1
|
Mehta NV, Degani MS. The expanding repertoire of covalent warheads for drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103799. [PMID: 37839776 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The reactive functionalities of drugs that engage in covalent interactions with the enzyme/receptor residue in either a reversible or an irreversible manner are called 'warheads'. Covalent warheads that were previously neglected because of safety concerns have recently gained center stage as a result of their various advantages over noncovalent drugs, including increased selectivity, increased residence time, and higher potency. With the approval of several covalent inhibitors over the past decade, research in this area has accelerated. Various strategies are being continuously developed to tune the characteristics of warheads to improve their potency and mitigate toxicity. Here, we review research progress in warhead discovery over the past 5 years to provide valuable insights for future drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Namrashee V Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Mariam S Degani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fischer NH, Oliveira MT, Diness F. Chemical modification of proteins - challenges and trends at the start of the 2020s. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:719-748. [PMID: 36519403 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01237e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ribosomally expressed proteins perform multiple, versatile, and specialized tasks throughout Nature. In modern times, chemically modified proteins, including improved hormones, enzymes, and antibody-drug-conjugates have become available and have found advanced industrial and pharmaceutical applications. Chemical modification of proteins is used to introduce new functionalities, improve stability or drugability. Undertaking chemical reactions with proteins without compromising their native function is still a core challenge as proteins are large conformation dependent multifunctional molecules. Methods for functionalization ideally should be chemo-selective, site-selective, and undertaken under biocompatible conditions in aqueous buffer to prevent denaturation of the protein. Here the present challenges in the field are discussed and methods for modification of the 20 encoded amino acids as well as the N-/C-termini and protein backbone are presented. For each amino acid, common and traditional modification methods are presented first, followed by more recent ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Henrik Fischer
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Teresa Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederik Diness
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wan C, Feng Y, Hou Z, Lian C, Zhang L, An Y, Sun J, Yang D, Jiang C, Yin F, Wang R, Li Z. Electrophilic Sulfonium-Promoted Peptide and Protein Amidation in Aqueous Media. Org Lett 2021; 24:581-586. [PMID: 34968069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel amidation strategy using electrophilic sulfonium, which is soluble and stable in aqueous conditions, was developed. The sulfoniums could activate thioacid and carboxyl acid to efficiently react with amines to afford amides. This method enables applications in amidation in both aqueous media and solid-phase peptide synthesis, peptide/protein modifications, and reactive lysines of a proteome at pH 10 with activity-based protein profiling. A peptide ligand-directed labeling of the USP7-UBL2 domain was also performed using this method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zhanfeng Hou
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, P. R. China
| | - Chenshan Lian
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuhao An
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, P. R. China
| | - Jinming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Dongyan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, P. R. China
| | - Chenran Jiang
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, P. R. China
| | - Feng Yin
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, P. R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, P. R. China
| | - Zigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.,Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|