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Biver M, Filella M. Stability Constants of Tetravalent Germanium Complexes in Aqueous Solution: Small Organic Oxygen and Nitrogen Donor Ligands. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:2470-2485. [PMID: 38261564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The formation constants of about 100 different complexes of Ge(IV) with some 50 organic, low-molecular-weight ligands, principally bidentate oxygen and/or nitrogen donors, are determined by potentiometric titrations at 25 °C and an ionic strength of 0.1 mol L-1 (KNO3). In the few cases for which literature data are available, these older data are critically discussed and completed in light of our new experimental data. The overall picture emerging from our work is that such complexes are comparatively weak, except when a chelate effect comes into play, as is observed with aminopolyols, α-hydroxocarboxylic acids, and carbohydrate derivatives, where even quantitative chelation of Ge is possible. No binding to amino acids or peptides is detected. An important finding is our evidence for the existence of a bridged dinuclear germanium(IV) tartrate complex in the aqueous phase, whose occurrence in solids was confirmed by X-ray diffraction beforehand. Our work has implications for the general understanding of the aqueous coordination chemistry of Ge, its geochemical cycling, and its behavior in environmental and biological systems. Potentiometric raw data for use by other researchers are publicly accessible in the repository Zenodo at CERN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Biver
- Bibliothèque Nationale du Luxembourg, 37D, Avenue John F. Kennedy, L-1855 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Montserrat Filella
- Department of F.-A. Forel, University of Geneva, Boulevard Carl-Vogt 66, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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2
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Sharova EA, Falchevskaya AS, Leonchuk SS, Redkov AV, Nikolaev V, Vinogradov VV. Liquid metal-mediated fabrication of metalloid nanoarchitectures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10928-10931. [PMID: 37605935 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02882h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
By overcoming all conventional limitations associated with the synthesis of metalloid micro- and nanoparticles in aqueous media, we present a new one-step approach to the synthesis of highly crystalline metalloid hollow architectures. The liquid metal-mediated synthesis of Ge- and Sb-based hollow structures with satisfactory reaction kinetics at room temperature and normal pressure is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Sharova
- ITMO University, "Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies" (SCAMT), International Institute, Saint Petersburg 191002, Russian Federation.
| | - Aleksandra S Falchevskaya
- ITMO University, "Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies" (SCAMT), International Institute, Saint Petersburg 191002, Russian Federation.
| | - Sergei S Leonchuk
- ITMO University, "Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies" (SCAMT), International Institute, Saint Petersburg 191002, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexey V Redkov
- Institute for Problems in Mechanical Engineering RAS, Saint-Petersburg, 199178, Russian Federation
| | - Vitaly Nikolaev
- ITMO University, "Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies" (SCAMT), International Institute, Saint Petersburg 191002, Russian Federation.
| | - Vladimir V Vinogradov
- ITMO University, "Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies" (SCAMT), International Institute, Saint Petersburg 191002, Russian Federation.
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3
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Cairns KR, King RP, Bannister RD, Levason W, Reid G. Synthesis, spectroscopic and structural properties of Sn(II) and Pb(II) triflate complexes with soft phosphine and arsine coordination. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:2293-2308. [PMID: 36723113 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03687h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Reaction of the divalent M(OTf)2 (M = Sn, Pb; OTf = CF3SO3) with soft phosphine and arsine ligands, L, where L = o-C6H4(ER2)2 (E = P, R = Me or Ph; E = As, R = Me), MeC(CH2ER2)3 (E = P, R = Ph; E = As, R = Me), PhP(CH2CH2PPh2)2 or P(CH2CH2PPh2)3, affords complexes of stoichiometry M(L)(OTf)2 as white powders, which have been characterised via elemental analysis, 1H, 19F{1H}, 31P{1H} and 119Sn NMR spectroscopy, with the expected 31P-119Sn and 31P-207Pb couplings clearly evident. The crystal structures of nine of these pnictine complexes are reported, in each case revealing retention of one or both OTf anions, which gives rise to a diverse range of coordination environments including monomers, as well as varying degrees of oligomerisation to form weakly associated (OTf-bridged) dimers, trimers and polymers. 19F{1H} NMR spectra indicate that the OTf is essentially anionic (dissociated) in solution. Anion metathesis of [M(OTf)2{MeC(CH2PPh2)3}] with Na[BArF] (BArF = B{3,5-(CF3)2C6H3}4) yields the corresponding [M{MeC(CH2PPh2)3}][BArF]2 salts, the crystal structures of all three (M = Ge, Sn, Pb) reveal pyramidal dications with discrete [BArF]- anions providing charge balance. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations on these [M{MeC(CH2PPh2)3}]2+ (M = Ge, Sn, Pb) dications using the B3LYP-D3 functional show the presence of a directional lone pair, which is a mixture of valence s and pz character, with the valence p-orbital character decreasing down group 14. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis also shows that the natural charge at the metal centre increases and the charge on the P centre decreases upon going down group 14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey R Cairns
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Rhys P King
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Robert D Bannister
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - William Levason
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Gillian Reid
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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King RP, Herniman JM, Levason W, Reid G. Structural Diversity in Divalent Group 14 Triflate Complexes Involving Endocyclic Thia-Macrocyclic Coordination. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:853-862. [PMID: 36602470 PMCID: PMC9846692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A highly unusual series of M(II) (M = Ge, Sn, Pb) complexes with endocyclic thioether macrocyclic coordination and with coordination numbers ranging from three to nine have been prepared by the reaction of [9]aneS3 (1,4,7-trithiacyclononane), [12]aneS4 (1,4,7,10-tetrathiacyclododecane), or [24]aneS8 (1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22-octathiacyclotetracosane) with M(OTf)2 (M = Sn and Pb; OTf = CF3SO3-) or with GeCl2·dioxane and 2 mol equiv of TMSOTf (Me3SiO3SCF3) in a mixture of anhydrous CH2Cl2 and MeCN. The isolated bulk products are characterized by 1H, 13C{1H}, 19F{1H}, and 119Sn{1H} NMR and IR spectroscopy, high-resolution ESI+ MS, and microanalytical data. Crystal structures are also reported for [M(L)][OTf]2 (M = Ge, Sn, Pb; L = [9]aneS3, [12]aneS4) and for [M([24]aneS8)][OTf]2 (M = Sn, Pb). In all cases, the ligand is bound in an endocyclic fashion, but the coordination environment and number are highly dependent on the group 14 ion, the macrocyclic ring size, and the number of S-donor atoms it presents. Solution NMR spectroscopic data suggest that the metal-macrocycle coordination is retained in solution but that the triflate anions are extensively dissociated on the NMR timescale. Density functional theory calculations on the [M([9]aneS3)]2+ and [M([12]aneS4)]2+ (M = Ge, Sn, Pb) dications reveal that the HOMO is centered on the group 14 atom as a directional "lone pair"; it also retains a significant amount of positive charge.
