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Metcalf R, Scott LM, Daniel KG, Dou QP. Proteasome inhibitor patents (2010 - present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 24:369-82. [PMID: 24450483 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.877444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the past 3 years, numerous patents and patent applications have been submitted and published involving compounds designed to inhibit the proteasome. Proteasome inhibition has been of great interest in cancer research since disruption of proteolysis leads to a significant buildup of cytotoxic proteins and activation of apoptotic pathways, particularly in rapidly proliferating cells. The current standards in proteasome inhibition are the only FDA-approved inhibitors, bortezomib and carfilzomib. Although these drugs are quite effective in treating multiple myeloma and other blood tumors, there are shortcomings, including toxicities and resistance. Most of the current patents attempt to improve on existing compounds, by increasing bioavailability and selectivity, while attempting to reduce toxicity. A general categorization of similar compounds was employed to evaluate and compare drug design strategies. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on novel compounds and subsequent analogs developed for proteasome inhibition, used in preventing and treating human cancers. A comprehensive description and categorization of patents related to each type of compound and its derivatives, as well as their uses and efficacies as anticancer agents is included. A review of combination therapy patents has also been included. EXPERT OPINION Although there are many diverse chemical scaffolds being published, there are few patented proteasome inhibitors whose method of inhibition is genuinely novel. Most patents utilize a destructive chemical warhead to attack the catalytic threonine residue of the proteasome active sites. Few patents try to depart from this, emphasizing the need for developing new mechanisms of action and specific targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Metcalf
- Moffitt Cancer Center, Chemical Biology Core , 12902 Magnolia Dr SRB3, Tampa, FL 33612 , USA
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Nyfeler B, Hoepfner D, Palestrant D, Kirby CA, Whitehead L, Yu R, Deng G, Caughlan RE, Woods AL, Jones AK, Barnes SW, Walker JR, Gaulis S, Hauy E, Brachmann SM, Krastel P, Studer C, Riedl R, Estoppey D, Aust T, Movva NR, Wang Z, Salcius M, Michaud GA, McAllister G, Murphy LO, Tallarico JA, Wilson CJ, Dean CR. Identification of elongation factor G as the conserved cellular target of argyrin B. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42657. [PMID: 22970117 PMCID: PMC3438169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Argyrins, produced by myxobacteria and actinomycetes, are cyclic octapeptides with antibacterial and antitumor activity. Here, we identify elongation factor G (EF-G) as the cellular target of argyrin B in bacteria, via resistant mutant selection and whole genome sequencing, biophysical binding studies and crystallography. Argyrin B binds a novel allosteric pocket in EF-G, distinct from the known EF-G inhibitor antibiotic fusidic acid, revealing a new mode of protein synthesis inhibition. In eukaryotic cells, argyrin B was found to target mitochondrial elongation factor G1 (EF-G1), the closest homologue of bacterial EF-G. By blocking mitochondrial translation, argyrin B depletes electron transport components and inhibits the growth of yeast and tumor cells. Further supporting direct inhibition of EF-G1, expression of an argyrin B-binding deficient EF-G1 L693Q variant partially rescued argyrin B-sensitivity in tumor cells. In summary, we show that argyrin B is an antibacterial and cytotoxic agent that inhibits the evolutionarily conserved target EF-G, blocking protein synthesis in bacteria and mitochondrial translation in yeast and mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Nyfeler
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachussetts, United States of America
| | - Dominic Hoepfner
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Deborah Palestrant
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachussetts, United States of America
| | - Christina A. Kirby
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachussetts, United States of America
| | - Lewis Whitehead
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachussetts, United States of America
| | - Robert Yu
- Infectious Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Gejing Deng
- Infectious Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Ruth E. Caughlan
- Infectious Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Angela L. Woods
- Infectious Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Adriana K. Jones
- Infectious Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - S. Whitney Barnes
- Novartis Institute for Functional Genomics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - John R. Walker
- Novartis Institute for Functional Genomics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Swann Gaulis
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ervan Hauy
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Saskia M. Brachmann
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Krastel
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry, Natural Products Unit, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Studer
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Riedl
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Estoppey
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Aust
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - N. Rao Movva
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zuncai Wang
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachussetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Salcius
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachussetts, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Michaud
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachussetts, United States of America
| | - Gregory McAllister
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachussetts, United States of America
| | - Leon O. Murphy
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachussetts, United States of America
| | - John A. Tallarico
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachussetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Wilson
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachussetts, United States of America
| | - Charles R. Dean
- Infectious Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hiss DC, Gabriels GA. Implications of endoplasmic reticulum stress, the unfolded protein response and apoptosis for molecular cancer therapy. Part II: targeting cell cycle events, caspases, NF-κB and the proteasome. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:907-21. [PMID: 23480539 DOI: 10.1517/17460440903055032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), the unfolded protein response (UPR) and apoptosis signal transduction pathways are fundamental to normal cellular homeostasis and survival, but are exploited by cancer cells to promote the cancer phenotype. OBJECTIVE Collateral activation of ERS and UPR role players impact on cell growth, cell cycle arrest or apoptosis, genomic stability, tumour initiation and progression, tumour aggressiveness and drug resistance. An understanding of these processes affords promising prospects for specific cancer drug targeting of the ERS, UPR and apoptotic pathways. METHOD This review (Part II of II) brings forward the latest developments relevant to the molecular connections among cell cycle regulators, caspases, NF-κB, and the proteasome with ERS and UPR signalling cascades, their functions in apoptosis induction, apoptosis resistance and oncogenesis, and how these relationships can be exploited for targeted cancer therapy. CONCLUSION Overall, ERS, the UPR and apoptosis signalling cascades (the molecular therapeutic targets) and the development of drugs that attack these targets signify a success story in cancer drug discovery, but a more reductionist approach is necessary to determine the precise molecular switches that turn on antiapoptotic and pro-apoptotic programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donavon C Hiss
- Head, Molecular Oncology Research Programme, University of the Western Cape, Department of Medical BioSciences, Bellville, 7535, South Africa +27 21 959 2334 ; +27 959 1563 ;
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