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Zhang C, Li J, Zhao W, Yao Q, Wang H, Wang B. Open biomass burning emissions and their contribution to ambient formaldehyde in Guangdong province, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155904. [PMID: 35569659 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) plays a vital role in atmospheric chemistry and O3 formation. Open biomass burning (OBB) is considered to be an important source of HCHO; however, its quantitative contribution to ambient HCHO remains poorly understood due to the lack of reliable high-resolution emission inventories. In this study, a satellite-based method coupled with local emission factors was developed to estimate the hourly primary emissions of HCHO and volatile organic compound (VOC) precursors from OBB in Guangdong (GD) Province of southern China. Furthermore, the contribution of OBB to ambient HCHO was quantified using the Community Multi-scale Air Quality model. The results suggested that in average OBB emissions contributed 5293 tons of primary HCHO per year, accounting for ~14% of the total anthropogenic HCHO emissions in GD. The ambient HCHO concentration ranged from 0.3 ppbv to 8.7 ppbv during normal days, and from 8 ppbv to 45 ppbv in downwind area during OBB impacted days. The monthly contribution of OBB to local HCHO levels reached up to 50% at locations with frequent fires and over 70% during a forest fire event. Ambient HCHO was heavily affected by primary OBB emissions near the source region and by the oxidation of OBB-emitted VOCs in the downwind area. Secondary HCHO formation from OBB emissions was enhanced during photochemical pollution episodes, especially under conditions of high O3 and low NOx. OBB-emitted ethene was identified as the most important VOC precursor of HCHO and contributed to the formation of ~50% of the secondary HCHO. The HCHO formation potential of cropland fires was 26% higher than that of forest fires. Our results suggest that OBB can elevate ambient HCHO levels significantly. Thus, strict control policies on OBB should be implemented, especially for open burning agricultural residues in upwind areas on serious photochemical pollution days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Zhang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jiangyong Li
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Wenlong Zhao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Qian Yao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Boguang Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China.
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Xue J, Zhao T, Luo Y, Miao C, Su P, Liu F, Zhang G, Qin S, Song Y, Bu N, Xing C. Identification of ozone sensitivity for NO 2 and secondary HCHO based on MAX-DOAS measurements in northeast China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 160:107048. [PMID: 34959197 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, tropospheric formaldehyde (HCHO) vertical column densities (VCDs) were measured using multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) from January to November 2019 in Shenyang, Northeast China. The maximum HCHO VCD value appeared in the summer (1.74 × 1016 molec/cm2), due to increased photo-oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). HCHO concentrations increased from 08:00 and peaked near 13:00, which was mainly attributed to the increased release of isoprene from plants and enhanced photolysis at noon. The HCHO VCDs observed by MAX-DOAS and OMI have a good correlation coefficient (R) of 0.78, and the contributions from primary and secondary HCHO sources were distinguished by the multi-linear regression model. The anthropogenic emissions showed unobvious seasonal variations, and the primary HCHO was relatively stable in Shenyang. Secondary HCHO contributed 82.62%, 83.90%, 78.90%, and 41.53% to the total measured ambient HCHO during the winter, spring, summer, and autumn, respectively. We also found a good correlation (R = 0.78) between enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and HCHO VCDs, indicating that the oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) was the main source of HCHO. The ratio of secondary HCHO to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was used as the tracer to analyze O3-NOx-VOC sensitivities. We found that the VOC-limited, VOC-NOx-limited, and NOx-limited regimes made up 93.67%, 6.23%, 0.11% of the overall measurements, respectively. In addition, summertime ozone (O3) sensitivity changed from VOC-limited in the morning to VOC-NOx-limited in the afternoon. Therefore, this study offers information on HCHO sources and corresponding O3 production sensitivities to support strategic management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiexiao Xue
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Yifu Luo
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Congke Miao
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Pinjie Su
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Feng Liu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Guohui Zhang
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Sida Qin
- Liaoning Science and Technology Center for Ecological and Environmental Protection, Shenyang 110161, China
| | - Youtao Song
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Naishun Bu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China; Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment Research in Cold Regions of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University, 150086, China.