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STRUCTURE AND STABILITY OF MCl4 CARBENE COMPLEXES (M = Si, Ge, Sn): EXPERIMENT AND THEORY. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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6
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King RP, Dyke JM, Levason W, Reid G. Neutral and Cationic Complexes of Silicon(IV) Halides with Phosphine Ligands. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:16905-16913. [PMID: 36222839 PMCID: PMC9597660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The reaction of SiI4 and PMe3 in n-hexane produced the yellow salt, [SiI3(PMe3)2]I, confirmed from its X-ray structure, containing
a trigonal bipyramidal cation with trans-phosphines.
This contrasts with the six-coordination found in (the known) trans-[SiX4(PMe3)2] (X
= Cl, Br) complexes. The diphosphines o-C6H4(PMe2)2 and Et2P(CH2)2PEt2 form six-coordinate cis-[SiI4(diphosphine)], which were also characterized by
X-ray crystallography, multinuclear NMR, and IR spectroscopy. Reaction
of trans-[SiX4(PMe3)2] (X = Cl, Br) with Na[BArF] (BArF = [B{3,5-(CF3)2C6H3}4]) produced
five-coordinate [SiX3(PMe3)2][BArF], but while Me3SiO3SCF3 also
abstracted chloride from trans-[SiCl4(PMe3)2], the reaction products were six-coordinate
complexes [SiCl3(PMe3)2(OTf)] and
[SiCl2(PMe3)2(OTf)2] with
the triflate coordinated. X-ray crystal structures were obtained for
[SiCl3(PMe3)2][BArF] and
[SiCl2(PMe3)2(OTf)2].
The charge distribution across the silicon species was also examined
by natural bond orbital (NBO) analyses of the computed density functional
theory (DFT) wavefunctions. For the [SiX4(PMe3)2] and [SiX3(PMe3)2]+ complexes, the positive charge on Si decreases and the negative
charge on X decreases going from X = F to X = I. Upon going from [SiX4(PMe3)2] to [SiX3(PMe3)2]+, i.e., removal of X–, there is an increase in positive charge on Si and a decrease in
negative charge on the X centers (except for the case X = F). The
positive charge on P shows a slight decrease. Unusual neutral and monocationic silicon(IV)
iodide complexes
with soft phosphine coordination are formed in hydrocarbon solvents,
while treatment of [SiCl4(PMe3)2]
with NaBArF forms the [SiCl3(PMe3)2]+ cation; the electronic structures of [SiX4(PMe3)2] and [SiX3(PMe3)2]+ (X = F, Cl, Br, I) are probed using
DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys P King
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - John M Dyke
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - William Levason
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Gillian Reid
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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Fluoro-Germanium (IV) Cations with Neutral Co-Ligands—Synthesis, Properties and Comparison with Neutral GeF4 Adducts. INORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics10080107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The reaction of [GeF4L2], L = dmso (Me2SO), dmf (Me2NCHO), py (pyridine), pyNO (pyridine-N-oxide), OPPh3, OPMe3, with Me3SiO3SCF3 (TMSOTf) and monodentate ligands, L, in a 1:1:1 molar ratio in anhydrous CH2Cl2 formed the monocations [GeF3L3][OTf]. These rare trifluoro-germanium (IV) cations were characterised by microanalysis, IR, 1H, 19F{1H} and, where appropriate, 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy. The 19F{1H} NMR data show that in CH3NO2 solution the complexes exist as a mixture of mer and fac isomers, with the mer isomer invariably having the higher abundance. The X-ray structure of mer-[GeF3(OPPh3)3][OTf] is also reported. The attempts to remove a second fluoride using a further equivalent of TMSOTf and L were mostly unsuccessful, although a mixture of [GeF2(OAsPh3)4][OTf]2 and [GeF3(OAsPh3)3][OTf] was obtained using excess TMSOTf and OAsPh3. The reaction of [GeF4(MeCN)2] with TMSOTf in CH2Cl2 solution, followed by the addition of 2,2′:6′,2”-terpyridine (terpy) formed mer-[GeF3(terpy)][OTf], whilst a similar reaction with 1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (Me3-tacn) in MeCN solution produced fac-[GeF3(Me3-tacn)][OTf]. Dicationic complexes bearing the GeF22+ fragment were isolated using the tetra-aza macrocycles, 1,4,7,10-tetramethyl-1,4,7,10-tetra-azacyclododecane (Me4-cyclen) and 1,4,8,11-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetra-azacyclotetradecane (Me4-cyclam), which reacted with [GeF4(MeCN)2] and two equivalents of TMSOTf to cleanly form the dicationic difluoride salts, cis-[GeF2(Me4-cyclen)][OTf]2 and trans-[GeF2(Me4-cyclam)][OTf]2. The 19F{1H} NMR spectroscopy shows that in CH3NO2 solution there are four stereoisomers present for trans-[GeF2(Me4-cyclam)][OTf]2, whereas the smaller ring-size of Me4-cyclen accounts for the formation of only cis-[GeF2(Me4-cyclen)][OTf], and is confirmed crystallographically. New spectroscopic data are also reported for [GeF4(L)2] (L = dmso, dmf and pyNO). Density functional theory calculations were used to probe the effect on the bonding as fluoride ligands were sequentially removed from the germanium centre in the OPMe3 complexes.
