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Tan B, Kartal Y, Yesilyurt F, Akdoğan N, Doyduk D, Dişli A. Synthesis of new phenothiazine derivatives: Molecular docking, assessment of cytotoxic activity and oxidant-antioxidant properties on PCS-201-012, HT-29, and SH-SY5Y cell lines. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024:e2400281. [PMID: 39058899 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Phenothiazine (PTZ) derivatives have been acknowledged as versatile compounds with significant implications across various areas of medicine, particularly, in cancer research. The cytotoxic effects of synthesized compounds on both normal and cancerous cells, along with their oxidant-antioxidant properties, are pivotal factors in cancer treatment strategies. In the current study, eight new PTZ derivatives were synthesized and the compounds' cytotoxic activities were assessed by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay while the oxidant-antioxidant properties were evaluated by oxidative stress index (OSI) calculation in SH-SY5Y (a human neuroblastoma cell line), HT-29 (a human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line), and PCS-201-012 (a human primary dermal fibroblast cell line) cells. Consequently, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of compound 3a were determined to be 218.72, 202.85, and 227.86 μM while the IC50 values of compound 3b were defined to be 227.42, 199.27, and 250.11 μM in PCS-201-012, HT-29, and SH-SY5Y cells, respectively. Additionally, it was determined that the synthesized compounds demonstrated the lowest OSI in PCS-201-012 cells as compared to the other cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bensu Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Yasemin Kartal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kırklareli University, Kırklareli, Türkiye
| | - Fatma Yesilyurt
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Nurdan Akdoğan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Doğukan Doyduk
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Ali Dişli
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
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2
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Deng C, Huang J, Qi Y, Chen D, Huang W. Distribution patterns of rubber tire-related chemicals with particle size in road and indoor parking lot dust. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 844:157144. [PMID: 35798097 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, concerns have arisen from the chemicals incorporated into tire material which are of potential to leach with the tire and road wear particles (TRWP) into the environment. In this study, the distributions of substituted benzothiazoles (BTHs) and p-phenylenediamines (PPDs), two groups of representative TRWP-related chemicals, were investigated in various size fractions (<20, 20-53, 53-125, 125-250, 250-500, 500-1000 μm) of dust samples from open roads and indoor parking lots in the urban region of Guangzhou (Guangdong, China). Mass weight distribution of the dust samples showed that fractions of <250 μm accounted for >72% of the total dust in both microenvironments. Widespread occurrence was observed with >80% detection frequency for almost all target compounds in all the particle fractions. Concentrations of BTHs and PPDs were similar between the two dust matrices. In addition, the newly defined transformation product of 6PPD, 6PPD-Q was at the median concentration of 122 ng/g in road dust and 154 ng/g in indoor parking lot dust. Overall, concentrations of the target BTHs and PPDs varied in different size fractions, which were mostly dominated in fine particle sizes (<53 μm). Specially, >70% of the target compounds were in the size fractions of <250 μm, suggesting the necessity of using <250 μm fractions of particles for monitoring and evaluating contamination levels and exposure risks of BTHs and PPDs from dust in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengliang Deng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jialing Huang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yunqing Qi
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Gupta R, Kumar G, Gupta R. Encapsulation-Led Adsorption of Neutral Dyes and Complete Photodegradation of Cationic Dyes and Antipsychotic Drugs by Lanthanide-Based Macrocycles. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:7682-7699. [PMID: 35543424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Molecular architectures offering large cavities can accommodate guest molecules, while their compositional engineering allows tunability of the band gap to support photocatalysis using visible light. In this work, two lanthanide (Ln)-based macrocycles, synthesized using a cobalt-based metalloligand and offering large rectangular cavities, exhibited selective adsorption of neutral dyes over both anionic and cationic dyes. Both Ln macrocycles illustrated complete photodegradation of cationic dyes using visible light without the use of any oxidant. Both Ln macrocycles exhibited complete photodegradation of not only cationic dyes but also a few phenothiazine-based antipsychotic drugs. Photocatalysis involved the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was corroborated with the band gap of two Ln macrocycles. These results were supported by radical scavenger studies and the quantitative estimation of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Complete photodegradation of both dyes and drugs was confirmed by spectral studies, while the generation of CO2 and N2 gases was established by gas chromatography. Importantly, Ln macrocycles were able to distinguish between the neutral dyes that were quantitatively adsorbed and the cationic dyes/drugs that were completely photodegraded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Gulshan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Rajeev Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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Zhou J, Li M, Li T, Li C, Hu X, Jin L, Sun N, Hu B, Shen Z. Ultraviolet-light-induced aerobic oxidation of benzylic C(sp3)-H of alkylarenes under catalyst- and additive-free conditions. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.131947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hasenoehrl EJ, Wiggins TJ, Berney M. Bioenergetic Inhibitors: Antibiotic Efficacy and Mechanisms of Action in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:611683. [PMID: 33505923 PMCID: PMC7831573 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.611683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of novel anti-tuberculosis combination regimens that increase efficacy and reduce treatment timelines will improve patient compliance, limit side-effects, reduce costs, and enhance cure rates. Such advancements would significantly improve the global TB burden and reduce drug resistance acquisition. Bioenergetics has received considerable attention in recent years as a fertile area for anti-tuberculosis drug discovery. Targeting the electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation machinery promises not only to kill growing cells but also metabolically dormant bacilli that are inherently more drug tolerant. Over the last two decades, a broad array of drugs targeting various ETC components have been developed. Here, we provide a focused review of the current state of art of bioenergetic inhibitors of Mtb with an in-depth analysis of the metabolic and bioenergetic disruptions caused by specific target inhibition as well as their synergistic and antagonistic interactions with other drugs. This foundation is then used to explore the reigning theories on the mechanisms of antibiotic-induced cell death and we discuss how bioenergetic inhibitors in particular fail to be adequately described by these models. These discussions lead us to develop a clear roadmap for new lines of investigation to better understand the mechanisms of action of these drugs with complex mechanisms as well as how to leverage that knowledge for the development of novel, rationally-designed combination therapies to cure TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Hasenoehrl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Thomas J Wiggins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Michael Berney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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Zou Y, Ni H, Dong H, Yang X, Chen L. A HClO
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‐Catalyzed Substitutive Phosphorylation of Anthracene‐9‐ols with P(O)−H Compounds to Phosphorylated 9,10‐Dihydroanthracenes. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun‐Xiang Zou
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics Chengdu University 168 Hua Guan Road Chengdu 610052 P. R. China
| | - Hai‐Liang Ni
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Sichuan Normal University 5 Jing An Road Chengdu 610066 P. R. China
| | - Hong‐Bo Dong
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics Chengdu University 168 Hua Guan Road Chengdu 610052 P. R. China
| | - Xin‐Yue Yang
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics Chengdu University 168 Hua Guan Road Chengdu 610052 P. R. China
| | - Long Chen
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics Chengdu University 168 Hua Guan Road Chengdu 610052 P. R. China
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Oxidative Phosphorylation—an Update on a New, Essential Target Space for Drug Discovery in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10072339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
New drugs with new mechanisms of action are urgently required to tackle the global tuberculosis epidemic. Following the FDA-approval of the ATP synthase inhibitor bedaquiline (Sirturo®), energy metabolism has become the subject of intense focus as a novel pathway to exploit for tuberculosis drug development. This enthusiasm stems from the fact that oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) and the maintenance of the transmembrane electrochemical gradient are essential for the viability of replicating and non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), the etiological agent of human tuberculosis (TB). Therefore, new drugs targeting this pathway have the potential to shorten TB treatment, which is one of the major goals of TB drug discovery. This review summarises the latest and key findings regarding the OxPhos pathway in M. tb and provides an overview of the inhibitors targeting various components. We also discuss the potential of new regimens containing these inhibitors, the flexibility of this pathway and, consequently, the complexity in targeting it. Lastly, we discuss opportunities and future directions of this drug target space.
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Molecular hybridization approach for phenothiazine incorporated 1,2,3-triazole hybrids as promising antimicrobial agents: Design, synthesis, molecular docking and in silico ADME studies. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 168:263-282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Singh SK, Nath G, Kumar A, Sellamuthu SK. Design, Synthesis and Biological Profiling of Novel Phenothiazine Derivatives as Potent Antitubercular Agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.2174/2211352516666180730121013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Neuroleptic phenothiazines have been reported for antitubercular activity, but
the unwanted side effect (antipsychotic activity) restricted their use as antitubercular drugs.
Objective:
The study aimed to carry out development of phenothiazine based antitubercular agents by
modifying/removing the chemical group(s)/ linker(s) of chlorpromazine essential for exerting an
antipsychotic effect.
Methods:
The designed molecules were filtered with a cut-off of docking score < 2.0 Kcal/mol against
dopamine receptors, so that their binding with the receptor would be reduced to produce no/ less antipsychotic
effect. The molecules were then synthesized and screened against M. tuberculosis H37Rv.
They were further screened against a gram-positive (S. aureus) and a gram-negative (E. coli) bacterial
strains to evaluate the spectrum of activity. The ability of the compounds to cross the blood-brain barrier
(BBB) was also analyzed. The compounds were further examined for cytotoxicity (CC50) against
mammalian VERO cells.
Results:
Compounds 14p, 15p and 16p were found to be the most effective against all the strains viz. M.
tuberculosis H37Rv, S. aureus and E. coli with MIC of 1.56µg/ml, 0.98µg/ml and 3.91µg/ml, respectively.
Further, BBB permeability was found to be diminished in comparison to chlorpromazine, which
would ultimately reduce the unwanted antipsychotic activity. They were also found to be free from toxicity
against VERO cells.
