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Huang Y, Che X, Wang PW, Qu X. p53/MDM2 signaling pathway in aging, senescence and tumorigenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2024; 101:44-57. [PMID: 38762096 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
A wealth of evidence has emerged that there is an association between aging, senescence and tumorigenesis. Senescence, a biological process by which cells cease to divide and enter a status of permanent cell cycle arrest, contributes to aging and aging-related diseases, including cancer. Aging populations have the higher incidence of cancer due to a lifetime of exposure to cancer-causing agents, reduction of repairing DNA damage, accumulated genetic mutations, and decreased immune system efficiency. Cancer patients undergoing cytotoxic therapies, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, accelerate aging. There is growing evidence that p53/MDM2 (murine double minute 2) axis is critically involved in regulation of aging, senescence and oncogenesis. Therefore, in this review, we describe the functions and mechanisms of p53/MDM2-mediated senescence, aging and carcinogenesis. Moreover, we highlight the small molecular inhibitors, natural compounds and PROTACs (proteolysis targeting chimeras) that target p53/MDM2 pathway to influence aging and cancer. Modification of p53/MDM2 could be a potential strategy for treatment of aging, senescence and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyi Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China; Provincial key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China; Clinical Cancer Research Center of Shenyang, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China
| | - Xiaofang Che
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China; Provincial key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China; Clinical Cancer Research Center of Shenyang, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China
| | - Peter W Wang
- Department of Medicine, Oasis Medical Research Center, Watertown, MA 02472, USA.
| | - Xiujuan Qu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China; Provincial key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China; Clinical Cancer Research Center of Shenyang, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China.
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Cheng J, Yan Z, Jiang K, Liu C, Xu D, Lyu X, Hu X, Zhang S, Zhou Y, Li J, Zhao Y. Discovery of JN122, a Spiroindoline-Containing Molecule that Inhibits MDM2/p53 Protein-Protein Interaction and Exerts Robust In Vivo Antitumor Efficacy. J Med Chem 2023; 66:16991-17025. [PMID: 38062557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
MDM2 and MDM4 cooperatively and negatively regulate p53, while this pathway is often hijacked by cancer cells in favor of their survival. Blocking MDM2/p53 interaction with small-molecule inhibitors liberates p53 from MDM2 mediated degradation, which is an attractive strategy for drug discovery. We reported herein structure-based discovery of highly potent spiroindoline-containing MDM2 inhibitor (-)60 (JN122), which also exhibited moderate activities against MDM4/p53 interactions. In a panel of cancer cell lines harboring wild type p53, (-)60 efficiently promoted activation of p53 and its target genes, inhibited cell cycle progression, and induced cell apoptosis. Interestingly, (-)60 also promoted degradation of MDM4. More importantly, (-)60 exhibited good PK properties and exerted robust antitumor efficacies in a systemic mouse xenograft model of MOLM-13. Taken together, our study showcases a class of potent MDM2 inhibitors featuring a novel spiro-indoline scaffold, which is promising for future development targeting cancer cells with wild-type p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ziqin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Kailong Jiang
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, P. R. China
| | - Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Dehua Xu
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, P. R. China
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124000, P. R. China
| | - Xilin Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobei Hu
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, P. R. China
| | - Shiyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yubo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, P. R. China
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, P. R. China
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124000, P. R. China
| | - Yujun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, P. R. China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
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NFκB-Mediated Expression of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase δ Is Critical for Mesenchymal Transition in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020207. [PMID: 36672142 PMCID: PMC9857235 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a vital role in a variety of human diseases including proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), in which retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells play a key part. Transcriptomic analysis showed that the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway was up-regulated in human RPE cells upon treatment with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2, a multifunctional cytokine associated with clinical PVR. Stimulation of human RPE cells with TGF-β2 induced expression of p110δ (the catalytic subunit of PI3Kδ) and activation of NFκB/p65. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated depletion of p110δ or NFκB/p65 suppressed TGF-β2-induced fibronectin expression and activation of Akt as well as migration of these cells. Intriguingly, abrogating expression of NFκB/p65 also blocked TGF-β2-induced expression of p110δ, and luciferase reporter assay indicated that TGF-β2 induced NFκB/p65 binding to the promoter of the PIK3CD that encodes p110δ. These data reveal that NFκB/p65-mediated expression of PI3Kδ is essential in human RPE cells for TGF-β2-induced EMT, uncovering hindrance of TGF-β2-induced expression of p110δ as a novel approach to inhibit PVR.
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Xiong L, Garfinkel A. A common pathway to cancer: Oncogenic mutations abolish p53 oscillations. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 174:28-40. [PMID: 35752348 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 oscillates in response to DNA double-strand breaks, a behavior that has been suggested to be essential to its anti-cancer function. Nearly all human cancers have genetic alterations in the p53 pathway; a number of these alterations have been shown to be oncogenic by experiment. These alterations include somatic mutations and copy number variations as well as germline polymorphisms. Intriguingly, they exhibit a mixed pattern of interactions in tumors, such as co-occurrence, mutual exclusivity, and paradoxically, mutual antagonism. Using a differential equation model of p53-Mdm2 dynamics, we employ Hopf bifurcation analysis to show that these alterations have a common mode of action, to abolish the oscillatory competence of p53, thereby, we suggest, impairing its tumor suppressive function. In this analysis, diverse genetic alterations, widely associated with human cancers clinically, have a unified mechanistic explanation of their role in oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Xiong
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA; Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Alan Garfinkel
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Newton-Abraham Visiting Professor (2019-2020), Lincoln College and Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3DR, UK.
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Yu M, Zhang Q, Zhao X. Associations of MDM2 rs2279744 and TP53 rs1042522 polymorphisms with cervical cancer risk: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Front Oncol 2022; 12:973077. [PMID: 36059664 PMCID: PMC9437333 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.973077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAlthough the association between MDM2 rs2279744 and TP53 rs1042522 polymorphisms and cervical cancer has been reported, the results of its correlation were contradictory. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis to precisely verify the relationships between MDM2 rs2279744 and TP53 rs1042522 polymorphisms and cervical cancer.MethodsWe thoroughly searched the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus databases for all potential articles from inception to June 2022 and used R Version 4.1.2 and STATA software 12.0 for the meta-analysis. The odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and 95% prediction intervals (PIs) were calculated to evaluate the associations. Subgroup analyses stratified by ethnicity, source of control, quality score and adjustment were further conducted to assess the relationship between MDM2 rs2279744 and TP53 rs1042522 polymorphisms and cervical cancer.ResultsA total of 30 case-control studies involving 5025 cases and 6680 controls were included. All the included studies were population-based or hospital-based studies. The overall analysis showed that MDM2 rs2279744 polymorphism was closely related to an increased risk of cervical cancer in the recessive model (GG vs GT + TT: OR = 1.602, 95% CI: 1.077-2.383, P = 0.020) and homozygote model (GG vs TT: OR = 1.469, 95% CI: 1.031-2.095, P = 0.033, 95% PI: 0.516-4.184). A significant correlation between TP53 rs1042522 polymorphism and cervical cancer was observed in two models (CC + CG vs GG: OR = 1.759, 95% CI: 1.192-2.596, P = 0.004, 95% PI: 0.474-6.533; GG vs CC: OR = 2.442, 95% CI: 1.433-4.162, P = 0.001, 95% PI: 0.456-13.071).ConclusionsThis meta-analysis revealed that MDM2 SNP309T>G and TP53 rs1042522 C>G polymorphisms were associated with the increased risk of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijia Yu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Affiliated to Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Gynecological Cancer Center, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing Cancer Research Institute, Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xia Zhao,
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Jiang H, Yan B, Meng Z, Zhang L, Lei H, Luo J. The MDM2 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism T309G Is Associated With the Development of Epimacular Membranes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:841660. [PMID: 35359434 PMCID: PMC8963840 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.841660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the role of the mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) gene single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) T309G in the development of epimacular membranes (EMMs) by analyzing the genotype distribution and consistency of the polymorphism in paired membrane-blood samples. Methods: This was a cross–sectional genetic association study of patients with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) or EMMs. PVR membranes (PVRMs), internal limiting membranes (ILMs) (PVR-ILMs) and blood samples (PVR-blood) from patients with PVR, and EMMs, EMM-ILMs and EMM-blood from patients with EMMs were collected. The genotype of all samples was determined by Sanger sequencing. Sex composition, mean age, the genotype distribution of MDM2 T309G, the allelic frequency of the MDM2 SNP309 G allele (% G) and the somatic mutation rate at the MDM2 T309G locus (% M) were analyzed and compared. The PVR and healthy Chinese donor groups were used as controls for different comparisons. Results: The EMM group of 62 patients was older than the PVR group of 61 patients by an average of 8.87 years (p < 0.0001), but the two groups were statistically similar in the sex composition (p = 0.1754). Importantly, G allele carriers were at a higher risk of developing EMMs than non-G allele carriers (p = 0.0479; OR = 2.047). Moreover, EMM-blood exhibited a significantly higher % G than blood samples from healthy Chinese donors (EMM-blood: 56.78%, donors: 45.61%; p = 0.0256; OR = 1.567). Regarding membrane-blood consistency, % M was significantly different between PVRMs and EMMs (PVRMs: 2.63%, EMMs: 21.57%; p = 0.0097; OR = 10.18) but not between different types of ILMs (PVR-ILMs: 18.18%, EMM-ILMs: 29.17%; p = 0.6855). Furthermore, EMMs (p = 0.0053; OR = 8.250) and EMM-ILMs (p = 0.0233; OR = 14.40) from patients with preoperative macular holes were more predisposed toward somatic mutations at the MDM2 T309G locus than those from patients without preoperative macular holes. Conclusions:MDM2 T309G is associated with the development of EMMs. Herein, the MDM2 SNP309 G allele is first reported as an associated factor of EMMs in a Chinese population. In addition, EMMs and ILMs are genetically unstable at the MDM2 T309G locus, especially when complicated with preoperative macular holes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhishang Meng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lusi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hetian Lei
- Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Hetian Lei, , Jing Luo,
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Hetian Lei, , Jing Luo,
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Kung CP, Weber JD. It’s Getting Complicated—A Fresh Look at p53-MDM2-ARF Triangle in Tumorigenesis and Cancer Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:818744. [PMID: 35155432 PMCID: PMC8833255 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.818744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-tumorigenic mechanisms mediated by the tumor suppressor p53, upon oncogenic stresses, are our bodies’ greatest weapons to battle against cancer onset and development. Consequently, factors that possess significant p53-regulating activities have been subjects of serious interest from the cancer research community. Among them, MDM2 and ARF are considered the most influential p53 regulators due to their abilities to inhibit and activate p53 functions, respectively. MDM2 inhibits p53 by promoting ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of p53, while ARF activates p53 by physically interacting with MDM2 to block its access to p53. This conventional understanding of p53-MDM2-ARF functional triangle have guided the direction of p53 research, as well as the development of p53-based therapeutic strategies for the last 30 years. Our increasing knowledge of this triangle during this time, especially through identification of p53-independent functions of MDM2 and ARF, have uncovered many under-appreciated molecular mechanisms connecting these three proteins. Through recognizing both antagonizing and synergizing relationships among them, our consideration for harnessing these relationships to develop effective cancer therapies needs an update accordingly. In this review, we will re-visit the conventional wisdom regarding p53-MDM2-ARF tumor-regulating mechanisms, highlight impactful studies contributing to the modern look of their relationships, and summarize ongoing efforts to target this pathway for effective cancer treatments. A refreshed appreciation of p53-MDM2-ARF network can bring innovative approaches to develop new generations of genetically-informed and clinically-effective cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Pei Kung
- ICCE Institute, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Che-Pei Kung, ; Jason D. Weber,
| | - Jason D. Weber
- ICCE Institute, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Che-Pei Kung, ; Jason D. Weber,
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The roles of mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) oncoprotein in ocular diseases: A review. Exp Eye Res 2022; 217:108910. [PMID: 34998788 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mouse double minute 2 (MDM2), an E3 ubiquitin ligase and the primary negative regulator of the tumor suppressor p53, cooperates with its structural homolog MDM4/MDMX to control intracellular p53 level. In turn, overexpression of p53 upregulates and forms an autoregulatory feedback loop with MDM2. The MDM2-p53 axis plays a pivotal role in modulating cell cycle control and apoptosis. MDM2 itself is regulated by the PI3K-AKT and RB-E2F-ARF pathways. While amplification of the MDM2 gene or overexpression of MDM2 (due to MDM2 SNP T309G, for instance) is associated with various malignancies, numerous studies have shown that MDM2/p53 alterations may also play a part in the pathogenetic process of certain ocular disorders (Fig. 1). These include cancers (retinoblastoma, uveal melanoma), fibrocellular proliferative diseases (proliferative vitreoretinopathy, pterygium), neovascular diseases, degenerative diseases (cataract, primary open-angle glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration) and infectious/inflammatory diseases (trachoma, uveitis). In addition, MDM2 is implicated in retinogenesis and regeneration after optic nerve injury. Anti-MDM2 therapy has shown potential as a novel approach to treating these diseases. Despite major safety concerns, there are high expectations for the clinical value of reformative MDM2 inhibitors. This review summarizes important findings about the role of MDM2 in ocular pathologies and provides an overview of recent advances in treating these diseases with anti-MDM2 therapies.