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Ansmann N, Hartmann D, Sailer S, Erdmann P, Maskey R, Schorpp M, Greb L. Synthesis and Characterization of Hypercoordinated Silicon Anions: Catching Intermediates of Lewis Base Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203947. [PMID: 35438836 PMCID: PMC9325378 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Anionic hypercoordinated silicates with weak donors were proposed as key intermediates in numerous silicon‐based reactions. However, their short‐lived nature rendered even spectroscopic observations highly challenging. Here, we characterize hypercoordinated silicon anions, including the first bromido‐, iodido‐, formato‐, acetato‐, triflato‐ and sulfato‐silicates. This is enabled by a new, donor‐free polymeric form of Lewis superacidic bis(perchlorocatecholato)silane 1. Spectroscopic, structural, and computational insights allow a reassessment of Gutmann's empirical rules for the role of silicon hypercoordination in synthesis and catalysis. The electronic perturbations of 1 exerted on the bound anions indicate pronounced substrate activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Ansmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Deborah Hartmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sonja Sailer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Erdmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rezisha Maskey
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Schorpp
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry-Inorganic Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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Ansmann N, Hartmann D, Sailer S, Erdmann P, Maskey R, Schorpp M, Greb L. Synthesis and Characterization of Hypercoordinated Silicon Anions: Catching Intermediates of Lewis Base Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Ansmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Deborah Hartmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Sonja Sailer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Philipp Erdmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Rezisha Maskey
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Marcel Schorpp
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry-Inorganic Chemistry Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstr. 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
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Silicon Complexes Based on SS- and SS-Coordinating Tridentate Ligands. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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King RP, Levason W, Reid G. Neutral and cationic germanium(IV) fluoride complexes with phosphine coordination - synthesis, spectroscopy and structures. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17751-17765. [PMID: 34812814 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03339e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The neutral complexes trans-[GeF4(PiPr3)2] and [GeF4(κ2-L)] (L = CH3C(CH2PPh2)3 or P(CH2CH2PPh2)3) are obtained from [GeF4(MeCN)2] and the ligand in CH2Cl2. Treatment of [GeF4(PMe3)2] with n equivalents of TMSOTf (Me3SiO3SCF3) leads to formation of the series [GeF4-n(PMe3)2(OTf)n] (n = 1, 2, 3), each of which contains six-coordinate Ge(IV) with trans PMe3 ligands and X-ray structural data confirm that the OTf groups interact with Ge(IV) to varying degrees. Unexpectedly, [GeF3(PMe3)2(OTf)] undergoes reductive defluorination in solution, forming the Ge(II) complex, [Ge(PMe3)3][OTf]2 (and [FPMe3]+). The bulkier PiPr3 leads to formation of the ionic [GeF3(iPr3P)2][OTf], containing a [GeF3(iPr3P)2]+ cation. [GeF4{o-C6H4(PMe2)2}], containing the cis-chelating diphosphine, also reacts with n equivalents of TMSOTf to generate [GeF4-n{o-C6H4(PMe2)2}(OTf)n] (n = 1, 2, 3). As for the PMe3 system, the trifluoride, [GeF3{o-C6H4(PMe2)2}(OTf)], is unstable to reductive defluorination in solution, producing the pyramidal Ge(II) complex [Ge{(o-C6H4(PMe2)2}(OTf)][OTf], whose crystal structure has been determined. The [GeF3{Ph2P(CH2)2PPh2}(OTf)] and [GeF2{Ph2P(CH2)2PPh2}(OTf)2], obtained similarly from the parent tetrafluoride complex, are poorly soluble, however their structures were confirmed crystallographically. The complexes in this work have been characterised via variable temperature 1H, 19F{1H} and 31P{1H} NMR studies in solution, IR spectroscopy and microanalysis and through single crystal X-ray analysis of representative examples across each series. Trends in the NMR and structural parameters are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys P King
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - William Levason
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Gillian Reid
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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King RP, Greenacre VK, Levason W, Dyke JM, Reid G. Pyramidal Dicationic Ge(II) Complexes with Homoleptic Neutral Pnictine Coordination: A Combined Experimental and Density Functional Theory Study. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:12100-12108. [PMID: 34319096 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An unusual series of Ge(II) dicationic species with homoleptic phosphine and arsine coordination, [Ge(L)][OTf]2, L = 3 × PMe3, triphos (MeC(CH2PPh2)3), triars (MeC(CH2AsMe2)3), or κ3-tetraphos (P(CH2CH2PPh2)3) (OTf- = O3SCF3-) have been prepared by reaction of [GeCl2(dioxane)] with L and 2 mol equiv of Me3SiOTf in anhydrous CH2Cl2 (or MeCN for L = triars, triphos). X-ray crystal structures are reported for [Ge(PMe3)3][OTf]2, [Ge(triars)][OTf]2, and [Ge(κ3-tetraphos)][OTf]2, confirming homoleptic P3- or As3-coordination at Ge(II) in each case and with the discrete OTf- anions providing a charge balance. The Ge-P/As bond lengths are significantly shorter than those in neutral germanium(II) dihalide complexes with diphosphine or diarsine coordination. Solution NMR spectroscopic data indicate that the complexes are labile in solution. Using excess AsMe3 and [GeCl2(dioxane)] gives only the neutral product, [Ge(AsMe2)2(OTf)2], the crystal structure of which shows four coordination at Ge(II), via two As donor atoms and an O atom from two κ1-OTf- ligands; further weak, long-range intermolecular interactions give a chain polymer. The electronic structure of the [Ge(PMe3)3]2+ dication has been investigated using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The computed geometrical parameters for this dication are in good agreement with the experimental X-ray crystallographic values in [Ge(PMe3)3][OTf]2. The results also indicate that the pyramidal arrangement of the [Ge(PMe3)3]2+ (computed P-Ge-P angle 96.8° at the B3LYP-D3 level) arises from a balance between electronic energy (Eelec) contributions, which favor a lower P-Ge-P angle, and nuclear-nuclear contributions (Enn), which favor a higher P-Ge-P angle, to the total energy (ETOT). An Atoms in Molecules (AIM) analysis reveals that one reason why Eelec decreases as the P-Ge-P angle decreases is because of C···H and H···H interactions between atoms on different CH3 groups. The stability of the [Ge(PMe3)3]2+ dication is enhanced by the distribution of a significant part of the positive charge on Ge2+ to the atomic centers of the PMe3 ligands. Similar results were obtained for [Ge(AsMe3)3][OTf]2, showing the tris-AsMe3 complex to be less stable compared to the PMe3 analogue. Related calculations were also performed for the neutral [Ge(PMe3)2(OTf)2] and [Ge(AsMe3)2(OTf)2] complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys P King
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | | | - William Levason