Conclusion:
The designed strategy, to enhance the antitubercular activity with concomitant reduction of
dopamine receptor binding and BBB permeability was proved to be fruitful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil K. Singh
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Gopal Nath
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Satheesh K. Sellamuthu
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi-221005, India
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Padmavathy K, Krishnan KG, Kumar CU, Sutha P, Sivaramakarthikeyan R, Ramalingan C. Synthesis, Antioxidant Evaluation, Density Functional Theory Study of Dihydropyrimidine Festooned Phenothiazines. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnaraj Padmavathy
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Advanced Sciences (SAS)Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education (Deemed to be University) Krishnankoil – 626 126 Tamilnadu India
| | - Kannan Gokula Krishnan
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Advanced Sciences (SAS)Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education (Deemed to be University) Krishnankoil – 626 126 Tamilnadu India
| | - Chandran Udhaya Kumar
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Advanced Sciences (SAS)Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education (Deemed to be University) Krishnankoil – 626 126 Tamilnadu India
| | - Peramasivan Sutha
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Advanced Sciences (SAS)Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education (Deemed to be University) Krishnankoil – 626 126 Tamilnadu India
| | - Ramar Sivaramakarthikeyan
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Advanced Sciences (SAS)Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education (Deemed to be University) Krishnankoil – 626 126 Tamilnadu India
| | - Chennan Ramalingan
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Advanced Sciences (SAS)Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education (Deemed to be University) Krishnankoil – 626 126 Tamilnadu India
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Sellamuthu S, Singh M, Kumar A, Singh SK. Type-II NADH Dehydrogenase (NDH-2): a promising therapeutic target for antitubercular and antibacterial drug discovery. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:559-570. [PMID: 28472892 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1327577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) is highly dangerous due to the development of resistance to first-line drugs. Moreover, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has also developed resistance to newly approved antitubercular drug bedaquiline. This necessitates the search for drugs acting on newer molecular targets. The energy metabolism of mycobacteria is the prime focus for the discovery of novel antitubercular drugs. Targeting type-2 NADH dehydrogenase (NDH-2) involved in the production of respiratory ATP could, therefore, be effective in treating the disease. Areas covered: This review describes the energetics of mycobacteria and the role of NDH-2 in ATP synthesis. Special attention has been given for genetic and chemical validations of NDH-2 as a molecular target. The reported kinetics and crystal structures of NDH-2 have been given in detail for better understanding of the enzyme. Expert opinion: NDH-2 is an essential enzyme for ATP synthesis and has a potential role in dormancy and persistence of Mtb. The human counterpart lacks this enzyme and hence NDH-2 inhibitors could have more clinical importance. Phenothiazines are potent inhibitor of NDH-2 and are effective against both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant Mtb. Thus, it is highly desirable to optimize phenothiazine class of compounds for the development of next generation anti-TB drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satheeshkumar Sellamuthu
- a Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics , Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) , Varanasi , India
| | - Meenakshi Singh
- a Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics , Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) , Varanasi , India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- a Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics , Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) , Varanasi , India
| | - Sushil Kumar Singh
- a Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics , Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) , Varanasi , India
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Hong C, Ma J, Li M, Jin L, Hu X, Mo W, Hu B, Sun N, Shen Z. Ferric nitrate-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of benzylic sp 3 C H bonds of ethers and alkylarenes. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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13
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Malikireddy P, Siddan G, Madurai S, Chandramouleeswaran S, Srinivasakannan L. 10-Methyl-10 H-phenothiazine. IUCRDATA 2016. [DOI: 10.1107/s2414314616012992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the title compound C13H11NS, the phenothiazine unit has a non-planar butterfly structure, and the central six-membered ring adopts a boat conformation. The dihedral angle between the two outer aromatic rings of the phenothiazine unit is 39.53 (10)°. In the crystal, a π–π interaction with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.6871 (12) Å is observed between the aromatic rings of neighbouring molecules.
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15
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Design of new phenothiazine-thiadiazole hybrids via molecular hybridization approach for the development of potent antitubercular agents. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 106:75-84. [PMID: 26520841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A new library of phenothiazine and 1,3,4-thiadiazole hybrid derivatives (5a-u) was designed based on the molecular hybridization approach and the molecules were synthesized in excellent yields using a facile single-step chloro-amine coupling reaction between 2-chloro-1-(10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)ethanones and 2-amino-5-subsituted-1,3,4-thiadiazoles. The compounds were evaluated for their in vitro inhibition activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (MTB). Compounds 5 g and 5 n were emerged as the most active compounds of the series with MIC of 0.8 μg/mL (∼ 1.9 μM). Also, compounds 5a, 5b, 5c, 5e, 5l and 5m (MIC = 1.6 μg/mL), and compounds 5j, 5k and 5o (MIC = 3.125 μg/mL) showed significant inhibition activity. The structure-activity relationship demonstrated that an alkyl (methyl/n-propyl) or substituted (4-methyl/4-Cl/4-F) phenyl groups on the 1,3,4-thiadiazole ring enhance the inhibition activity of the compounds. The cytotoxicity study revealed that none of the active molecules are toxic to a normal Vero cell line thus proving the lack of general cellular toxicity. Further, the active molecules were subjected to molecular docking studies with target enzymes InhA and CYP121.
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