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Klein AM, de Queiroz RM, Venkatesh D, Prives C. The roles and regulation of MDM2 and MDMX: it is not just about p53. Genes Dev 2021; 35:575-601. [PMID: 33888565 PMCID: PMC8091979 DOI: 10.1101/gad.347872.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this review, Klein et al. discuss the p53-independent roles of MDM2 and MDMX. First, they review the structural and functional features of MDM2 and MDMX proteins separately and together that could be relevant to their p53-independent activities. Following this, they summarize how these two proteins are regulated and how they can function in cells that lack p53. Most well studied as proteins that restrain the p53 tumor suppressor protein, MDM2 and MDMX have rich lives outside of their relationship to p53. There is much to learn about how these two proteins are regulated and how they can function in cells that lack p53. Regulation of MDM2 and MDMX, which takes place at the level of transcription, post-transcription, and protein modification, can be very intricate and is context-dependent. Equally complex are the myriad roles that these two proteins play in cells that lack wild-type p53; while many of these independent outcomes are consistent with oncogenic transformation, in some settings their functions could also be tumor suppressive. Since numerous small molecules that affect MDM2 and MDMX have been developed for therapeutic outcomes, most if not all designed to prevent their restraint of p53, it will be essential to understand how these diverse molecules might affect the p53-independent activities of MDM2 and MDMX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Klein
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | | | - Divya Venkatesh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Carol Prives
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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Chan CS, Sun Y, Ke H, Zhao Y, Belete M, Zhang C, Feng Z, Levine AJ, Hu W. Genetic and stochastic influences upon tumor formation and tumor types in Li-Fraumeni mouse models. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:e202000952. [PMID: 33376133 PMCID: PMC7772779 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancers. Li-Fraumeni syndrome patients inheriting heterozygous p53 mutations often have a much-increased risk to develop cancer(s) at early ages. Recent studies suggest that some individuals inherited p53 mutations do not have the early onset or high frequency of cancers. These observations suggest that other genetic, environmental, immunological, epigenetic, or stochastic factors modify the penetrance of the cancerous mutant Tp53 phenotype. To test this possibility, this study explored dominant genetic modifiers of Tp53 mutations in heterozygous mice with different genetic backgrounds. Both genetic and stochastic effects upon tumor formation were observed in these mice. The genetic background of mice carrying Tp53 mutations has a strong influence upon the tissue type of the tumor produced and the number of tumors formed in a single mouse. The onset age of a tumor is correlated with the tissue type of that tumor, although identical tumor tissue types can occur at very different ages. These observations help to explain the great diversity of cancers in different Li-Fraumeni patients over lifetimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang S Chan
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Hua Ke
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Yuhan Zhao
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Merzu Belete
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Cen Zhang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Zhaohui Feng
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Arnold J Levine
- Simons Center for Systems Biology, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Wenwei Hu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Abstract
The p53 protein is a transcription factor that prevents tumors from developing. In spontaneous and inherited cancers there are many different missense mutations in the DNA binding domain of the TP53 gene that contributes to tumor formation. These mutations produce a wide distribution in the transcriptional capabilities of the mutant p53 proteins with over four logs differences in the efficiencies of forming cancers in many diverse tissue types. These inherited and spontaneous TP53 mutations produce proteins that interact with both genetic and epigenetic cellular modifiers of p53 function and their inherited polymorphisms to produce a large number of diverse phenotypes in individual patients. This manuscript reviews these variables and discusses how the combinations of TP53 genetic alterations interact with genetic polymorphisms, epigenetic alterations, and environmental factors to begin predicting and modifying patient outcomes and provide a better understanding for new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold J. Levine
- grid.78989.370000 0001 2160 7918Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ USA
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12
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The 40bp Indel Polymorphism rs150550023 in the MDM2 Promoter is Associated with Intriguing Shifts in Gene Expression in the p53-MDM2 Regulatory Hub. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113363. [PMID: 33202864 PMCID: PMC7697608 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most low-penetrance genetic risk factors for cancer are located in noncoding regions, presumably altering the regulation of neighboring genes. The poorly characterized Indel polymorphism rs150550023 (rs3730485; del1518) in the promoter of MDM2 (human homolog of mouse double minute 2) is a biologically plausible candidate genetic risk factor, which might influence the expression of MDM2, a key negative regulator of the central tumor suppressor p53. Here, we genotyped rs150550023 in a Central European hospital-based case-control study of 407 breast cancer patients and 254 female controls. mRNA levels of MDM2, p53, and the p53 target genes p21, BAX, and PERP were quantified with qRT-PCR, and p53 protein was assessed with immune histochemistry in ≈100 primary breast tumors with ascertained rs150550023 genotype. We found no evidence for an association of rs150550023 with the risk, age at onset, or prognosis of breast cancer. A possible synergism was observed with SNP309 in promoter P2 of MDM2. Mean mRNA levels of MDM2, p53, p21, and BAX were ≈1.5-3 fold elevated in TP53 wildtype tumors with the minor homozygous Del/Del genotype. However, systematic shifts in p53 protein levels or mutation rates were not observed, suggesting that the elevated p53 mRNA levels are due to regulatory feedback loops that compensate for the effects of rs150550023 on MDM2 expression.
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Chen C, Zhang R, Ma L, Li Q, Zhao YL, Zhang GJ, Zhang D, Li WZ, Cao S, Wang L, Geng ZM. Neuropilin-1 is up-regulated by cancer-associated fibroblast-secreted IL-8 and associated with cell proliferation of gallbladder cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:12608-12618. [PMID: 32951327 PMCID: PMC7686964 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) promoted the proliferation of gallbladder cancer (GBC) cells, but the mechanism is not clear. Neuropilin‐1 (NRP‐1) plays an important role in various malignancies as transmembrane glycoprotein. Our goal was to reveal the relationship between CAFs and NRP‐1 and their potential functions in GBC. In this study, we found NRP‐1 was overexpressed in GBC tissue, associated with poor survival and was up‐regulated by CAFs. The cytokine array cluster analysis revealed IL‐8 secreted by CAFs facilitated the up‐regulation of NRP‐1 in tumour cells. NRP‐1 knockdown suppressed tumour growth in vivo. Gene expression microarray analysis showed 581 differentially regulated genes under NRP‐1 knockdown conditions. Ingenuity pathway analysis demonstrated that NRP‐1 knockdown may inhibit tumour progression by affecting cell proliferation. We then confirmed that NRP‐1 knockdown in NOZ and GBC‐SD cells significantly inhibited cell proliferation. Additionally, the IL‐8 mediated MDM2 and CCNA2 expression were affected by NRP‐1 knockdown. Our findings suggested that NRP‐1 was up‐regulated by CAF‐secreted IL‐8, which subsequently promoted GBC cell proliferation, and these molecules may serve as useful prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ya-Ling Zhao
- Department of of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Guan-Jun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wen-Zhi Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Sheng Cao
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhi-Min Geng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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p53 drives a transcriptional program that elicits a non-cell-autonomous response and alters cell state in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:23663-23673. [PMID: 32900967 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008474117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell stress and DNA damage activate the tumor suppressor p53, triggering transcriptional activation of a myriad of target genes. The molecular, morphological, and physiological consequences of this activation remain poorly understood in vivo. We activated a p53 transcriptional program in mice by deletion of Mdm2, a gene that encodes the major p53 inhibitor. By overlaying tissue-specific RNA-sequencing data from pancreas, small intestine, ovary, kidney, and heart with existing p53 chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing, we identified a large repertoire of tissue-specific p53 genes and a common p53 transcriptional signature of seven genes, which included Mdm2 but not p21 Global p53 activation caused a metaplastic phenotype in the pancreas that was missing in mice with acinar-specific p53 activation, suggesting non-cell-autonomous effects. The p53 cellular response at single-cell resolution in the intestine altered transcriptional cell state, leading to a proximal enterocyte population enriched for genes within oxidative phosphorylation pathways. In addition, a population of active CD8+ T cells was recruited. Combined, this study provides a comprehensive profile of the p53 transcriptional response in vivo, revealing both tissue-specific transcriptomes and a unique signature, which were integrated to induce both cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous responses and transcriptional plasticity.