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - John M Dyke
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Gillian Reid
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
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Afanasenko E, Seifullina I, Martsinko E, Chebanenko E, Dyakonenko V, Shishkina S. Supramolecular Salts of Germanium (IV) with Tartaric Acid, Zinc and 1,10‐Phenanthroline/2,2‘‐Bipyridine: Synthesis, Structural Features and Selective Recognition. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Afanasenko
- I.I. Mechnikov Odessa National University Dvoryanskaya 2 Odessa 65082 Ukraine
| | - Inna Seifullina
- I.I. Mechnikov Odessa National University Dvoryanskaya 2 Odessa 65082 Ukraine
| | - Elena Martsinko
- I.I. Mechnikov Odessa National University Dvoryanskaya 2 Odessa 65082 Ukraine
| | - Elena Chebanenko
- I.I. Mechnikov Odessa National University Dvoryanskaya 2 Odessa 65082 Ukraine
| | - Viktoriya Dyakonenko
- SSI “Institute for Single Crystals” National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Nauki Ave 60 Kharkiv 61001 Ukraine
| | - Svitlana Shishkina
- SSI “Institute for Single Crystals” National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Nauki Ave 60 Kharkiv 61001 Ukraine
- V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University 4 Svobody sq Kharkiv 61077 Ukraine
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Stojnova KT, Lekova VD. Study on the Equilibria of Chelate Formation and the Ion-association of Anionic Chelate of Germanium(IV) with 4-Nitrocatechol and 2-(4-Iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-2H-tetrazolium Cation. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023619100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Levason W, Monzittu FM, Reid G. Coordination chemistry and applications of medium/high oxidation state metal and non-metal fluoride and oxide-fluoride complexes with neutral donor ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Witteman L, van Beek CB, van Veenhuizen ON, Lutz M, Moret ME. Synthesis and Complexation of a Free Germanide Bearing a Tridentate N-Heterocyclic Substituent. Organometallics 2019; 38:231-239. [PMID: 30713362 PMCID: PMC6354728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The tris-N-heterocycle germanide (tmim)Ge- (1) (tmimH3 = tris(3-methylindol-2-yl)methane) was synthesized by nucleophilic substitution for the tmim3- trianion on GeCl2·dioxane. In combination with the previously reported (tmim)Si- and (tmim)P analogues, it provides a convenient model for investigating the influence of the central atom on the properties of isoelectronic ligands. Complexation of the germanide (tmim)Ge- to CuCl resulted in the dimeric chloro cuprate [(tmim)GeCu(μ-Cl)]2 2-, which is prone to dissociation in MeCN to form the neutral, solvated germylcopper (tmim)GeCu(NCMe)3. The reaction of 1 with Fe2(CO)9 afforded the germyl iron tetracarbonyl [(tmim)GeFe(CO)4]-. Analysis of the ν̃(CO) infrared absorption bands in this complex indicates that the combined electron donating and accepting properties of 1 are found in between those of (tmim)P and (tmim)Si-. In contrast to (tmim)Si-, (tmim)Ge- is reluctant to coordinate to FeCl2, likely because of its softer Lewis base character. Key structural features of the ligands and complexes reflect changes in their electronic properties. In particular, the N-Ge-N angles increase upon coordination to a metal fragment, suggesting increasing hybridization of the Ge s- and p-orbitals. These findings will be useful in further understanding low-valent heavier group 14 complexes in organometallic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léon Witteman
- Department of Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cody B van Beek
- Department of Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar N van Veenhuizen
- Department of Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Lutz
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc-Etienne Moret
- Department of Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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17
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Alekseev NV. A Quantum Chemical Study of Germanium-Substituent Bonding in Complex Compounds of Germanium. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476618070028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Choi Y, Adamczyk AJ. Tuning Hydrogenated Silicon, Germanium, and SiGe Nanocluster Properties Using Theoretical Calculations and a Machine Learning Approach. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:9851-9868. [PMID: 30484641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b09797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There are limited studies available that predict the properties of hydrogenated silicon-germanium (SiGe) clusters. For this purpose, we conducted a computational study of 46 hydrogenated SiGe clusters (Si xGe yH z, 1 < X + Y ≤ 6) to predict the structural, thermochemical, and electronic properties. The optimized geometries of the Si xGe yH z clusters were investigated using quantum chemical calculations and statistical thermodynamics. The clusters contained 6 to 9 fused Si-Si, Ge-Ge, or Si-Ge bonds, i.e., bonds participating in more than one 3- to 4-membered rings, and different degrees of hydrogenation, i.e., the ratio of hydrogen to Si/Ge atoms varied depending on cluster size and degree of multifunctionality. Our studies have established trends in standard enthalpy of formation, standard entropy, and constant pressure heat capacity as a function of cluster composition and structure. A novel bond additivity correction model for SiGe chemistry was regressed from experimental data on seven acyclic Si/Ge/SiGe species to improve the accuracy of the standard enthalpy of formation predictions. Electronic properties were investigated by analysis of the HOMO-LUMO energy gap to study the effect of elemental composition on the electronic stability of Si xGe yH z clusters. These properties will be discussed in the context of tailored nanomaterials design and generalized using a machine learning approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeseul Choi
- Auburn University , Department of Chemical Engineering , Auburn , Alabama 36849 , United States
| | - Andrew J Adamczyk
- Auburn University , Department of Chemical Engineering , Auburn , Alabama 36849 , United States
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19
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Abstract
Proceeding our initial studies of compounds with formally dative TM→Si bonds (TM = Ni, Pd, Pt), which feature a paddlewheel arrangement of four (N,S) or (N,N) bridging ligands around the TM–Si axis, the current study shows that the (N,O)-bidentate ligand 2-pyridyloxy (pyO) is also capable of bridging systems with TM→Si bonds (shown for TM = Pd, Cu). Reactions of MeSi(pyO)3 with [PdCl2(NCMe)2] and CuCl afforded the compounds MeSi(µ-pyO)4PdCl (1) and MeSi(µ-pyO)3CuCl (2), respectively. In the latter case, some crystals of the Cu(II) compound MeSi(µ-pyO)4CuCl (3) were obtained as a byproduct. Analogous reactions of Si(pyO)4, in the presence of HpyO, with [PdCl2(NCMe)2] and CuCl2, afforded the compounds [(HpyO)Si(µ-pyO)4PdCl]Cl (4), (HpyO)2Si[(µ-pyO)2PdCl2]2 (5), and (HpyO)2Si[(µ-pyO)2CuCl2]2 (6), respectively. Compounds 1–6 and the starting silanes MeSi(pyO)3 and Si(pyO)4 were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses and, with exception of the paramagnetic compounds 3 and 6, with NMR spectroscopy. Compound 2 features a pentacoordinate Si atom, the Si atoms of the other complexes are hexacoordinate. Whereas compounds 1–4 feature a TM→Si bond each, the Si atoms of compounds 5 and 6 are situated in an O6 coordination sphere, while the TMCl2 groups are coordinated to pyridine moieties in the periphery of the molecule. The TM–Si interatomic distances in compounds 1–4 are close to the sum of the covalent radii (1 and 4) or at least significantly shorter than the sum of the van-der-Waals radii (2 and 3). The latter indicates a noticeably weaker interaction for TM = Cu. For the series 1, 2, and 3, all of which feature the Me–Si motif trans-disposed to the TM→Si bond, the dependence of the TM→Si interaction on the nature of TM (Pd(II), Cu(I), and Cu(II)) was analyzed using quantum chemical calculations, that is, the natural localized molecular orbitals (NLMO) analyses, the non-covalent interaction (NCI) descriptor, Wiberg bond order (WBO), and topological characteristics of the bond critical points using the atoms in molecules (AIM) approach.
