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Bender M, Choi KS. Electrochemical Dehydrogenation Pathways of Amines to Nitriles on NiOOH. JACS AU 2022; 2:1169-1180. [PMID: 35647590 PMCID: PMC9131481 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nitriles are highly important synthetic intermediates with applications in a wide variety of organic reactions including production of pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and agricultural chemicals. Thus, developing effective green routes to oxidize amines to nitriles is of great interest. One promising method to achieve the oxidation of primary amines to nitriles is through electrochemical oxidation on NiOOH electrodes. This reaction has long been thought to occur through an indirect mechanism consisting of a series of potential independent hydrogen atom transfer steps to catalytic Ni3+ sites in NiOOH, which reduces NiOOH to Ni(OH)2. The role of the applied potential in this mechanism is simply to regenerate NiOOH by oxidizing Ni(OH)2. In this work, we demonstrate that a second, potential-dependent pathway recently found to apply to alcohol and aldehyde oxidation on NiOOH and consisting of potential-dependent hydride transfer to Ni4+ sites is the dominant pathway for the oxidation of amines using propylamine and benzylamine as model systems. After qualitatively and quantitatively examining the contributions of indirect and potential-dependent oxidation pathways to amine oxidation on NiOOH, we also examine the effect the amine concentration, solution pH, applied bias, and deuterium substitution have on the two pathways, further clarifying their mechanisms and exploring what factors control their rate. This work provides a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of primary amine oxidation on NiOOH.
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2
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Rodrigues RM, Thadathil DA, Ponmudi K, George A, Varghese A. Recent Advances in Electrochemical Synthesis of Nitriles: A Sustainable Approach. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roopa Margaret Rodrigues
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru Karnataka 560029 India
| | - Ditto Abraham Thadathil
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru Karnataka 560029 India
| | - Keerthana Ponmudi
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru Karnataka 560029 India
| | - Ashlay George
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru Karnataka 560029 India
| | - Anitha Varghese
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru Karnataka 560029 India
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3
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Fu Z, Cao X, Wang S, Guo S, Cai H. Conversions of aryl carboxylic acids into aryl nitriles using multiple types of Cu-mediated decarboxylative cyanation under aerobic conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:8381-8385. [PMID: 33078806 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01945c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Here, we used malononitrile or AMBN as a cyanating agent to develop efficient and practical protocols for Cu-mediated decarboxylative cyanations, under aerobic conditions, of aryl carboxylic acids bearing nitro and methoxyl substituents at the ortho position as well as of heteroaromatic carboxylic acids. These protocols involved economical methods to synthesize value-added aryl nitriles from simple and inexpensive raw materials. Further diversification of the 2-nitrobenzonitrile product was performed to highlight the practicality of the protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjiang Fu
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China. and State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xihan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Shuiliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Shengmei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Hu Cai
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
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Yan M, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. Synthetic Organic Electrochemical Methods Since 2000: On the Verge of a Renaissance. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13230-13319. [PMID: 28991454 PMCID: PMC5786875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1891] [Impact Index Per Article: 270.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry represents one of the most intimate ways of interacting with molecules. This review discusses advances in synthetic organic electrochemistry since 2000. Enabling methods and synthetic applications are analyzed alongside innate advantages as well as future challenges of electroorganic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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5
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Direct synthesis of nitriles by Cu/DMEDA/TEMPO-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of primary amines with air. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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6
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Bi MX, Qian P, Wang YK, Zha ZG, Wang ZY. Decarboxylative bromination of α,β -unsaturated carboxylic acids via an anodic oxidation. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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7
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Qian P, Bi M, Su J, Zha Z, Wang Z. Electrosynthesis of (E)-Vinyl Sulfones Directly from Cinnamic Acids and Sodium Sulfinates via Decarboxylative Sulfono Functionalization. J Org Chem 2016; 81:4876-82. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Qian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Meixiang Bi
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jihu Su
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhenggen Zha
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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8
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Vila MA, Pazos M, Iglesias C, Veiga N, Seoane G, Carrera I. Toluene Dioxygenase-Catalysed Oxidation of Benzyl Azide to Benzonitrile: Mechanistic Insights for an Unprecedented Enzymatic Transformation. Chembiochem 2016; 17:291-5. [PMID: 26663213 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic dioxygenation of benzyl azide by toluene dioxygenase (TDO) produces significant amounts of the cis-cyclohexadienediol derived from benzonitrile, along with the expected azido diols. We demonstrate that TDO catalyses the oxidation of benzyl azide to benzonitrile, which is further dioxygenated to produce the observed cis-diol. A proposed mechanism for this transformation involves initial benzylic monooxygenation followed by a nitrene-mediated rearrangement to form an oxime, which is further dehydrated to afford the nitrile. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of enzymatic oxidation of an alkyl azide to a nitrile. In addition, the described oxime-dehydration activity has not been reported for Rieske dioxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Agustina Vila
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Av. General Flores 2124, C.P. 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mariana Pazos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Av. General Flores 2124, C.P. 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - César Iglesias
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Av. General Flores 2124, C.P. 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nicolás Veiga
- Cátedra de Química Inorgánica, Departamento Estrella Campos, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República., Av. General Flores 2124, C.P. 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gustavo Seoane
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Av. General Flores 2124, C.P. 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ignacio Carrera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Av. General Flores 2124, C.P. 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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9
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Li Y, Gao H, Zhang Z, Qian P, Bi M, Zha Z, Wang Z. Electrochemical synthesis of α-enaminones from aryl ketones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:8600-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03709g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach to realize the synthesis of α-enaminones via electrochemical oxidation was developed under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Huihui Gao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Zhenlei Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Peng Qian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Meixiang Bi
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Zhenggen Zha
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
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10
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Bagherzade G, Zali A, Shokrolahi A. Preparation of aromatic nitriles via direct oxidative conversion of benzyl alcohols, aldehydes and amines with pentylpyridinium tribromide in aqueous NH4OAc. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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11
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Xu K, Zhang Z, Qian P, Zha Z, Wang Z. Electrosynthesis of enaminones directly from methyl ketones and amines with nitromethane as a carbon source. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:11108-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc02730f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and mechanistically different method for the electrosynthesis of enaminone directly from methyl ketones, amines and nitromethane was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Zhenlei Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Peng Qian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Zhenggen Zha
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
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