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Barnoud T, Parris JLD, Murphy ME. Common genetic variants in the TP53 pathway and their impact on cancer. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 11:578-585. [PMID: 31152665 PMCID: PMC6736421 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjz052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The TP53 gene is well known to be the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer. In addition to mutations, there are > 20 different coding region single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TP53 gene, as well as SNPs in MDM2, the negative regulator of p53. Several of these SNPs are known to alter p53 pathway function. This makes p53 rather unique among cancer-critical genes, e.g. the coding regions of other cancer-critical genes like Ha-Ras, RB, and PI3KCA do not have non-synonymous coding region SNPs that alter their function in cancer. The next frontier in p53 biology will consist of probing which of these coding region SNPs are moderately or strongly pathogenic and whether they influence cancer risk and the efficacy of cancer therapy. The challenge after that will consist of determining whether we can tailor chemotherapy to correct the defects for each of these variants. Here we review the SNPs in TP53 and MDM2 that show the most significant impact on cancer and other diseases. We also propose avenues for how this information can be used to better inform personalized medicine approaches to cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Barnoud
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joshua L D Parris
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maureen E Murphy
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Wu C, Yang P, Liu B, Tang Y. Is there a CDKN2A-centric network in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma? Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:2551-2562. [PMID: 32273725 PMCID: PMC7108878 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s232464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has a high mortality rate and its incidence has risen rapidly in recent years. Meanwhile, the diagnosis and treatment of this cancer remain challenging. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common type of pancreatic cancer, but, currently, no sufficiently effective modalities for its treatment exist. The early diagnosis rate of pancreatic cancer is low and most patients have reached an advanced stage at the time of diagnosis. PDAC evolves from precancerous lesions and is highly aggressive and metastatic. It is essential to understand how the disease progresses and metastasizes. CDKN2A mutations are very common in PDAC. Therefore, here, we have performed a literature review and discuss the role of CDKN2A and some related genes in the development of PDAC, as well as the basis of gene targeting with a correlation coefficient of CDKN2A above 0.9 on the STRING website. It is noteworthy that the interaction of CDKN2A with each gene has been reported in the literature. The role of these genes and CDKN2A in PDAC may provide new directions that will advance the current knowledge base and treatment options since cancer progression is realized through interactions among cells. Our findings provide new insights into the treatment of PADC that can, to some extent, improve the diagnosis rate and quality of life of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Wu
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Medical College of Hengyang, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Medical College of Hengyang, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingxue Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Medical College of Hengyang, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunlian Tang
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Medical College of Hengyang, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
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17
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Musa J, Cidre-Aranaz F, Aynaud MM, Orth MF, Knott MML, Mirabeau O, Mazor G, Varon M, Hölting TLB, Grossetête S, Gartlgruber M, Surdez D, Gerke JS, Ohmura S, Marchetto A, Dallmayer M, Baldauf MC, Stein S, Sannino G, Li J, Romero-Pérez L, Westermann F, Hartmann W, Dirksen U, Gymrek M, Anderson ND, Shlien A, Rotblat B, Kirchner T, Delattre O, Grünewald TGP. Cooperation of cancer drivers with regulatory germline variants shapes clinical outcomes. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4128. [PMID: 31511524 PMCID: PMC6739408 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric malignancies including Ewing sarcoma (EwS) feature a paucity of somatic alterations except for pathognomonic driver-mutations that cannot explain overt variations in clinical outcome. Here, we demonstrate in EwS how cooperation of dominant oncogenes and regulatory germline variants determine tumor growth, patient survival and drug response. Binding of the oncogenic EWSR1-FLI1 fusion transcription factor to a polymorphic enhancer-like DNA element controls expression of the transcription factor MYBL2 mediating these phenotypes. Whole-genome and RNA sequencing reveals that variability at this locus is inherited via the germline and is associated with variable inter-tumoral MYBL2 expression. High MYBL2 levels sensitize EwS cells for inhibition of its upstream activating kinase CDK2 in vitro and in vivo, suggesting MYBL2 as a putative biomarker for anti-CDK2-therapy. Collectively, we establish cooperation of somatic mutations and regulatory germline variants as a major determinant of tumor progression and highlight the importance of integrating the regulatory genome in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Musa
- Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florencia Cidre-Aranaz
- Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marie-Ming Aynaud
- INSERM U830, Équipe Labellisée LNCC Genetics and Biology of Pediatric Cancers, PSL Research University, SIREDO Oncology Centre, Institut Curie Research Centre, Paris, France
| | - Martin F Orth
- Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian M L Knott
- Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Olivier Mirabeau
- INSERM U830, Équipe Labellisée LNCC Genetics and Biology of Pediatric Cancers, PSL Research University, SIREDO Oncology Centre, Institut Curie Research Centre, Paris, France
| | - Gal Mazor
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Mor Varon
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Tilman L B Hölting
- Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandrine Grossetête
- INSERM U830, Équipe Labellisée LNCC Genetics and Biology of Pediatric Cancers, PSL Research University, SIREDO Oncology Centre, Institut Curie Research Centre, Paris, France
| | - Moritz Gartlgruber
- Neuroblastoma Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Didier Surdez
- INSERM U830, Équipe Labellisée LNCC Genetics and Biology of Pediatric Cancers, PSL Research University, SIREDO Oncology Centre, Institut Curie Research Centre, Paris, France
| | - Julia S Gerke
- Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Shunya Ohmura
- Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Aruna Marchetto
- Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marlene Dallmayer
- Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michaela C Baldauf
- Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Stein
- Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Giuseppina Sannino
- Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jing Li
- Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Romero-Pérez
- Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Westermann
- Neuroblastoma Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hartmann
- Division of Translational Pathology, Gerhard-Domagk Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Uta Dirksen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Melissa Gymrek
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nathaniel D Anderson
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Adam Shlien
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Barak Rotblat
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Thomas Kirchner
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olivier Delattre
- INSERM U830, Équipe Labellisée LNCC Genetics and Biology of Pediatric Cancers, PSL Research University, SIREDO Oncology Centre, Institut Curie Research Centre, Paris, France
| | - Thomas G P Grünewald
- Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Rodríguez C, Ramos-Araque ME, Domínguez-Martínez M, Sobrino T, Sánchez-Morán I, Agulla J, Delgado-Esteban M, Gómez-Sánchez JC, Bolaños JP, Castillo J, Almeida A. Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism 309T>G in the MDM2 Promoter Determines Functional Outcome After Stroke. Stroke 2019; 49:2437-2444. [PMID: 30355102 PMCID: PMC6159670 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.118.022529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- The E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2 (murine double minute 2) is the main negative regulator of the p53 protein-a key player in neuronal apoptosis after ischemia. A functional single-nucleotide polymorphism in the human MDM2 gene promoter (rs2279744) regulates MDM2 protein expression. We investigated whether the MDM2 SNP309, by controlling p53-mediated apoptosis, determines functional outcome after stroke. Methods- Primary cortical neurons were subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation. Mice were subjected to ischemic (transient middle cerebral artery occlusion) or hemorrhagic (collagenase injection) stroke models. Protein and mRNA levels of MDM2 and p53 were measured in both neuronal and brain extracts. The interaction of MDM2 with p53 was disrupted by neuronal treatment with nutlin-3a. siRNA was used to knockdown MDM2 expression. We analyzed the link between the MDM2 SNP309 and functional outcome, measured by the modified Rankin Scale scores, in 2 independent hospital-based stroke cohorts: ischemic stroke cohort (408 patients) and intracerebral hemorrhage cohort (128 patients). Results- Experimental stroke and oxygen and glucose deprivation induced the expression of MDM2 in the brain and neurons, respectively. Moreover, oxygen and glucose deprivation promoted MDM2 binding with p53 in neurons. Disruption of the MDM2-p53 interaction with nutlin-3a, or MDM2 knockdown by siRNA, triggered p53 accumulation, which increased neuronal susceptibility to oxygen and glucose deprivation-induced apoptosis. Finally, we showed that patients harboring the G allele in the MDM2 promoter had higher MDM2 protein levels and showed better functional outcome after stroke than those harboring the T/T genotype. The T/T genotype was also associated with large infarct volume in ischemic stroke and increased lesion volume in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Conclusions- Our results reveal a novel role for the MDM2-p53 interaction in neuronal apoptosis after ischemia and show that the MDM2 SNP309 determines the functional outcome of patients after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rodríguez
- From the Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca (C.R., M.E.R.-A., I.S.-M., M.D.-E., J.C.G.-S., J.P.B., A.A.), University of Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain.,Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (C.R., M.E.R.-A., M.D.-M., I.S.-M., M.D.-E., J.P.B., A.A.), University of Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain
| | - María E Ramos-Araque
- From the Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca (C.R., M.E.R.-A., I.S.-M., M.D.-E., J.C.G.-S., J.P.B., A.A.), University of Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain.,Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (C.R., M.E.R.-A., M.D.-M., I.S.-M., M.D.-E., J.P.B., A.A.), University of Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain
| | - Marta Domínguez-Martínez
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (C.R., M.E.R.-A., M.D.-M., I.S.-M., M.D.-E., J.P.B., A.A.), University of Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain (T.S., J.C.)
| | - Irene Sánchez-Morán
- From the Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca (C.R., M.E.R.-A., I.S.-M., M.D.-E., J.C.G.-S., J.P.B., A.A.), University of Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain.,Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (C.R., M.E.R.-A., M.D.-M., I.S.-M., M.D.-E., J.P.B., A.A.), University of Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain
| | - Jesús Agulla
- Institute of Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Valladolid, CSIC, Spain (J.A.)