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20
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Secara AM, Binder JF, Swidan A, Macdonald CL. Synthesis and structural characterization of new polyether complexes of germanium(II) and tin(II). CAN J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of germanium(II) and tin(II) bromide polyether complexes have been synthesized. Specifically, [GeBr([15]crown-5)][GeBr3], [GeBr([18]crown-6)][GeBr3], [GeBr(triglyme)][GeBr3], [GeBr(tetraglyme)][GeBr3], [SnBr([18]crown-6)][SnBr3], [Sn([15]crown-5)2][SnBr3]2, [SnBr(triglyme)][SnBr3], and [SnBr(tetraglyme)][SnBr3] have been fully characterized including by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The synthesis of [GeBr(dibenzo[24]crown-8)][GeBr3] and [GeCl(dibenzo[24]crown-8)][GeCl3] are also reported, along with the crystal structure of the latter’s water adduct, which features a water molecule adjacent to the GeCl+ ion within the cavity of the crown ether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina M. Secara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Justin F. Binder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Ala’aeddeen Swidan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Charles L.B. Macdonald
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
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21
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Ignat’ev IS, Avrorin VV, Kochina ТА, Ermolenko YЕ. Synthesis and Structure of Trichlorogermane Aminate. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363218030131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Suter R, Gray PA, Burford N, McDonald R. Tris(1‐methyl‐imidazol‐2‐yl)phosphane Complexes of Pnictogen, Tetrel, and Triel Cations. Chemistry 2018; 24:4718-4723. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201706107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Suter
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia V8W 3V6 Canada
| | - Paul A. Gray
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia V8W 3V6 Canada
| | - Neil Burford
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia V8W 3V6 Canada
| | - Robert McDonald
- X-Ray Crystallography LaboratoryUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2T2 Canada
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23
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Suter R, Swidan A, Macdonald CLB, Burford N. Oxidation of a germanium(ii) dication to access cationic germanium(iv) fluorides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:4140-4143. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc01799a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe the synthesis and characterization of the tris(1-ethyl-benzoimidazol-2-ylmethyl)amine (BIMEt3 = L) complex of Ge(ii)2+ and its oxidation with XeF2 to access the cationic germanium fluorides [LGeF2][OTf]2 and [LGeF(OTf)][OTf]2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Suter
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Victoria
- Victoria
- Canada
| | - Ala'aeddeen Swidan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Windsor
- Windsor
- Canada
| | | | - Neil Burford
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Victoria
- Victoria
- Canada
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24
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Nie P, Yu Q, Zhu H, Wen T. Ruthenium and Osmium Germyl Complexes Derived from the Reactions of MXCl(PPh
3
)
3
(M = Ru, Os; X = Cl, H) with Terphenylchlorogermylene (C
6
H
3
‐2,6‐Trip
2
)GeCl (Trip = 2,4,6‐
i
Pr
3
C
6
H
2
). Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Nie
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 361005 Xiamen P. R. China
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 361005 Xiamen P. R. China
| | - Hongping Zhu
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 361005 Xiamen P. R. China
| | - Ting‐Bin Wen
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 361005 Xiamen P. R. China
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25
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Baus JA, Tacke R. Neutral six-coordinate bis(dithiocarbamato)silicon(iv) complexes with an SiCl 2S 4 skeleton. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:8751-8755. [PMID: 27713941 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt03264h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of SiCl4 with lithium dithiocarbamates of the formula type Li[R2NCS2] (R = Ph, iPr) in a molar ratio of 1 : 2 afforded the respective six-coordinate silicon(iv) complexes [Ph2NCS2]2SiCl2 (3) and [iPr2NCS2]2SiCl2 (4), which were isolated as the solvates 3·MeCN and 4·MeCN. Compounds 3·MeCN and 4·MeCN were structurally characterised by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and multinuclear NMR spectroscopic studies in the solid state and in solution. In this study, dithiocarbamato ligands were implemented in silicon coordination chemistry for the first time. Compounds 3 and 4 represent the first six-coordinate silicon(iv) complexes with an SiCl2S4 skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes A Baus
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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26
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Green MLH, Parkin G. The classification and representation of main group element compounds that feature three-center four-electron interactions. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:18784-18795. [PMID: 27845802 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt03570a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This article provides a means to classify and represent compounds that feature 3-center 4-electron (3c-4e) interactions in terms of the number of electrons that each atom contributes to the interaction. Specifically, Class I 3c-4e interactions are classified as those in which two atoms provide one electron each and the third atom provides a pair of electrons (i.e. LX2), while Class II 3c-4e interactions are classified as those in which two atoms each provide a pair of electrons and the third atom contributes none (i.e. L2Z). These classes can be subcategorized according to the nature of the central atom. Thus, Class I interactions can be categorized according to whether the central atom provides one (i.e.μ-X) or two (i.e.μ-L) electrons, while Class II interactions can be categorized according to whether the central atom provides none (i.e.μ-Z) or two (i.e.μ-L) electrons. The use of appropriate structure-bonding representations for these various interactions provides a means to determine the covalent bond classification of the element of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm L H Green
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK OX1 3QR.
