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Cell Uptake of Steroid-BODIPY Conjugates and Their Internalization Mechanisms: Cancer Theranostic Dyes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043600. [PMID: 36835012 PMCID: PMC9963437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Estradiol-BODIPY linked via an 8-carbon spacer chain and 19-nortestosterone- and testosterone-BODIPY linked via an ethynyl spacer group were evaluated for cell uptake in the breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 and prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and LNCaP, as well as in normal dermal fibroblasts, using fluorescence microscopy. The highest level of internalization was observed with 11β-OMe-estradiol-BODIPY 2 and 7α-Me-19-nortestosterone-BODIPY 4 towards cells expressing their specific receptors. Blocking experiments showed changes in non-specific cell uptake in the cancer and normal cells, which likely reflect differences in the lipophilicity of the conjugates. The internalization of the conjugates was shown to be an energy-dependent process that is likely mediated by clathrin- and caveolae-endocytosis. Studies using 2D co-cultures of cancer cells and normal fibroblasts showed that the conjugates are more selective towards cancer cells. Cell viability assays showed that the conjugates are non-toxic for cancer and/or normal cells. Visible light irradiation of cells incubated with estradiol-BODIPYs 1 and 2 and 7α-Me-19-nortestosterone-BODIPY 4 induced cell death, suggesting their potential for use as PDT agents.
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Lang W, Yuan C, Zhu L, Du S, Qian L, Ge J, Yao SQ. Recent advances in construction of small molecule-based fluorophore-drug conjugates. J Pharm Anal 2020; 10:434-443. [PMID: 33133727 PMCID: PMC7591808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As a powerful tool to advance drug discovery, molecular imaging may provide new insights into the process of drug effect and therapy at cellular and molecular levels. When compared with other detection methods, fluorescence-based strategies are highly attractive and can be used to illuminate pathways of drugs' transport, with multi-color capacity, high specificity and good sensitivity. The conjugates of fluorescent molecules and therapeutic agents create exciting avenues for real-time monitoring of drug delivery and distribution, both in vitro and in vivo. In this short review, we discuss recent developments of small molecule-based fluorophore-drug conjugates, including non-cleavable and cleavable ones, that are capable of visualizing drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Lang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China
| | - Chaonan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China
| | - Liquan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China
| | - Shubo Du
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Linghui Qian
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jingyan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China
| | - Shao Q. Yao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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Li L, Liu J, Ding Y, Shi Z, Peng B, Yang N, Hong D, Zhang C, Yao C, Ge J, Huang W. Design, synthesis and evaluation of protein disulfide isomerase inhibitors with nitric oxide releasing activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:126898. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Lang W, Yuan C, Zhu B, Pan S, Liu J, Luo J, Nie S, Zhu Q, Lee JS, Ge J. Expanding the "minimalist" small molecule tagging approach to different bioactive compounds. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:3010-3017. [PMID: 30816385 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob03175d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
"Minimalist" small molecule tagging (MSMT) is a promising approach that easily converts bioactive compounds into affinity-based probes (AfBPs) for proteomic studies. In this work, seven bioactive compounds targeting diversified protein classes were installed with "minimalist" linkers through common reactions to generate the corresponding AfBPs. These probes were evaluated for cell-based protein profiling and target validation. Among them, the entinostat-derived probe EN and the camptothecin-derived probe CA were further utilized in cellular imaging and SILAC-based large-scale target identification. Our extensive studies suggest that the "minimalist" small molecule tagging approach could be expanded to different classes of bioactive compounds for modification into AfBPs as a dual functional tool for both proteomics and cellular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Lang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
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Dong J, Hong D, Lang W, Huang J, Qian L, Zhu Q, Li L, Ge J. Differently Tagged Probes for Protein Profiling of Mitochondria. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1155-1160. [PMID: 30600897 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrion is one of the most important organelles in the eukaryotic cell. Characterization of the mitochondrial proteome is a prerequisite for understanding its cellular functions at the molecular level. Here we report a proteomics method based on mitochondrion-targeting groups and click chemistry. In our strategy, three different mitochondrion-targeting moieties were each augmented with a clickable handle and a cysteine-reactive group. Fluorescence-based bioimaging and fractionation experiments clearly showed that most signals arising from the labels were localized in the mitochondria of cells, as a result of covalent attachment between probe and target proteins. The three probes had distinct profiling characteristics. Furthermore, we successfully identified more than two hundred mitochondrial proteins. The results showed that different mitochondrion-targeting groups targeted distinct proteins with partial overlap. Most of the labeled proteins were localized in the mitochondrial matrix and inner mitochondrial membrane. Our results provide a tool for chemoproteomic analysis of mitochondrion-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Dong
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Danqi Hong
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Wenjie Lang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jintao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Linghui Qian
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Jingyan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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