| | - María Delgado-Esteban
- From the Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca (C.R., M.E.R.-A., I.S.-M., M.D.-E., J.C.G.-S., J.P.B., A.A.), University of Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain.,Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (C.R., M.E.R.-A., M.D.-M., I.S.-M., M.D.-E., J.P.B., A.A.), University of Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain
| | - José C Gómez-Sánchez
- From the Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca (C.R., M.E.R.-A., I.S.-M., M.D.-E., J.C.G.-S., J.P.B., A.A.), University of Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain
| | - Juan P Bolaños
- From the Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca (C.R., M.E.R.-A., I.S.-M., M.D.-E., J.C.G.-S., J.P.B., A.A.), University of Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain.,Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (C.R., M.E.R.-A., M.D.-M., I.S.-M., M.D.-E., J.P.B., A.A.), University of Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (J.P.B.)
| | - José Castillo
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain (T.S., J.C.)
| | - Angeles Almeida
- From the Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca (C.R., M.E.R.-A., I.S.-M., M.D.-E., J.C.G.-S., J.P.B., A.A.), University of Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain.,Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (C.R., M.E.R.-A., M.D.-M., I.S.-M., M.D.-E., J.P.B., A.A.), University of Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain
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Chen N, Hu Z, Yang Y, Han H, Lei H. Inactive Cas9 blocks vitreous-induced expression of Mdm2 and proliferation and survival of retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2019; 186:107716. [PMID: 31278903 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
This Outlook by Ortiz and Lozano discusses the study by Basu et al. in this issue of Genes & Development. They describe SNPs in the p53 pathway that alter p53 transcriptional activity and are associated with cancer risk and show evidence for SNPs that influence the gain-of-function (GOF) activities of mutant p53. A delicate balance in the levels of proteins that regulate the p53 tumor suppressor pathway exists such that subtle changes alter p53 tumor suppressor activity and cancer risk. Many single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the p53 pathway alter p53 transcriptional activity and are associated with cancer risk. In addition, some SNPs influence the gain-of-function (GOF) activities of mutant p53 through unknown mechanisms. In this issue of Genes & Development, Basu and colleagues (pp. 230–243) provide direct evidence that the presence of an R72 polymorphism enhances the GOF invasive and metastatic properties of mutant p53 by regulating interactions with PGC-1α, an important regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation. The study culminates with evidence that R72 is associated with worse outcomes in human breast cancer.
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Dimitrakopoulos C, Vrugt B, Flury R, Schraml P, Knippschild U, Wild P, Hoerstrup S, Henne-Bruns D, Wuerl P, Graf R, Breitenstein S, Bond G, Beerenwinkel N, Grochola LF. Identification and Validation of a Biomarker Signature in Patients With Resectable Pancreatic Cancer via Genome-Wide Screening for Functional Genetic Variants. JAMA Surg 2019; 154:e190484. [PMID: 30942874 DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2019.0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Importance Surgery currently offers the only chance for a cure in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), but it carries a significant morbidity and mortality risk and results in varying oncologic outcomes. At present, to our knowledge, there are no tests available before surgical resection to identify tumors with an aggressive biological phenotype that could guide personalized treatment strategies. Objective Identification of noninvasive genetic biomarkers that could direct therapy in patients whose cases are amenable to pancreatic cancer resection. Design, Setting, and Participants This multicenter study combined a prospective European cohort of patients with PDAC who underwent pancreatic resection (from University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Cantonal Hospital of Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland; and University Clinic of Ulm, Ulm, Germany) with data from the Cancer Genome Atlas database in the United States, which includes prospectively registered patients with PDAC. A genome-wide screening for functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that affect PDAC survival was conducted using the European cohort for identification and the Cancer Genome Atlas cohort for validation. We used Cox proportional hazards models to screen for high-frequency polymorphic variants that are associated with allelic differences in tumor-associated survival and either result in an altered protein structure and function or reside in known regulatory noncoding genomic regions. The false-discovery rate method was applied for multiple hypothesis-testing corrections. Data analysis occurred from November 2017 to May 2018. Exposures Pancreatic resection. Main Outcomes and Measures Tumor-associated survival. Results A total of 195 patients in the European cohort were included, as well as 136 patients in the Cancer Genome Atlas cohort (overall median [range] age, 66 [19-87] years; 156 [47.1%] were women, and 175 [52.9%] were men). Two SNPs in noncoding, functional regions of genes that regulate cancer progression, invasion, and metastasis were identified (CHI3L2 SNP rs684559 and CD44 SNP rs353630). These were associated with survival after PDAC resection; patients who carry the risk alleles at 1 of both SNP loci had a 2.63-fold increased risk for tumor-associated death compared with those with protective genotypes (hazard ratio for survival, 0.38 [95% CI, 0.27-0.53]; P = 1.0 × 10-8). Conclusions and Relevance The identified polymorphisms may serve as a noninvasive biomarker signature of prospective survival after pancreatic resection that is readily available at the time of PDAC diagnosis. This signature can be used to identify a subset of high-risk patients with PDAC with very low survival probability who might be eligible for inclusion in clinical trials of new therapeutic strategies, including neoadjuvant chemotherapy protocols. In addition, the biological knowledge about these SNPs could help guide the development of individualized genomic strategies for PDAC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Dimitrakopoulos
- Computational Biology Group, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bart Vrugt
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renata Flury
- Institute for Pathology, Cantonal Hospital of Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Peter Schraml
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Wild
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Senckenberg Institute for Pathology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Simon Hoerstrup
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Doris Henne-Bruns
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Wuerl
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, Klinikum Dessau, Dessau, Germany
| | - Rolf Graf
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Breitenstein
- Department of Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, Cantonal Hospital of Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Gareth Bond
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Niko Beerenwinkel
- Computational Biology Group, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lukasz Filip Grochola
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, Cantonal Hospital of Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
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22
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Alleles of Insm1 determine whether RIP1-Tag2 mice produce insulinomas or nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Oncogenesis 2019; 8:16. [PMID: 30796198 PMCID: PMC6386750 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-019-0127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The two most common types of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) are insulinomas and nonfunctioning PanNETs (NF-PanNETs). Insulinomas are small, rarely metastatic tumors that secrete high amounts of insulin, and nonfunctioning PanNETs are larger tumors that are frequently metastatic but that do not secrete hormones. Insulinomas are modeled by the highly studied RIP1-Tag2 (RT2) transgenic mice when bred into a C57Bl/6 (B6) genetic background (also known as RT2 B6 mice). But there has been a need for an animal model of nonfunctioning PanNETs, which in the clinic are a more common and severe disease. Here we show that when bred into a hybrid AB6F1 genetic background, RT2 mice make nonfunctioning PanNETs. Compared to insulinomas produced by RT2 B6 mice, the tumors produced by RT2 AB6F1 mice were larger and more metastatic, and the animals did not suffer from hypoglycemia or hyperinsulinemia. Genetic crosses revealed that a locus in mouse chromosome 2qG1 was linked to liver metastasis and to lack of insulin production. This locus was tightly linked to the gene encoding Insm1, a beta cell transcription factor that was highly expressed in human insulinomas but unexpressed in other types of PanNETs due to promoter hypermethylation. Insm1-deficient human cell lines expressed stem cell markers, were more invasive in vitro, and metastasized at higher rates in vivo when compared to isogenic Insm1-expressing cell lines. These data demonstrate that expression of Insm1 can determine whether a PanNET is a localized insulinoma or a metastatic nonfunctioning tumor.
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23
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Miedl H, Lebhard J, Ehart L, Schreiber M. Association of the MDM2 SNP285 and SNP309 Genetic Variants with the Risk, Age at Onset and Prognosis of Breast Cancer in Central European Women: A Hospital-Based Case-Control Study. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030509. [PMID: 30691044 PMCID: PMC6387136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SNP309T>G (rs2279744) and SNP285G>C (rs117039649) in the MDM2 promoter are thought to have opposite effects on the binding of transcription factor SP1 (specificity protein 1), and consequently on MDM2 expression, p53 levels, cancer risk, age at onset, and prognosis. Here, we genotyped SNP309 and SNP285 in 406 Austrian breast cancer patients and 254 female controls. The SNP309GG genotype was associated with an increased breast cancer risk in p53 negative (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.09–3.03; p = 0.02), but not p53 positive or unselected patients. In contrast, the SNP309TT genotype was associated with an earlier age at onset (TT, 57.0 ± 12.9; TG, 58.6 ± 13.9; GG, 59.7 ± 15.0 years; p = 0.048). 31% of SNP309TT, 26% of TG, and 13% of GG tumors were p53 positive (p = 0.034), indicating a lower selective pressure to mutate TP53 in the presence of the G-allele. Moreover, SNP309TT patients exhibited a shortened metastasis-free survival in multivariable analysis. Censoring carriers of the SNP285C-allele hardly altered the strength of these associations of SNP309, thus challenging the proposed antagonistic function of SNP285C towards SNP309G. The minor SNP285C-allele tended to be non-significantly associated with an increased breast cancer risk and a poor disease-free and metastasis-free survival, which may be bystander effects of its complete linkage disequilibrium with SNP309G. We conclude that the SNP309G-allele attenuates the p53-response and leads to a higher breast cancer risk, but also to a later onset of breast cancer and a trend towards a good prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Miedl
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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24
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Zhang L, Wang Y, Qin Z, Li R, Cong R, Ji C, Meng X, Wang Y, Xia J, Song N. TP53 codon 72 Polymorphism and bladder cancer risk: a meta-analysis and emphasis on the role of tumor or smoking status. J Cancer 2018; 9:3522-3531. [PMID: 30310509 PMCID: PMC6171014 DOI: 10.7150/jca.26264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Various studies had explored the relationship between TP53 codon 72 polymorphisms and the risk of bladder cancer (BC). However, their results remained inconsistent and the definite role of smoking or tumor status associated with this polymorphism in BC cases was seldom involved. Hence, this meta-analysis was to disclose such associations. Methods: Systematical and comprehensive retrieval of online databases PubMed, PMC, EMBASE and Web of Science were conducted to obtain eligible studies, up to May 30th, 2018. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were utilized to assess the associations between TP53 codon 72 polymorphisms and BC susceptibilities under five genetic comparison models. Results: Ultimately, this meta-analysis enrolled 22 applicable studies with 3,791 BC cases and 4,917 controls. Our results suggested that the variant genotypes were associated with BC risk in Asian subgroup (allele model: OR=1.19, 95% CI=1.04-1.34; dominant model: OR=1.27, 95% CI=1.06-1.52; homozygote model: OR=1.36, 95% CI=1.03-1.80), while negative outcomes were presented in Caucasians. In the relationship between TP53 codon 72 polymorphisms and BC tumor stage in Asian group, positive results were presented in allele model: OR=1.68, 95% CI=1.04-2.72; dominant model: OR=2.46, 95% CI=1.08-5.61; heterozygous model: OR=2.32, 95% CI=1.04-5.14; homozygote model: OR=2.66, 95% CI=1.04-6.81. However, no evidence was revealed between this polymorphism and BC tumor grade. Besides, significant associations were displayed between TP53 codon 72 polymorphism and smoking status (allele model: OR=1.40, 95% CI=1.06-1.84; dominant model OR=1.72, 95% CI=1.18-2.50; heterozygous model: OR=1.77, 95% CI=1.19-2.64). Conclusion: Taken together, our results shed light on that TP53 codon 72 polymorphism was significantly associated with the susceptibility to BC in Asians. In addition, positive associations were also revealed between this polymorphism and tumor stage/smoking status in BC cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhiqiang Qin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Rong Cong
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Chengjian Ji
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xianghu Meng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yamin Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jiadong Xia
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ninghong Song
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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25
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Somatic Trp53 mutations differentially drive breast cancer and evolution of metastases. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3953. [PMID: 30262850 PMCID: PMC6160420 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
TP53 mutations are the most frequent genetic alterations in breast cancer and are associated with more aggressive disease and worse overall survival. We have created two conditional mutant Trp53 alleles in the mouse that allow expression of Trp53R172H or Trp53R245W missense mutations in single cells surrounded by a normal stroma and immune system. Mice with Trp53 mutations in a few breast epithelial cells develop breast cancers with high similarity to human breast cancer including triple negative. p53R245W tumors are the most aggressive and exhibit metastases to lung and liver. Development of p53R172H breast tumors with some metastases requires additional hits. Sequencing of primary tumors and metastases shows p53R245W drives a parallel evolutionary pattern of metastases. These in vivo models most closely simulate the genesis of human breast cancer and will thus be invaluable in testing novel therapeutic options. Mutations in TP53 gene are very common in cancer development. Here the authors take advantage of murine models to show that somatic Trp53 mutations differentially drive breast cancer and evolution of metastases.