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27
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Portius P, Davis M. Synthesis of six-coordinate mono-, bis-, and tris(tetrazolato) complexes via [3 + 2] cycloadditions of nitriles to silicon-bound azido ligands. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:17141-17152. [PMID: 27735013 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt02867e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A convenient synthetic route to poly(tetrazolato) silicon complexes is described based on the four reactive centres of the N-rich, highly endothermic tetraazides of the type Si(N3)4(L2). Hypercoordinate azido(tetrazolato) silicon complexes Si(N3)2(N4C-R)2(L2), R = CH3, C6H5, 4-C6H4CH3 (4a, 5, 6, 7) and Si(N3)2(N4C-L)2 (9, L = 2-C5H4N), L2 = 2,2'-bipyridine, 1,10-phenanthroline, with SiN6 skeletons were synthesised via multiple [3 + 2] dipolar cycloaddition reactions starting from Si(N3)4(L2) and a nitrile. The isolated new complexes were characterised by standard analytical methods, single crystal X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry (4a,b). Tetrazolato ligand linkage isomerism was observed for complex 4a. The crystallographically characterised methyl tetrazolato complexes and plausible configurational and linkage isomers were evaluated by DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Portius
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom.
| | - Martin Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom.
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28
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Hexacoordinate Silicon Compounds with a Dianionic Tetradentate (N,N′,N′,N)-Chelating Ligand. INORGANICS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics4020008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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29
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Swamy VSVSN, Yadav S, Pal S, Das T, Vanka K, Sen SS. Facile access to a Ge(ii) dication stabilized by isocyanides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:7890-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03789e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of 2,6-dimethylphenylisocyanide with GeCl2 afforded a Ge(ii) dication, which is stabilized by four isonitrile ligands through σ-donation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. S. V. S. N. Swamy
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
| | - Sandeep Yadav
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
| | - Shiv Pal
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Pune
- Pune 411008
- India
| | - Tamal Das
- Physical and Material Chemistry Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
| | - Kumar Vanka
- Physical and Material Chemistry Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
| | - Sakya S. Sen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
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30
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Abstract
Notable aspects of the chemistry of polyether complexes of group 13 and 14 elements are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala'aeddeen Swidan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Windsor
- Windsor
- Canada
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31
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Everett M, Jolleys A, Levason W, Light ME, Pugh D, Reid G. Cationic aza-macrocyclic complexes of germanium(II) and silicon(IV). Dalton Trans 2015; 44:20898-905. [PMID: 26575488 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03941j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
[GeCl2(dioxane)] reacts with the neutral aza-macrocyclic ligands L, L = Me3tacn (1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane), Me4cyclen (1,4,7,10-tetramethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane) or Me4cyclam (1,4,8,11-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) and two mol. equiv. of Me3SiO3SCF3 in thf solution to yield the unusual and hydrolytically very sensitive [Ge(L)][O3SCF3]2 as white solids in moderate yield. Using shorter reaction times [Ge(Me3tacn)]Cl2 and [Ge(Me3tacn)]Cl[O3SCF3] were also isolated; the preparation of [Ge(Me4cyclen)][GeCl3]2 is also described. The structures of the Me3tacn complexes show κ(3)-coordination of the macrocycle, with the anions interacting only weakly to produce very distorted five- or six-coordination at germanium. In contrast, the structure of [Ge(Me4cyclen)][O3SCF3]2 shows no anion interactions, and a distorted square planar geometry at germanium from coordination to the tetra-aza macrocycle. Crystal structures of the Si(iv) complexes, [SiCl3(Me3tacn)]Y (Y = O3SCF3, BAr(F); [B{3,5-(CF3)2C6H3}4]) and [SiHCl2(Me3tacn)][BAr(F)], obtained from reaction of SiCl4 or SiHCl3 with Me3tacn, followed by addition of either Me3SiO3SCF3 or Na[BAr(F)], contain distorted octahedral cations, with facialκ(3)-coordinated Me3tacn. The open-chain triamine, Me2NCH2CH2N(Me)CH2CH2NMe2 (pmdta), forms [SiCl3(pmdta)][BAr(F)] and [SiBr3(pmdta)][BAr(F)] under similar conditions, containing mer-octahedral cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Everett
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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32
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The Bright Future of Unconventional σ/π-Hole Interactions. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:2496-517. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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33
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Chitnis SS, Robertson APM, Burford N, Weigand JJ, Fischer R. Synthesis and reactivity of cyclo-tetra(stibinophosphonium) tetracations: redox and coordination chemistry of phosphine-antimony complexes. Chem Sci 2015; 6:2559-2574. [PMID: 29308163 PMCID: PMC5647858 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03939d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Reductive elimination of [R3PPR3]2+, [11(R)]2+, from the highly electrophilic SbIII centres in [(R3P)3Sb]3+, [8(R)]3+, gives SbI containing cations [(R3P)Sb]1+, [9(R)]1+, which assemble into frameworks identified as cyclo-tetra(stibinophosphonium) tetracations, [(R3P)4Sb4]4+, [10(R)]4+. A phosphine catalyzed mechanism is proposed for conversion of fluoroantimony complexes [(R3P)2SbF]2+, [7(R)]2+, to [10(R)]4+, and the characterization of key intermediates is presented. The results constitute evidence of a novel ligand activation pathway for phosphines in the coordination sphere of hard, electron deficient acceptors. Characterization of the associated reactants and products supports earlier, albeit less definitive, detection of analogous phosphine ligand