Efficient synthesis and in vitro antifungal activity of 1H-benzimidazol-1-yl acetates/propionates containing 1H-1,2,4-triazole moiety

Design, Synthesis, and Antifungal Activity of Novel Benzimidazole Derivatives Bearing Thioether and Carbamate Moieties

In this study, a series of benzimidazole derivatives bearing thioether and carbamate moieties have been synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antifungal activity against Cytospora mandshurica, Thanatephorus cucumeris, Botrytis cinerea, Verticillium daliae, Phytophthora infestans, and Gibberella zeae by the mycelium growth rate method. The result of bioassay demonstrated that most of the compounds had certain antifungal activity. Especially, compound E11 revealed better antifungal activity against Verticillium daliae and Phytophthora infestans at 50 μg/mL, with the inhibition rates of 70% and 75%, respectively, than those of albendazole (38% and 61%, respectively). To the best of our knowledge, it is the first study on the synthesis and antifungal activity of benzimidazole derivatives containing thioether and carbamate moieties.

Developments of small molecules as inhibitors for carbonic anhydrase isoforms

Carbonic anhydrases are ubiquitous, and their role in the hydration of carbon dioxide is essential for the survival of many tissues and organs. However, their association with many pathological diseases, especially in glaucoma, Alzheimer's, obesity, epilepsy, and tumorigenesis, has prompted the design and synthesis of novel carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs). Herein we describe (1) approaches used in the design of CAIs and (2) synthesis of small molecules as CAIs within the last five years. Despite the active research in this area, there are still more avenues to explore, especially selective inhibition of CA I, CA IX, and XII. These isoforms would continue to open up a diversity of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors containing 1,2,3-triazoles, imidazolone, pyrrolidone, thiadiazole, isatin, and glycoconjugates as part of their molecular frameworks.

Synthesis and Antibacterial Evaluation of Mannich Bases Derived from 1,2,4-Triazole

The series of novel Mannich bases were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. The results showed that all compounds were less active than the drugs used as reference, but some of them had moderate potency against Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633. The presence of a phenyl ring in the position 4 of piperazine seems to be necessary for antibacterial activity in this class of compounds.

Novel alkylated azoles as potent antifungals

Fluconazole (FLC) is the drug of choice when it comes to treat fungal infections such as invasive candidiasis in humans. However, the widespread use of FLC has resulted in the development of resistance to this drug in various fungal strains and, simultaneously has occasioned the need for new antifungal agents. Herein, we report the synthesis of 27 new FLC derivatives along with their antifungal activity against a panel of 13 clinically relevant fungal strains. We also explore their toxicity against mammalian cells, their hemolytic activity, as well as their mechanism of action. Overall, many of our FLC derivatives exhibited broad-spectrum antifungal activity and all compounds displayed an MIC value of <0.03 μg/mL against at least one of the fungal strains tested. We also found them to be less hemolytic and less cytotoxic to mammalian cells than the FDA approved antifungal agent amphotericin B. Finally, we demonstrated with our best derivative that the mechanism of action of our compounds is the inhibition of the sterol 14α-demethylase enzyme involved in ergosterol biosynthesis.