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26
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Budina-Kolomets A, Barnoud T, Murphy ME. The transcription-independent mitochondrial cell death pathway is defective in non-transformed cells containing the Pro47Ser variant of p53. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 19:1033-1038. [PMID: 30010463 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1472194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately half of all human cancers contain mutations in the TP53 tumor suppressor. In addition to mutations, there are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TP53 that can dampen p53 function, and can increase cancer risk and decrease the efficacy of cancer therapy. Approximately 6% of Africans and 1% of African-Americans express a p53 allele with a serine instead of proline at position 47 (Pro47Ser, or S47). The S47 variant is associated with increased breast cancer risk in pre-menopausal African Americans, and in a mouse model for the S47 variant, mice are predisposed to spontaneous cancers. We recently showed that the S47 variant is impaired for p53-mediated apoptosis in response to radiation and some genotoxic agents, particularly cisplatin. Here we identify the mechanism for impaired apoptosis of S47 in response to cisplatin. We show that following cisplatin treatment, the S47 variant shows normal stabilization and serine 15 phosphorylation, but reduced ability to bind to the peptidyl prolyl isomerase PIN1, which controls the mitochondrial localization of p53. This is accompanied by impaired mitochondrial localization of S47, along with decreased induction of cleaved caspase-3. Interestingly, we show that this defect occurs only for cisplatin and not for camptothecin. These findings show that normal tissues may respond differently to genotoxic stress depending upon this TP53 genotype. These data suggest that toxicity to cisplatin may be decreased in S47 individuals, and that this compound may be a superior treatment option for these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Budina-Kolomets
- a Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis , The Wistar Institute , Philadelphia PA 19104 , USA
| | - Thibaut Barnoud
- a Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis , The Wistar Institute , Philadelphia PA 19104 , USA
| | - Maureen E Murphy
- a Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis , The Wistar Institute , Philadelphia PA 19104 , USA
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27
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Tackmann NR, Zhang Y. Mouse modelling of the MDM2/MDMX-p53 signalling axis. J Mol Cell Biol 2017; 9:34-44. [PMID: 28096294 PMCID: PMC5907827 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjx006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
It is evident that p53 activity is critical for tumour prevention and stress response through its transcriptional activation of genes affecting cellular senescence, apoptosis, cellular metabolism, and DNA repair. The regulation of p53 is highly complex, and MDM2 and MDMX are thought to be critical for deciding the fate of p53, both through inhibitory binding and post-translational modification. Many mouse models have been generated to study the regulation of p53 in vivo, and they have altered our interpretations of how p53 is regulated by MDM2 and MDMX. Although MDM2 is absolutely required for p53 regulation, certain functions are dispensable under unstressed conditions, including the ability of MDM2 to degrade p53. MDMX, on the other hand, may only be required in select situations, like embryogenesis. These models have also clarified how cellular stress signals modify the p53-inhibiting activities of MDM2 and MDMX in vivo. It is clear that more work will need to be performed to further understand the contexts for each of these signals and the requirements of various MDM2 and MDMX functions. Here, we will discuss what we have learned from mouse modelling of MDM2 and MDMX and underscore the ways in which these models could inform future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R Tackmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, China
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28
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Contrasting effects of an Mdm2 functional polymorphism on tumor phenotypes. Oncogene 2017; 37:332-340. [PMID: 28925402 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
MDM2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is a potent inhibitor of the p53 tumor suppressor and is elevated in many human cancers that retain wild-type p53. MDM2 SNP309G is a functional polymorphism that results in elevated levels of MDM2 (due to enhanced SP1 binding to the MDM2 promoter) thus decreasing p53 activity. Mdm2SNP309G/G mice are more prone to spontaneous tumor formation than Mdm2SNP309T/T mice, providing direct evidence for the impact of this SNP in tumor development. We asked whether environmental factors impact SNP309G function and show that SNP309G cooperates with ionizing radiation to exacerbate tumor development. Surprisingly, ultraviolet B light or Benzo(a)pyrene exposure of skin shows that SNP309G allele actually protects against squamous cell carcinoma susceptibility. These contrasting differences led us to interrogate the mechanism by which Mdm2 SNP309 regulates tumor susceptibility in a tissue-specific manner. Although basal Mdm2 levels were significantly higher in most tissues in Mdm2SNP309G/G mice compared with Mdm2SNP309T/T mice, they were significantly lower in Mdm2SNP309G/G keratinocytes, the cell-type susceptible to squamous cell carcinoma. The assessment of potential transcriptional regulators in ENCODE ChIP-seq database identified transcriptional repressor E2F6 as a possible negative regulator of MDM2 expression. Our data show that E2F6 suppresses Mdm2 expression in cells harboring the SNP309G allele but not the SNP309T allele. Thus, Mdm2 SNP309G exhibits tissue-specific regulation and differentially impacts cancer risk.
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29
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Gansmo LB, Bjørnslett M, Halle MK, Salvesen HB, Romundstad P, Hveem K, Vatten L, Dørum A, Lønning PE, Knappskog S. MDM2 promoter polymorphism del1518 (rs3730485) and its impact on endometrial and ovarian cancer risk. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:97. [PMID: 28158999 PMCID: PMC5291962 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3094-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The del1518 (rs3730485) polymorphism is an in/del variant in the MDM2 promoter P1. The variant is in complete linkage disequilibrium with MDM2 SNP309 (rs2279744) and has previously been found associated with an increased risk of colon cancer. In this study we assessed the impact of MDM2 del1518 on risk of ovarian and endometrial cancer. Methods Here, we genotyped del1518 in two large hospital-based series of patients diagnosed with ovarian (n = 1,385) or endometrial (n = 1,404) cancer and performed risk estimations as compared to the genotype distribution among 1,872 healthy female controls. Results In overall analysis we observed no association between del1518 and risk of either ovarian or endometrial cancer. However, stratifying according to SNP309 status, we found the del1518 variant to be associated with a reduced risk of endometrial cancer among individuals carrying the SNP309TT genotype both in the dominant (OR = 0.64; 95% CI = 0.45 – 0.90) and the recessive model (OR = 0.80; 95% CI = 0.65 – 1.00). No such association was observed for ovarian cancer risk. Conclusion We found the MDM2 del1518 del variant to be associated with reduced risk of endometrial cancer among individuals carrying the MDM2 SNP309TT genotype. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3094-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liv B Gansmo
- Section of Oncology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospiltal, Jonas Lies veg 87, 5021, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Merete Bjørnslett
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Oslo University Hospital Radium Hospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mari Kyllesø Halle
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Helga B Salvesen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pål Romundstad
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristian Hveem
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lars Vatten
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne Dørum
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per E Lønning
- Section of Oncology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospiltal, Jonas Lies veg 87, 5021, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stian Knappskog
- Section of Oncology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospiltal, Jonas Lies veg 87, 5021, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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30
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Tan BX, Liew HP, Chua JS, Ghadessy FJ, Tan YS, Lane DP, Coffill CR. Anatomy of Mdm2 and Mdm4 in evolution. J Mol Cell Biol 2017; 9:3-15. [PMID: 28077607 PMCID: PMC6372010 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjx002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse double minute (Mdm) genes span an evolutionary timeframe from the ancient eukaryotic placozoa Trichoplax adhaerens to Homo sapiens, implying a significant and possibly conserved cellular role throughout history. Maintenance of DNA integrity and response to DNA damage involve many key regulatory pathways, including precise control over the tumour suppressor protein p53. In most vertebrates, degradation of p53 through proteasomal targeting is primarily mediated by heterodimers of Mdm2 and the Mdm2-related protein Mdm4 (also known as MdmX). Both Mdm2 and Mdm4 have p53-binding regions, acidic domains, zinc fingers, and C-terminal RING domains that are conserved throughout evolution. Vertebrates typically have both Mdm2 and Mdm4 genes, while analyses of sequenced genomes of invertebrate species have identified single Mdm genes, suggesting that a duplication event occurred prior to emergence of jawless vertebrates about 550-440 million years ago. The functional relationship between Mdm and p53 in T. adhaerens, an organism that has existed for 1 billion years, implies that these two proteins have evolved together to maintain a conserved and regulated function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ban Xiong Tan
- p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #06-06, Singapore138648, Singapore
| | - Hoe Peng Liew
- p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #06-06, Singapore138648, Singapore
| | - Joy S. Chua
- p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #06-06, Singapore138648, Singapore
| | - Farid J. Ghadessy
- p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #06-06, Singapore138648, Singapore
| | - Yaw Sing Tan
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis St, #07-01,Singapore138671, Singapore
| | - David P. Lane
- p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #06-06, Singapore138648, Singapore
| | - Cynthia R. Coffill
- p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #06-06, Singapore138648, Singapore
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31
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microRNA-1827 represses MDM2 to positively regulate tumor suppressor p53 and suppress tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2017; 7:8783-96. [PMID: 26840028 PMCID: PMC4891004 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 plays a central role in tumor prevention. The E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2 is the most critical negative regulator of p53, which binds to p53 and degrades p53 through ubiquitation. MDM2 itself is a transcriptional target of p53, and therefore, MDM2 forms a negative feedback loop with p53 to tightly regulate p53 levels and function. microRNAs (miRNAs) play a key role in regulation of gene expression. miRNA dysregulation plays an important role in tumorigenesis. In this study, we found that miRNA miR-1827 is a novel miRNA that targets MDM2 through binding to the 3′-UTR of MDM2 mRNA. miR-1827 negatively regulates MDM2, which in turn increases p53 protein levels to increase transcriptional activity of p53 and enhance p53-mediated stress responses, including apoptosis and senescence. Overexpression of miR-1827 suppresses the growth of xenograft colorectal tumors, whereas the miR-1827 inhibitor promotes tumor growth in mice in a largely p53-dependent manner. miR-1827 is frequently down-regulated in human colorectal cancer. Decreased miR-1827 expression is associated with high MDM2 expression and poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. In summary, our results reveal that miR-1827 is a novel miRNA that regulates p53 through targeting MDM2, and highlight an important role and the underlying mechanism of miR-1827 in tumor suppression.