activation in CuIII and TlIII complexes, demonstrating that these prototypical ligands can behave simultaneously as reducing agents and σ donors towards a variety of hard acceptors. The reactivity of the parent cyclo-tetra(stibinophosphonium) tetracation, [10(Me)]4+, is directed by high charge concentration and strong polarization of the P-Sb bonds. The former explains the observed facility for reductive elimination to yield elemental antimony and the latter enabled activation of P-Cl and P-H bonds to give phosphinophosphonium cations, [Me3PPR'2]1+, including the first example of an H-phosphinophosphonium, [(Me3P)P(H)R']1+, and 2-phosphino-1,3-diphosphonium cations, [(Me3P)2PR']2+. Exchange of a phosphine ligand in [10(Me)]4+ with [nacnac]1- gives [(Me3P)3Sb4(nacnac)]3+, [15(Me)]3+, and with dmap gives [(Me3P)3Sb4(dmap)]4+, [16]4+. The lability of P-Sb or Sb-Sb interactions in [10(Me)]4+ has also been illustrated by characterization of heteroleptically substituted derivatives featuring PMe3 and PEt3 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh S Chitnis
- Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , Victoria , BC V8W 3V6 , Canada . ; ; Tel: +1 250 721 7150
| | - Alasdair P M Robertson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , Victoria , BC V8W 3V6 , Canada . ; ; Tel: +1 250 721 7150
| | - Neil Burford
- Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , Victoria , BC V8W 3V6 , Canada . ; ; Tel: +1 250 721 7150
| | - Jan J Weigand
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry , TU Dresden , 01062 , Dresden , Germany . ; Tel: +49 351 46842800
| | - Roland Fischer
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry , TU Graz , 98010 , Graz , Austria . ; Tel: +43 316 87332109
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34
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Kämpfe A, Brendler E, Kroke E, Wagler J. Tp*Cu(I)-CN-SiL2-NC-Cu(I)Tp*--a hexacoordinate Si-complex as connector for redox active metals via π-conjugated ligands. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:4744-50. [PMID: 25665985 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt03903c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hexacoordinate silicon complexes L2SiX2 (L = a 2-benzoylpyrrol-1-yl derivative, X = CN, NCS) were synthesized from L2SiCl2 by ligand exchange with trimethylsilyl reagents Me3SiX. In the presence of [Tp*CuNCMe] and Me3SiCN the silicon complex L2Si(NC(CuTp*))2 was obtained, which contains a linear Cu-CN-Si-NC-Cu unit (Tp* = hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borato).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kämpfe
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, D-09596 Freiberg, Germany.
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35
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Swamy VSVSN, Pal S, Khan S, Sen SS. Cations and dications of heavier group 14 elements in low oxidation states. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:12903-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01912e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This review gives an introduction to the synthesis, properties, and reactivity of the cations and dications of the heavier group 14 elements in their low oxidation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. S. V. S. N. Swamy
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
| | - Shiv Pal
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Education
- Research
- Pune 411008
| | - Shabana Khan
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Education
- Research
- Pune 411008
| | - Sakya S. Sen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
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36
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Dang L, Guo J, Song H, Liu B, Wang B. Synthesis, structures, and norbornene polymerization behavior of C(sp³), N-chelated palladacycles bearing o-aryloxide-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:17177-83. [PMID: 25317849 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02198c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of the o-hydroxyaryl imidazolium pro-ligands (2-OH-3,5-tBu2C6H2)(R)(C3H3N2)(+)Br(-) [R = Mes (1a), Ph (1b), iPr (1c), Me (1d)] with Ag2O afforded the corresponding silver complexes 2a-d. Subsequent metal-exchange reactions of 2a-d with [Pd(OAc)(8-Me-quin-H)]2 (3) yielded the desired C(sp(3)), N-chelated and o-aryloxide-NHC-ligated palladacycle complexes 4a-d in 60-80% yields. When the N-tert-butyl substituted o-hydroxyaryl imidazolium pro-ligand 1e reacted with 3 in the presence of K2CO3 in dioxane, the palladacycle complex 4e, in which the NHC adopted an abnormal binding (C4-bonding), was obtained in 20% yield. All these complexes were fully characterized using (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and elemental analysis. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis results further confirmed the molecular structures of 4a-c and the abnormal binding of NHC in 4e. With methylaluminoxane (MAO) as the cocatalyst these palladacycles showed excellent catalytic activities of up to 10(7) g of PNB (mol of Pd)(-1) h(-1) in the addition polymerization of norbornene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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37
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Böttcher T, Steinhauer S, Lewis-Alleyne LC, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Bassil BS, Röschenthaler GV, Hoge B. NHC→SiCl4: An Ambivalent Carbene-Transfer Reagent. Chemistry 2014; 21:893-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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38
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Hector AL, Jolleys A, Levason W, Pugh D, Reid G. The preparation and structure of Ge3F8 - a new mixed-valence fluoride of germanium, a convenient source of GeF2. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:14514-6. [PMID: 25138586 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02265c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The new binary mixed-valence fluoride of germanium, Ge3F8, has been obtained by heating GeF4 with powdered Ge in an autoclave (390 K/4 bar/48 h). The structure contains pyramidal Ge(II)F3 and octahedral Ge(IV)F6 units, linked by fluoride bridges. The new compound is the missing member of the series (GeF2)n·GeF4 (n = 2, 4, or 6). Sublimation of (GeF2)n·GeF4in vacuo provides a convenient source of GeF2 in ca. 30% overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Hector
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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39
