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Zhang K, Li T, Song P, Ma F, Li Y. Molecular engineering and structure-property relationship based on D-A chlorophyll derivative and the application in organic solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:25607-25622. [PMID: 39344646 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02154a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
The photoactive layer materials of organic solar cells (OSCs) play a critical role in achieving excellent performance. Chlorophyll derivatives are commonly used due to their environmental friendliness, low cost, and easy accessibility. However, the efficiency of OSCs based on chlorophyll is limited by their photoelectric properties. Here, we focused on the D-A structure of chlorophyll derivative ZnChl-1 and designed four molecules through rational molecular engineering. The photoelectric properties at the microscopic level were systematically studied using density functional theory (DFT). Our findings reveal that T-ZnChl-1 with triphenylamine donor unit has a smaller energy gap and ionization energy, as well as a larger spectral red shift and absorption range. This suggests that intramolecular charge transfer will be enhanced, leading to an improvement in short-circuit current. Furthermore, Y6 is used as the acceptor to construct the heterojunction interfaces. The results indicate that the T-ZnChl-1/Y6 interface exhibits more charge transfer states and higher exciton dissociation rate KCS, which will promote charge separation and lead to excellent photovoltaic performance. This work clarifies the structure-property relationship of chlorophyll derivatives and the photo-response mechanism of intermolecular charge transfer, providing a theoretical basis for developing valuable chlorophyll-based OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyan Zhang
- College of Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ting Li
- College of Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Peng Song
- Department of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning, China.
| | - Fengcai Ma
- Department of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yuanzuo Li
- College of Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China
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Zhu J, Wang T, An D, Zhang R, Gu Y, Zhou G, Lu X, Liu Y. Facile Synthesis of Donor-Acceptor Heterocycloarenes Based on Pyrazine Derivatives Possessing Intriguing Iodide Ion Capture Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:21922-21931. [PMID: 39052980 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugated systems have been extensively investigated and play important roles in organic electronics. Incorporating D-A structures into (hetero)cycloarenes endows them tunable electronic properties, while the well-defined cavity remains. However, the synthetic complexity of introducing electron-acceptor moieties into (hetero)cycloarenes limits their development and applications. In this paper, the first family of electronically tunable D-A heterocycloarenes (DAHCn, n = 1-5) based on pyrazine derivatives was facilely synthesized through cyclocondensation reaction from a tetraketone-functionalized heterocycloarene precursor prepared using the ketal-protection strategy. The effect of expanded conjugation and the inserted electron-withdrawing group on the electronic structures of the D-A heterocycloarenes was studied systematically by X-ray crystallographic analysis, various spectroscopic measurements, and theoretical calculations. Interestingly, the presence of an electron-withdrawing group polarizes the inner C(sp2)-H and significantly increases the binding affinities of D-A heterocycloarenes to the iodide anion. Meanwhile, the anion affinity can be further modulated by the type of attached substituents and the distance of polarization. More importantly, the dicyanopyrazine derivative DAHC3 shows the highest binding strength to the iodide ion as a 2:1 sandwich complex (log β2 = 12.3 and ΔG = -69.1 kJ mol-1), which is the strongest iodide receptor using C(sp2)-H hydrogen bonding interactions reported to date. Our finding provides a new strategy to design and synthesize D-A heterocycloarenes and strong anion receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Teng Wang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Dongyue An
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yuanhe Gu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- Lab of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Zaier R, Martel A, Antosiewicz TJ. Effect of Benzothiadiazole-Based π-Spacers on Fine-Tuning of Optoelectronic Properties of Oligothiophene-Core Donor Materials for Efficient Organic Solar Cells: A DFT Study. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:10555-10569. [PMID: 38086177 PMCID: PMC10749456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