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Xiong S, Pant V, Zhang Y, Aryal NK, You MJ, Kusewitt D, Lozano G. The p53 inhibitor Mdm4 cooperates with multiple genetic lesions in tumourigenesis. J Pathol 2017; 241:501-510. [PMID: 27925213 DOI: 10.1002/path.4854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The p53 inhibitor Mdm4 is present at high levels in multiple human cancers. Overexpression of Mdm4 in mice drives the spontaneous development of mostly lymphomas and sarcomas. In this study, we explored the ability of Mdm4 to cooperate with lesions in tumour development. The Mdm4 transgene contributed to mammary tumour development in a BALB/cJ background. High levels of Mdm4 enhanced tumour development in a mutant p53R172H heterozygous background, and reduced the need to lose the wild-type p53 allele, as compared with mice heterozygous only for the p53R172H mutation. Additionally, high levels of Mdm4 cooperated with an oncogenic K-ras mutation to drive lung tumourigenesis in vivo. Finally, we examined p53-independent functions of Mdm4 by studying the contribution of Mdm4 to tumour development in the absence of p53. Whereas the overall survival times of p53-null mice with and without the Mdm4 transgene were similar, male mice with both alterations showed significantly shorter survival than p53-null male mice, and showed differences in tumour spectrum, demonstrating a p53-independent function of Mdm4 in tumourigenesis. Furthermore, p53-null mice with the highest level of Mdm4 tended to have multiple tumours. Thus, a detailed analysis of Mdm4 transgenic mice in various genetic backgrounds shows synergy in tumour development in vivo. Mdm4 may thus serve as a therapeutic target in cancers. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunbin Xiong
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vinod Pant
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Neeraj K Aryal
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M James You
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Donna Kusewitt
- Department of Carcinogenesis, Science Park Research Division, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Smithville, TX, USA
| | - Guillermina Lozano
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Abstract
This perspective will focus on the physiological impact of wild-type and mutant p53 activities. In particular, the tissue-specific nature of activation of p53 targets and their subsequent effects on cell behavior will be discussed. Because mutations in p53 are common in human cancers, the regulation and physiological consequences of mutant p53 proteins will also be discussed.
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Fontebasso AM, Shirinian M, Khuong-Quang DA, Bechet D, Gayden T, Kool M, De Jay N, Jacob K, Gerges N, Hutter B, Şeker-Cin H, Witt H, Montpetit A, Brunet S, Lepage P, Bourret G, Klekner A, Bognár L, Hauser P, Garami M, Farmer JP, Montes JL, Atkinson J, Lambert S, Kwan T, Korshunov A, Tabori U, Collins VP, Albrecht S, Faury D, Pfister SM, Paulus W, Hasselblatt M, Jones DTW, Jabado N. Non-random aneuploidy specifies subgroups of pilocytic astrocytoma and correlates with older age. Oncotarget 2016; 6:31844-56. [PMID: 26378811 PMCID: PMC4741644 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) is the most common brain tumor in children but is rare in adults, and hence poorly studied in this age group. We investigated 222 PA and report increased aneuploidy in older patients. Aneuploid genomes were identified in 45% of adult compared with 17% of pediatric PA. Gains were non-random, favoring chromosomes 5, 7, 6 and 11 in order of frequency, and preferentially affecting non-cerebellar PA and tumors with BRAF V600E mutations and not with KIAA1549-BRAF fusions or FGFR1 mutations. Aneuploid PA differentially expressed genes involved in CNS development, the unfolded protein response, and regulators of genomic stability and the cell cycle (MDM2, PLK2),whose correlated programs were overexpressed specifically in aneuploid PA compared to other glial tumors. Thus, convergence of pathways affecting the cell cycle and genomic stability may favor aneuploidy in PA, possibly representing an additional molecular driver in older patients with this brain tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Fontebasso
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Margret Shirinian
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, American University Of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Dong-Anh Khuong-Quang
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denise Bechet
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tenzin Gayden
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marcel Kool
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas De Jay
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karine Jacob
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Noha Gerges
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Barbara Hutter
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Huriye Şeker-Cin
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Witt
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexandre Montpetit
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sébastien Brunet
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Lepage
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Bourret
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Almos Klekner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Bognár
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Peter Hauser
- 2nd Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Garami
- 2nd Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jean-Pierre Farmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jose-Luis Montes
- Department of Neurosurgery, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Atkinson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sally Lambert
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Kwan
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uri Tabori
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and The Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - V Peter Collins
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Steffen Albrecht
- Department of Pathology, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Damien Faury
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Werner Paulus
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Hasselblatt
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - David T W Jones
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nada Jabado
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Tongtawee T, Dechsukhum C, Leeanansaksiri W, Kaewpitoon S, Kaewpitoon N, Loyd RA, Matrakool L, Panpimanmas S. Genetic Polymorphism of MDM2 SNP309 in Patients with Helicobacter Pylori-Associated Gastritis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:7049-52. [PMID: 26514489 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.16.7049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori plays an important role in gastric cancer, which has a relatively low inciduence in Thailand. MDM2 is a major negative regulator of p53, the key tumor suppressor involved in tumorigenesis of the majority of human cancers. Whether its expression might explain the relative lack of gastric cancer in Thailand was assessed here. MATERIALS AND METHODS This single-center study was conducted in the northeast region of Thailand. Gastric mucosa from 100 patients with Helicobacter pylori associated gastritis was analyzed for MDM2 SNP309 using real-time PCR hybridization (light-cycler) probes. RESULTS In the total 100 Helicobacter pylori associated gastritis cases the incidence of SNP 309 T/T homozygous was 78 % with SNP309 G/T heterozygous found in 19% and SNP309 G/G homozygous in 3%. The result show SNP 309 T/T and SNP 309 G/T to be rather common in the Thai population. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that the MDM2 SNP309 G/G homozygous genotype might be a risk factor for gastric cancer in Thailand and the fact that it is infrequent could explain to some extent the low incidence of gastric cancer in the Thai population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taweesak Tongtawee
- Department of Surgery, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Rachasima, Thailand E-mail :
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36
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Wasylishen AR, Lozano G. Attenuating the p53 Pathway in Human Cancers: Many Means to the Same End. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2016; 6:cshperspect.a026211. [PMID: 27329033 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The p53 pathway is perturbed in the majority of human cancers. Although this most frequently occurs through the direct mutation or deletion of p53 itself, there are a number of other alterations that can attenuate the pathway and contribute to tumorigenesis. For example, amplification of important negative regulators, MDM2 and MDM4, occurs in a number of cancers. In this work, we will review both the normal regulation of the p53 pathway and the different mechanisms of pathway inhibition in cancer, discuss these alterations in the context of the global genomic analyses that have been conducted across tumor types, and highlight the translational implications for cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Wasylishen
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Guillermina Lozano
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
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37
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Wang Y, Wang X, Flores ER, Yu J, Chang S. Dysfunctional telomeres induce p53-dependent and independent apoptosis to compromise cellular proliferation and inhibit tumor formation. Aging Cell 2016; 15:646-60. [PMID: 27113195 PMCID: PMC4933665 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with progressive telomere shortening, resulting in the formation of dysfunctional telomeres that compromise tissue proliferation. However, dysfunctional telomeres can limit tumorigenesis by activating p53-dependent cellular senescence and apoptosis. While activation of both senescence and apoptosis is required for repress tumor formation, it is not clear which pathway is the major tumor suppressive pathway in vivo. In this study, we generated Eμ-myc; Pot1b(∆/∆) mouse to directly compare tumor formation under conditions in which either p53-dependent apoptosis or senescence is activated by telomeres devoid of the shelterin component Pot1b. We found that activation of p53-dependent apoptosis plays a more critical role in suppressing lymphoma formation than p53-dependent senescence. In addition, we found that telomeres in Pot1b(∆/∆) ; p53(-/-) mice activate an ATR-Chk1-dependent DNA damage response to initiate a robust p53-independent, p73-dependent apoptotic pathway that limited stem cell proliferation but suppressed B-cell lymphomagenesis. Our results demonstrate that in mouse models, both p53-dependent and p53-independent apoptosis are important to suppressing tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
