutions of an irinotecan solution for injection (R2 ≥ 0.999) and in plasma containing irinotecan (R2 ≥ 0.995). Background absorbance correction at 455 nm was essential to minimise background interference, solely in plasma samples. We fully validated the assay for quality control of the irinotecan solution in the injection dosage form: the standard curve was linear over the concentration range of 0.90 to at least 37.00 μg ml-1. The CV% on all quality control levels was determined to be ≤5.81% for repeatability and ≤6.62% for intermediate precision. Recovery was between 96.5% and 101.9%. Upon comparison with the LC/UV method, we demonstrated very good agreement and acceptable bias between the two methods (slope 0.973, y-intercept 0.0064). Similarly, the technical parameters of the assay in plasma satisfied international guidelines for method validation: the useful analytical range was determined to be between 0.93 and at least 10.00 μg ml-1. This is suitable for quantifying irinotecan in the plasma of treated patients, in the upper region of its therapeutic window, to decide whether dose adjustment is required. Repeatability and intermediate precision (CV%) were within 4.49% and 9.91%, respectively. Recovery was between 96.3% and 103.8%. There was a lack of significant interference by mild hemolysis or by icterus. Irinotecan extraction efficiency from plasma was within 77.9-68.5%. Our results indicated that the proposed method allows quantitative determination of irinotecan plasma levels with acceptable analytical characteristics. The advantages of the proposed method in both matrices, in terms of specificity, rapidity, simplicity, environmental impact and cost effectiveness, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Eleni Tsotsou
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Cosmetology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Egaleo 122 43, Greece.
| | - Panagiota Gkotzamani
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Cosmetology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Egaleo 122 43, Greece.
| | - Victoria Petro
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Cosmetology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Egaleo 122 43, Greece.
| | - Ariadne Argyropoulou
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Cosmetology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Egaleo 122 43, Greece.
| | - Petros Karkalousos
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Cosmetology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Egaleo 122 43, Greece.
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Mulvana H, Browning RJ, Luan Y, de Jong N, Tang MX, Eckersley RJ, Stride E. Characterization of Contrast Agent Microbubbles for Ultrasound Imaging and Therapy Research. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2017; 64:232-251. [PMID: 27810805 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2016.2613991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The high efficiency with which gas microbubbles can scatter ultrasound compared with the surrounding blood pool or tissues has led to their widespread employment as contrast agents in ultrasound imaging. In recent years, their applications have been extended to include super-resolution imaging and the stimulation of localized bio-effects for therapy. The growing exploitation of contrast agents in ultrasound and in particular these recent developments have amplified the need to characterize and fully understand microbubble behavior. The aim in doing so is to more fully exploit their utility for both diagnostic imaging and potential future therapeutic applications. This paper presents the key characteristics of microbubbles that determine their efficacy in diagnostic and therapeutic applications and the corresponding techniques for their measurement. In each case, we have presented information regarding the methods available and their respective strengths and limitations, with the aim of presenting information relevant to the selection of appropriate characterization methods. First, we examine methods for determining the physical properties of microbubble suspensions and then techniques for acoustic characterization of both suspensions and single microbubbles. The next section covers characterization of microbubbles as therapeutic agents, including as drug carriers for which detailed understanding of their surface characteristics and drug loading capacity is required. Finally, we discuss the attempts that have been made to allow comparison across the methods employed by various groups to characterize and describe their microbubble suspensions and promote wider discussion and comparison of microbubble behavior.
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Calandra E, Crotti S, Nitti D, Roverso M, Toffoli G, Marangon E, Posocco B, Traldi P, Agostini M. The development of a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-based analytical method for determination of irinotecan levels in human plasma: preliminary results. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:959-62. [PMID: 26349652 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Calandra
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, Padova, 35127, Italy
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, Aviano, 33081, PN, Italy
| | - Sara Crotti
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, Padova, 35127, Italy
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, Aviano, 33081, PN, Italy
- Surgical Clinic, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Nicolo Giustiniani 2, Padova, 35128, Italy
| | - Donato Nitti
- Surgical Clinic, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Nicolo Giustiniani 2, Padova, 35128, Italy
| | - Marco Roverso
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova, I-35100, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, Aviano, 33081, PN, Italy
| | - Elena Marangon
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, Aviano, 33081, PN, Italy
| | - Bianca Posocco
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, Aviano, 33081, PN, Italy
| | - Pietro Traldi
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, Padova, 35127, Italy
- IENI CNR, Corso Stati Uniti 4, Padova, 35127, PD, Italy
| | - Marco Agostini
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, Padova, 35127, Italy
- Surgical Clinic, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Nicolo Giustiniani 2, Padova, 35128, Italy
- Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
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