In this work, five novel A-π-D-π-A type molecules D1-D5 were designed by adding unusual benzothiadiazole derivatives as π-spacer blocks to the efficient reference molecule DRCN5T for application as donor materials in organic solar cells (OSCs). Based on a density functional theory approach, a comprehensive theoretical study was performed with different functionals (B3LYP, B3LYP-GD3, B3LYP-GD3BJ, CAM-B3LYP, M06, M062X, and wB97XD) and with different solvent types (PCM and SMD) at the extended basis set 6-311+g(d,p) to evaluate the structural, optoelectronic, and intramolecular charge transfer properties of these molecules. The B3LYP-GD3BJ hybrid functional was used to optimize the studied molecules in CHCl3 solution with the SMD model solvent as it provided the best results compared to experimental data. Transition density matrix maps were simulated to examine the hole-electron localization and the electronic excitation processes in the excited state, and photovoltaic parameters including open-circuit photovoltage and fill factor were investigated to predict the efficiency of these materials. All the designed materials showed promising optoelectronic and photovoltaic characteristics, and for most of them, a red shift. Out of the proposed molecules, [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-d]pyridazine was selected as a promising π-spacer block to evaluate its interaction with PC61BM in a composite to understand the charge transfer between the donor and acceptor subparts. Overall, this study showed that adding π-spacer building blocks to the molecular structure is undoubtedly a potential strategy to further enhance the performance of donor materials for OSC applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Zaier
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Arnaud Martel
- Institut
des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, UMR 6283 CNRS-Université du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Cedex Le Mans, France
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Zhong S, Zhu L, Wu S, Li Y, Lin M. Photoactive donor-acceptor conjugated macrocycles: New opportunities for supramolecular chemistry. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.108124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Chang Y, Li J, Chang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Lu K, Sun X, Wei Z. Enhancing the performances of all-small-molecule ternary organic solar cells via achieving optimized morphology and 3D charge pathways. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kostyuchenko AS, Ulyankin EB, Zheleznova TY, Chernenko SA, Shatsauskas AL, Abaidulina DR, Bystrushkin MO, Samsonenko AL, Fisyuk AS. Synthesis, Optical and Electrochemical Properties of D1–A–D2–A–D1 Type Conjugated Donor-Acceptor Assemblies of Five-Membered Aromatic Heterocycles. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-019-02610-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Shi Y, Yang C, Li H, Liu L, Zhou R, Zou W, Wang Z, Wu Q, Deng D, Zhang J, Lu K, Wei Z. A-π-D-π-A small-molecule donors with different end alkyl chains obtain different morphologies in organic solar cells. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Zhou R, Xia B, Li H, Wang Z, Yang Y, Zhang J, Laursen BW, Lu K, Wei Z. Fluorination Induced Donor to Acceptor Transformation in A1-D-A2-D-A1-Type Photovoltaic Small Molecules. Front Chem 2018; 6:384. [PMID: 30234102 PMCID: PMC6127638 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of diversity of non-fullerene acceptors, it is found that there is no clear boundary between electron donors and electron acceptors. Modulation of the electron donating and withdrawing properties of organic semiconductors is necessary for organic photovoltaics research. In this work, we designed and synthesized three A1-D-A2-D-A1-type (A represents acceptor unit and D represents donor unit) small molecules, named as M-0F, M-1F, and M-2F, respectively containing zero, one, and two fluorine atoms in the terminal acceptor segments (A1), respectively. Fluorination substitution was found to be able to downshift the HOMO and LUMO energy level, red-shift the absorption, and enhance the electron mobility. The M-0F exhibited the highest efficiency of 5.99% as a donor in fullerene-containing system and the lowest efficiency of 0.58% as an acceptor in fullerene-free system. While the M-2F performed the lowest efficiency of 0.97% as the donor and the highest efficiency of 2.65% as the acceptor. The electron-donating and electron-withdrawing property of M-1F are in-between that of M-0F and M-2F. Among the three molecules, the electron mobility is increased while the hole mobility is decreased with increasing fluorination. This work provides a typical example of tuning of the electron donating and withdrawing property without changes to the backbone of the conjugated molecules, which is important for further designing high performance solution processable small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing, China
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benzheng Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Bo W. Laursen
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kun Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixiang Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
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Wang YL, Li QS, Li ZS. Effect of π-bridge units on properties of A–π–D–π–A-type nonfullerene acceptors for organic solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:14200-14210. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02266f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We theoretically designed efficient nonfullerene acceptors (P2 and P5) with lower LUMO energies and higher electron transport abilities for OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- Beijing Key laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
| | - Quan-Song Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- Beijing Key laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
| | - Ze-Sheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- Beijing Key laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
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