| | - Xinwei Wang
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Hillman Cancer Center Research Pavilion Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Elsa R. Flores
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Oncology Department of Translational Molecular Pathology Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences U.T. MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
| | - Jian Yu
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Hillman Cancer Center Research Pavilion Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Sandy Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
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38
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Li J, Tang Y, Huang L, Yu Q, Hu G, Yuan X. Genetic Variants in the p14ARF/MDM2/TP53 Pathway Are Associated with the Prognosis of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients Treated with Radical Resection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158613. [PMID: 27414035 PMCID: PMC4944974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The p14ARF/MDM2/ TP53 pathway is known to play an important role in tumor progression by cell cycle control, although the association between this pathway and the prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is unclear. In this study, we explored the association between genetic variants in the p14ARF/MDM2/TP53 pathway and prognosis in ESCC patients with radical resection. 124 ESCC patients with radical resection were included in this retrospective study and genotyped using the MassArray method. According to multivariate Cox hazard analysis and multiple testing, the TC/CC genotype of p14ARF rs3814960 was shown to be strongly related to a decreased overall survival (OS) (HR = 2.77, 95% CI: 1.33–5.75, P = 0.006, Pc = 0.030) and disease-free survival (DFS) (HR = 2.45, 95% CI: 1.30–4.61, P = 0.005, Pc = 0.025). Moreover, patients with the DEL/A +AA genotype of MDM2 rs34886328 had a notably increased OS (HR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.13–0.56, P = 4.7×10−4, Pc = 0.003) and DFS (HR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.11–0.43, P = 1.1×10−5, Pc = 6.6×10−5). We also found that these two SNPs had a cumulative effect on the prognosis of ESCC, with the OS (P < 0.001) and DFS (P < 0.001) being shortest for patients carrying both of these unfavorable genotypes. In conclusion, genetic variants of the p14ARF/MDM2/TP53 pathway are significantly related to OS and DFS, and may be predictors of the prognosis of ESCC after surgery. We speculate the individuals with the TC/CC genotype of p14ARF rs3814960 and/or the DEL/DEL genotype of MDMD2 rs34886328 should have more aggressive treatment and may greatly benefit from early prediction and prevention of an unfavorable prognosis by genotyping before the initiation of therapy. These findings should be further validated in a larger population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei province, China
| | - Yang Tang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei province, China
| | - Liu Huang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei province, China
| | - Qianqian Yu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei province, China
| | - Guangyuan Hu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei province, China
| | - Xianglin Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei province, China
- * E-mail:
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39
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p53-independent ibrutinib responses in an Eμ-TCL1 mouse model demonstrates efficacy in high-risk CLL. Blood Cancer J 2016; 6:e434. [PMID: 27284738 PMCID: PMC5141356 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2016.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Deletion of the short-arm of chromosome 17 (17p-) is one of the most critical genetic alterations used in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) risk stratification. The tumor suppressor TP53 maps to this region, and its loss or mutation accelerates CLL progression, hampers response to chemotherapy and shortens survival. Although florescent in situ hybridization analyses for 17p deletions are routinely performed during clinical diagnoses, p53 mutational status is often unexamined. Given the limited clinical data that exists for frontline treatment of patients with CLL harboring TP53 mutations, there is a need to understand the biology of CLL with TP53 mutations and identify treatment strategies for this subset of patients. Herein, we used a CLL mouse model (Eμ-TCL1) harboring one of the most common TP53 hot-spot mutations observed in CLL (p53R172H, corresponding to p53R175H in humans) to evaluate its impact on disease progression, survival, response to therapy and loss of the remaining wild-type Trp53 allele following ibrutinib treatment. We show that ibrutinib was effective in increasing survival, activating cellular programs outside the p53 pathway and did not place selective pressure on the remaining wild-type Trp53 allele. These data provide evidence that ibrutinib acts as an effective treatment for aggressive forms of CLL with TP53 mutations.
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40
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Oliner JD, Saiki AY, Caenepeel S. The Role of MDM2 Amplification and Overexpression in Tumorigenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2016; 6:cshperspect.a026336. [PMID: 27194168 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) is a critical negative regulator of the tumor suppressor p53, playing a key role in controlling its transcriptional activity, protein stability, and nuclear localization. MDM2 expression is up-regulated in numerous cancers, resulting in a loss of p53-dependent activities, such as apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest. Genetic amplification and inheritance of MDM2 promoter single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the two best-studied mechanisms for up-regulating MDM2 activity. This article provides an overview of these events in human cancer, highlighting the frequent occurrence of MDM2 amplification in sarcoma and the role of SNP309 and SNP285 in regulating MDM2 expression and cancer risk. The availability of large-scale genomic profiling datasets, like those from The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network, have provided the opportunity to evaluate the consequences of MDM2 amplification and SNP inheritance across high-quality tumor samples from diverse cancer indications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Y Saiki
- Oncology Research, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Sean Caenepeel
- Oncology Research, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
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41
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Distinct downstream targets manifest p53-dependent pathologies in mice. Oncogene 2016; 35:5713-5721. [PMID: 27065327 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mdm2, the principal negative regulator of p53, is critical for survival, a fact clearly demonstrated by the p53-dependent death of germline or conditional mice following deletion of Mdm2. On the other hand, Mdm2 hypomorphic (Mdm2Puro/Δ7-12) or heterozygous (Mdm2+/-) mice that express either 30 or 50% of normal Mdm2 levels, respectively, are viable but present distinct phenotypes because of increased p53 activity. Mdm2 levels are also transcriptionally regulated by p53. We evaluated the significance of this reciprocal relationship in a new hypomorphic mouse model inheriting an aberrant Mdm2 allele with insertion of the neomycin cassette and deletion of 184-bp sequence in intron 3. These mice also carry mutations in the Mdm2 P2-promoter and thus express suboptimal levels of Mdm2 entirely encoded from the P1-promoter. Resulting mice exhibit abnormalities in skin pigmentation and reproductive tissue architecture, and are subfertile. Notably, all these phenotypes are rescued on a p53-null background. Furthermore, these phenotypes depend on distinct p53 downstream activities as genetic ablation of the pro-apoptotic gene Puma reverts the reproductive abnormalities but not skin hyperpigmentation, whereas deletion of cell cycle arrest gene p21 does not rescue either phenotype. Moreover, p53-mediated upregulation of Kitl influences skin pigmentation. Altogether, these data emphasize tissue-specific p53 activities that regulate cell fate.
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42
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Abstract
The tumor suppressor gene TP53 is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer; this gene is subject to inactivation by mutation or deletion in >50% of sporadic cancers. Genes that encode proteins that regulate p53 function, such as MDM2, MDM4, and CDKN2A (p14(ARF)) are also frequently altered in tumors, and it is generally believed that the p53 pathway is likely to be inactivated by mutation in close to 100% of human tumors. Unlike most other cancer-relevant signaling pathways, some of the genes in the p53 pathway contain functionally significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that alter the amplitude of signaling by this protein. These variants, thus, have the potential to impact cancer risk, progression, and the efficacy of radiation and chemotherapy. In addition, the p53 pathway plays a role in other biological processes, including metabolism and reproductive fitness, so these variants have the potential to modify other diseases as well. Here we have chosen five polymorphisms in three genes in the p53 pathway for review, two in TP53, two in MDM2, and one in MDM4. These five variants were selected based on the quality and reproducibility of functional data associated with them, as well as the convincingness of epidemiological data in support of their association with disease. We also highlight two other polymorphisms that may affect p53 signaling, but for which functional or association data are still forthcoming (KITLG and ANRIL). Finally, we touch on three questions regarding genetic modifiers of the p53 pathway: Why did these variants arise? Were they under selection pressure? And, is there compelling evidence to support genotyping these variants to better predict disease risk and prognosis?