| | - Chengzhi Xing
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
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Huang S, Song S, Nielsen CP, Zhang Y, Xiong J, Weschler LB, Xie S, Li J. Residential building materials: An important source of ambient formaldehyde in mainland China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106909. [PMID: 34619531 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the contribution of formaldehyde from residential building materials to ambient air in mainland China. Based on 265 indoor field tests in 9 provinces, we estimate that indoor residential sources are responsible for 6.66% of the total anthropogenic formaldehyde in China's ambient air (range for 31 provinces: 1.88-18.79%). Residential building materials rank 6th among 81 anthropogenic sources (range: 2nd-10th for 31 provinces). Emission intensities show large spatial variability between and within regions due to different residential densities, emission characteristics of building materials, and indoor thermal conditions. Our findings indicate that formaldehyde from the indoor environment is a significant source of ambient formaldehyde, especially in urban areas. This study will help to more accurately evaluate exposure to ambient formaldehyde and its related pollutants, and will assist in formulating policies to protect air quality and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaodan Huang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston 02115, USA
| | - Shaojie Song
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Boston 02138, USA
| | - Chris P Nielsen
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Boston 02138, USA
| | - Yuqiang Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham 27708, USA
| | - Jianyin Xiong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | | | - Shaodong Xie
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston 02115, USA; College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Liu J, Li X, Tan Z, Wang W, Yang Y, Zhu Y, Yang S, Song M, Chen S, Wang H, Lu K, Zeng L, Zhang Y. Assessing the Ratios of Formaldehyde and Glyoxal to NO 2 as Indicators of O 3-NO x-VOC Sensitivity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:10935-10945. [PMID: 34319085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) pollution has a negative effect on the public health and crop yields. Accurate diagnosis of O3 production sensitivity and targeted reduction of O3 precursors [i.e., nitrogen oxides (NOx) or volatile organic compounds (VOCs)] are effective for mitigating O3 pollution. This study assesses the indicative roles of the surface formaldehyde-to-NO2 ratio (FNR) and glyoxal-to-NO2 ratio (GNR) on surface O3-NOx-VOC sensitivity based on a meta-analysis consisting of multiple field observations and model simulations. Thresholds of the FNR and GNR are determined using the relationship between the relative change of the O3 production rate and the two indicators, which are 0.55 ± 0.16 and 1.0 ± 0.3 for the FNR and 0.009 ± 0.003 and 0.024 ± 0.007 for the GNR. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the surface FNR is likely to be affected by formaldehyde primary sources under certain conditions, whereas the GNR might not be. As glyoxal measurements are becoming increasingly available, using the FNR and GNR together as O3 sensitivity indicators has broad potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhaofeng Tan
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Yiming Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuan Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Suding Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mengdi Song
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haichao Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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Lyu X, Guo H, Wang Y, Zhang F, Nie K, Dang J, Liang Z, Dong S, Zeren Y, Zhou B, Gao W, Zhao S, Zhang G. Hazardous volatile organic compounds in ambient air of China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 246:125731. [PMID: 31918083 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and the majority of them have been proved to be detrimental to human health. The hazardous VOCs were studied very insufficiently in China, despite the enormous emissions of VOCs. In this study, the concentrations and sources of 17 hazardous VOCs reported in literature were reviewed, based on which the health effects were assessed. In-depth survey indicated that benzene and toluene had the highest concentrations in eastern China (confined to the study regions reviewed, same for the other geographic generalization), which however showed significant declines. The southern China featured high levels of trichloroethylene. Dichloromethane and chloroform were observed to be concentrated in northern China. The distributions of 1,2-dichloropropane and tetrachloroethylene were homogeneous across the country. Basically consistent with the spatial patterns of ozone, the summertime formaldehyde exhibited higher levels in eastern and northern China, and increased continuously. While transportation served as the largest source of benzene and toluene, industrial emissions and secondary formation were the predominant contributors of halogenated hydrocarbons and aldehydes (formaldehyde and acetaldehyde), respectively. The chronic non-cancer effects of inhalation exposure to the hazardous VOCs were insignificant, however the probabilities of developing cancers by inhaling the hazardous VOCs in ambient air of China were quite high. Formaldehyde was identified as the primary carcinogenic VOC in the atmosphere of most regions. The striking results, especially the high inhalation cancer risks, alerted us that the emission controls of hazardous VOCs were urgent in China, which must be grounded upon full understanding of their occurrence, presence and health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopu Lyu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hai Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kun Nie
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Juan Dang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhirong Liang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuhao Dong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yangzong Zeren
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Beining Zhou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai, China
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
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de Souza Machado G, Martins EM, Baptista L, Bauerfeldt GF. Prediction of Rate Coefficients for the H 2CO + OH → HCO + H 2O Reaction at Combustion, Atmospheric and Interstellar Medium Conditions. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:2309-2317. [PMID: 32091904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite the relevance of the H2CO + OH → HCO + H2O reaction for combustion, atmospheric, and interstellar medium conditions, a large discrepancy on energetic and kinetic data for this reaction is still observed in the previous literature. In this work, this hydrogen abstraction reaction has been investigated at the CCSD(T)/CBS level of theory, suggesting that both the prebarrier complex and saddle point are stabilized in relation to the reactants by 3.31 and 1.35 kcal mol-1, respectively. Moreover, from the Gibbs free energy profile of the reaction coordinate, it has been verified that the formation of the prebarrier complex is endergonic, for temperatures above 550 K. Hence, for temperatures lower than 550 K, the reaction is described by a mechanism consisting of three elementary steps, while for higher temperatures it can be assumed to be an elementary reaction. Finally, the prediction of rate coefficients suggests that unified statistical rate theory best applies to the low temperature regime, while canonical variational rate coefficients better fit experimental data at the high temperature regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladson de Souza Machado
- Instituto de Quı́mica, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR-465 km 7, Seropédica, RJ, 23890-000 Brazil
| | - Eduardo Monteiro Martins
- Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e do Meio Ambiente, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-900 Brazil
| | - Leonardo Baptista
- Departamento de Quı́mica e Ambiental, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia Presidente Dutra km 298, Resende, RJ, 27537-000 Brazil
| | - Glauco F Bauerfeldt
- Instituto de Quı́mica, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR-465 km 7, Seropédica, RJ, 23890-000 Brazil
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