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasree Basu
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Maureen E Murphy
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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43
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Stracquadanio G, Wang X, Wallace M, Grawenda AM, Zhang P, Hewitt J, Zeron-Medina J, Castro-Giner F, Tomlinson IP, Goding CR, Cygan KJ, Fairbrother WG, Thomas LF, Sætrom P, Gemignani F, Landi S, Schuster-Boeckler B, Bell DA, Bond GL. The importance of p53 pathway genetics in inherited and somatic cancer genomes. Nat Rev Cancer 2016; 16:251-65. [PMID: 27009395 PMCID: PMC6854702 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2016.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Decades of research have shown that mutations in the p53 stress response pathway affect the incidence of diverse cancers more than mutations in other pathways. However, most evidence is limited to somatic mutations and rare inherited mutations. Using newly abundant genomic data, we demonstrate that commonly inherited genetic variants in the p53 pathway also affect the incidence of a broad range of cancers more than variants in other pathways. The cancer-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the p53 pathway have strikingly similar genetic characteristics to well-studied p53 pathway cancer-causing somatic mutations. Our results enable insights into p53-mediated tumour suppression in humans and into p53 pathway-based cancer surveillance and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Stracquadanio
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Xuting Wang
- Environmental Genomics Group, Genome Integrity and Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Marsha Wallace
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M. Grawenda
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Ping Zhang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Juliet Hewitt
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Zeron-Medina
- Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Oncology Department, Passeig de la Vall D’Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Castro-Giner
- Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Ian P. Tomlinson
- Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Colin R. Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kamil J. Cygan
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, 115 Waterman Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - William G. Fairbrother
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, 115 Waterman Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Laurent F. Thomas
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian, University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Pål Sætrom
- Department of Computer and Information Science, Norwegian, University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian, University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Frederica Gemignani
- Genetics- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna, 1, 56126 Pisa - Italy
| | - Stefano Landi
- Genetics- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna, 1, 56126 Pisa - Italy
| | - Benjamin Schuster-Boeckler
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas A. Bell
- Environmental Genomics Group, Genome Integrity and Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
- Corresponding authors: . The Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, The Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, The University of Oxford, Oxford, The United Kingdom. . Environmental Genomics Group, Genomic Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, MD C3-03, NIEHS, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, The United States of America
| | - Gareth L. Bond
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
- Corresponding authors: . The Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, The Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, The University of Oxford, Oxford, The United Kingdom. . Environmental Genomics Group, Genomic Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, MD C3-03, NIEHS, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, The United States of America
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Karni-Schmidt O, Lokshin M, Prives C. The Roles of MDM2 and MDMX in Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2016; 11:617-44. [PMID: 27022975 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
For more than 25 years, MDM2 and its homolog MDMX (also known as MDM4) have been shown to exert oncogenic activity. These two proteins are best understood as negative regulators of the p53 tumor suppressor, although they may have additional p53-independent roles. Understanding the dysregulation of MDM2 and MDMX in human cancers and how they function either together or separately in tumorigenesis may improve methods of diagnosis and for assessing prognosis. Targeting the proteins themselves, or their regulators, may be a promising therapeutic approach to treating some forms of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Karni-Schmidt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027;
| | - Maria Lokshin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027;
| | - Carol Prives
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027;
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45
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Luo H, Cowen L, Yu G, Jiang W, Tang Y. SMG7 is a critical regulator of p53 stability and function in DNA damage stress response. Cell Discov 2016; 2:15042. [PMID: 27462439 PMCID: PMC4860962 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2015.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor functions as a transcription factor and plays a pivotal role in regulation of cellular response to DNA damage by activating various genes including those involved in cell cycle arrest. p53 stability is essential for its function during stress response; however, the molecular mechanism for DNA damage-induced stabilization of p53 is not fully understood. In our present study, we have identified SMG7 (suppressor with morphological defects in genitalia 7), also known as EST1C, as a novel p53-binding protein. SMG7 is an mRNA surveillance factor implicated in degradation of p53 mRNA-containing nonsense mutations, yet it is completely unknown whether SMG7 regulates p53 function. Here, we show that SMG7 has a crucial role in p53-mediated response to genotoxic stress by regulating p53 stability. Using somatic gene knockout, we found that deletion of SMG7 abrogates DNA damage-induced p53 stabilization, although it exhibits minimal effect on the basal levels of p53. Importantly, loss of SMG7 impairs p53-mediated activation of p21 and cell cycle arrest following DNA damage. Pharmacological inhibition of Mdm2, a major E3 ubiquitin ligase for p53, restored p53 stability in gamma-irradiated SMG7-deficient cells. Furthermore, SMG7 physically interacts with Mdm2 and promotes ATM-mediated inhibitory phosphorylation of Mdm2 following ionizing radiation. Therefore, our present data demonstrate that SMG7 is critical for p53 function in DNA damage response, and reveal the SMG7-mediated phosphorylation of Mdm2 as a previously unknown mechanism for p53 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Luo
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Lauren Cowen
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Guowu Yu
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Wenguo Jiang
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Yi Tang
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
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46
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Chauhan KM, Ramakrishnan G, Kollareddy M, Martinez LA. Characterization of cancer-associated missense mutations in MDM2. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 3:e1125986. [PMID: 27308622 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2015.1125986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
MDM2 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that binds the N-terminus of p53 and promotes its ubiquitin-dependent degradation. Elevated levels of MDM2 due to overexpression or gene amplification can contribute to tumor development by suppressing p53 activity. Since MDM2 is an oncogene, we explored the possibility that other genetic lesions, namely missense mutations, might alter its activities. We selected mutations in MDM2 that reside in one of the 4 key regions of the protein: p53 binding domain, acidic domain, zinc finger domain, and the RING domain. Unexpectedly, we observed that individual mutations in several of these domains compromised the ability of MDM2 to degrade p53. Mutations in the N-terminal p53 binding domain prevented the formation of a p53-MDM2 complex, thereby protecting p53 from degradation. Additionally, as would be predicted, several cancer-associated mutations in the RING finger domain disrupted the ubiquitin ligase activity of MDM2 and prevented p53 degradation. Interestingly, we observed that amino acid substitutions at the same codon differentially affected MDM2 activity. Our data reveal that mutations in this oncogene can have the paradoxical effect of suppressing its activity. Further understanding of how these mutations perturb MDM2 function may yield novel approaches to inhibiting its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna M Chauhan
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Gopalakrishnan Ramakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi, Jackson, MS, USA
| | | | - Luis A Martinez
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Institute, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, NY, USA
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47
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Xie JL, Yang JL, Liu DS, Xie YG, Ji P. Impact of MDM2 single nucleotide polymorphism on oral squamous cell carcinoma risk. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015; 71:993-8. [PMID: 25323564 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mouse Double Minute 2 (MDM2) has emerged as a pivotal cellular antagonist of p53 by destructing the suppressive function of p53 against tumorigenesis. The MDM2 309 T > G polymorphism has been studied for its association with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) susceptibility, but the evidence was confusing and inconclusive. Here, we performed a meta-analysis to estimate the effects of the 309 T > G polymorphism on the development of OSCC. The relevant studies were searched on both PubMed and Embase. We estimated the risk of OSCC using odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI). In addition, between-study heterogeneity was measured by the χ (2)-based statistic test; sensitivity analysis, and the funnel plots and Egger's test were also performed in this meta-analysis. Based on five case-control studies with a total of 1,369 OSCC cases and 2,167 control subjects, the meta-analysis result showed neither increased nor decreased risk of OSCC associated with any genetic model of the 309 T > G polymorphism. Similar results were observed in the subgroup of Asians. No significant heterogeneity and publication bias were detected in the meta-analysis. The evidence provided in our study indicated that the 309 T > G polymorphism might have no significant contribution to susceptibility toward OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Li Xie
- School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
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48
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Gallardo M, Lee HJ, Zhang X, Bueso-Ramos C, Pageon LR, McArthur M, Multani A, Nazha A, Manshouri T, Parker-Thornburg J, Rapado I, Quintas-Cardama A, Kornblau SM, Martinez-Lopez J, Post SM. hnRNP K Is a Haploinsufficient Tumor Suppressor that Regulates Proliferation and Differentiation Programs in Hematologic Malignancies. Cancer Cell 2015; 28:486-499. [PMID: 26412324 PMCID: PMC4652598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
hnRNP K regulates cellular programs, and changes in its expression and mutational status have been implicated in neoplastic malignancies. To directly examine its role in tumorigenesis, we generated a mouse model harboring an Hnrnpk knockout allele (Hnrnpk(+/-)). Hnrnpk haploinsufficiency resulted in reduced survival, increased tumor formation, genomic instability, and the development of transplantable hematopoietic neoplasms with myeloproliferation. Reduced hnRNP K expression attenuated p21 activation, downregulated C/EBP levels, and activated STAT3 signaling. Additionally, analysis of samples from primary acute myeloid leukemia patients harboring a partial deletion of chromosome 9 revealed a significant decrease in HNRNPK expression. Together, these data implicate hnRNP K in the development of hematological disorders and suggest hnRNP K acts as a tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Gallardo
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hun Ju Lee
- Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaorui Zhang
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Carlos Bueso-Ramos
- Department of Histopathology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Laura R Pageon
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mark McArthur
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Asha Multani
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Aziz Nazha
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Taghi Manshouri
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jan Parker-Thornburg
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Inmaculada Rapado
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre and CNIO, Madrid 28041, Spain
| | - Alfonso Quintas-Cardama
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Steven M Kornblau
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joaquin Martinez-Lopez
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre and CNIO, Madrid 28041, Spain
| | - Sean M Post
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Qi J, Ronai ZA. Dysregulation of ubiquitin ligases in cancer. Drug Resist Updat 2015; 23:1-11. [PMID: 26690337 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin ligases (UBLs) are critical components of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), which governs fundamental processes regulating normal cellular homeostasis, metabolism, and cell cycle in response to external stress signals and DNA damage. Among multiple steps of the UPS system required to regulate protein ubiquitination and stability, UBLs define specificity, as they recognize and interact with substrates in a temporally- and spatially-regulated manner. Such interactions are required for substrate modification by ubiquitin chains, which marks proteins for recognition and degradation by the proteasome or alters their subcellular localization or assembly into functional complexes. UBLs are often deregulated in cancer, altering substrate availability or activity in a manner that can promote cellular transformation. Such deregulation can occur at the epigenetic, genomic, or post-translational levels. Alterations in UBL can be used to predict their contributions, affecting tumor suppressors or oncogenes in select tumors. Better understanding of mechanisms underlying UBL expression and activities is expected to drive the development of next generation modulators that can serve as novel therapeutic modalities. This review summarizes our current understanding of UBL deregulation in cancer and highlights novel opportunities for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Qi
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21201, USA.
| | - Ze'ev A Ronai
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, 92037, USA.
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50
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Okamoto K, Tsunematsu R, Tahira T, Sonoda K, Asanoma K, Yagi H, Yoneda T, Hayashi K, Wake N, Kato K. SNP55, a new functional polymorphism of MDM2-P2 promoter, contributes to allele-specific expression of MDM2 in endometrial cancers. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2015; 16:67. [PMID: 26293665 PMCID: PMC4593204 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-015-0216-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The functional single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the MDM2 promoter region, SNP309, is known to be associated with various diseases, particularly cancer. Although many studies have been performed to demonstrate the mechanism of allele-specific expression (ASE) on SNP309, they have only utilized in vitro techniques. It is unknown whether ASE of MDM2 is ascribed solely to SNP309, in vivo. METHODS We attempted to evaluate ASE of MDM2 in vivo using post-labeling followed by automated capillary electrophoresis under single-strand conformation polymorphism conditions. For measuring a quantitative difference, we utilized the SNPs on the exons of MDM2 as markers, the status of which was heterozygous in a large population. To address the cause of ASE beyond 20%, we confirmed sequences of both MDM2-3'UTR and promoter regions. We assessed the SNP which might be the cause of ASE using biomolecular interaction analysis and luciferase assay. RESULTS ASE beyond 20% was detected in endometrial cancers, but not in cancer-free endometria samples only when an SNP rs1690916 was used as a marker. We suspected that this ASE in endometrial cancer was caused by the sequence heterogeneity in the MDM2-P2 promoter, and found a new functional polymorphism, which we labelled SNP55. There was no difference between cancer-free endometria and endometrial cancer samples neither for SNP55 genotype frequencies nor allele frequencies, and so, SNP55 alone does not affect endometrial cancer risk. The SNP55 status affected the DNA binding affinity of transcription factor Sp1 and nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκB). Transcriptional activity of the P2 promoter containing SNP55C was suppressed by NFκB p50 homodimers, but that of SNP55T was not. Only ASE-positive endometrial cancer samples displayed nuclear localization of NFκB p50. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that both the SNP55 status and the NFκB p50 activity are important in the transcriptional regulation of MDM2 in endometrial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Okamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Ryosuke Tsunematsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan. .,Current address: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Hospital Organization Ibusuki Medical Center, 4145, Junicho, Ibusuki, Kagoshima, 891-0498, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Tahira
- Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Kenzo Sonoda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Asanoma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Yagi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Yoneda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Kenshi Hayashi
- Division of Genome Analysis, Research Center for Genetic Information, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Norio Wake
- Research Center for Environmental Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Kiyoko Kato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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