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Ballestero‐Martínez E, Klosin J, Fahlman BD, Pineda LW. Monomeric Germanium(II) Amides Bearing β‐Diketiminato Ligands: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Thermal Properties. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Ballestero‐Martínez
- Centro de Electroquímica y Energía Química (CELEQ) and Escuela de Química, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica, http://celeq.ucr.ac.cr
| | - Jerzy Klosin
- Corporate R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, USA
| | - Bradley D. Fahlman
- Department of Chemistry and Science of Advanced Materials Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA, http://https://www.cmich.edu
| | - Leslie W. Pineda
- Centro de Electroquímica y Energía Química (CELEQ) and Escuela de Química, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica, http://celeq.ucr.ac.cr
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40
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Kämpfe A, Brendler E, Kroke E, Wagler J. 2-Acylpyrroles as mono-anionic O,N-chelating ligands in silicon coordination chemistry. Chemistry 2014; 20:9409-18. [PMID: 25043769 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Kryptopyrrole (2,4-dimethyl-3-ethylpyrrole) was acylated with, for example, benzoyl chloride to afford 2-benzoyl-3,5-dimethyl-4-ethylpyrrole (L(1)H). With SiCl4 this ligand reacts under liberation of HCl and formation of the complex L(1)2SiCl2. In related reactions with HSiCl3 or H2SiCl2, the same chlorosilicon complex is formed under liberation of HCl and H2 or liberation of H2, respectively. The chlorine atoms of L(1)2SiCl2 can be replaced by fluoride and triflate using ZnF2 and Me3Si-OTf, respectively. The use of a supporting base (triethylamine) is required for the complexation of phenyltrichlorosilane and diphenyldichlorosilane. The complexes L(1)2SiCl2, L(1)2SiF2, L(1)2Si(OTf)2, L(1)2SiPhCl, and L(1)2SiPh2 exhibit various configurations of the octahedral silicon coordination spheres (i.e. cis or trans configuration of the monodentate substituents, different orientations of the bidentate chelating ligands relative to each other). Furthermore, cationic silicon complexes L(1)3Si(+) and L(1) SiPh(+) were synthesized by chloride abstraction with GaCl3. In contrast, reaction of L(1)2SiCl2 with a third equivalent of L(1)H in the presence of excess triethylamine produced a charge-neutral hexacoordinate Si complex with a new tetradentate chelating ligand which formed by Si-templated C-C coupling of two ligands L(1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kämpfe
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, 09596 Freiberg (Germany), Fax: (+49) 3731394058
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41
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Bauzá A, Mooibroek TJ, Frontera A. Small Cycloalkane (CN)2CC(CN)2Structures Are Highly Directional Non-covalent Carbon-Bond Donors. Chemistry 2014; 20:10245-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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42
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Hanson MA, Terskikh VV, Baines KM, Huang Y. Chlorine-35 Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy as an Indirect Probe of Germanium Oxidation State and Coordination Environment in Germanium Chlorides. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:7377-88. [DOI: 10.1021/ic500728w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A. Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Victor V. Terskikh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Kim M. Baines
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Yining Huang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
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43
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Böttcher T, Steinhauer S, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Röschenthaler GV, Hoge B. Pentacoordinate silicon(IV): cationic, anionic and neutral complexes derived from the reaction of NHC→SiCl4 with highly Lewis acidic (C2F5)2SiH2. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:6204-6. [PMID: 24764020 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02583k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Addition of NHC→SiCl4 to the highly Lewis acidic bis(pentafluoroethyl)silane ((C2F5)2SiH2) afforded the salt [(NHC)2SiCl2H][(C2F5)2SiCl3] with pentacoordinate silicon in the cation and the anion. The anion represents the first example of a chlorosilicate structurally characterized in the solid state. In this reaction, the long sought pentacoordinate NHC-adduct of silicochloroform was identified as an intermediate and its crystal structure is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Böttcher
- Universität Bielefeld, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Anorganische Chemie II, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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44
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Tillmann J, Meyer L, Schweizer JI, Bolte M, Lerner HW, Wagner M, Holthausen MC. Chloride-Induced Aufbau of Perchlorinated Cyclohexasilanes from Si2Cl6: A Mechanistic Scenario. Chemistry 2014; 20:9234-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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45
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Bartlett PN, Cummings CY, Levason W, Pugh D, Reid G. Halometallate complexes of germanium(II) and (IV): probing the role of cation, oxidation state and halide on the structural and electrochemical properties. Chemistry 2014; 20:5019-27. [PMID: 24644266 PMCID: PMC4204132 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201400179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The Ge(IV) chlorometallate complexes, [EMIM]2 [GeCl6 ], [EDMIM]2 [GeCl6 ] and [PYRR]2 [GeCl6 ] (EMIM=1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium; EDMIM=2,3-dimethyl-1-ethylimidazolium; PYRR=N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium) have been synthesised and fully characterised; the first two also by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The imidazolium chlorometallates exhibited significant CH⋅⋅⋅Cl hydrogen bonds, resulting in extended supramolecular assemblies in the solid state. Solution (1) H NMR data also showed cation-anion association. The synthesis and characterisation of Ge(II) halometallate salts [EMIM][GeX3 ] (X=Cl, Br, I) and [PYRR][GeCl3 ], including single-crystal X-ray analyses for the homologous series of imidazolium salts, are reported. In these complexes, the intermolecular interactions are much weaker in the solid state and they appear not to be significantly associated in solution. Cyclic-voltammetry experiments on the Ge(IV) species in CH2 Cl2 solution showed two distinct, irreversible reduction waves attributed to Ge(IV) -Ge(II) and Ge(II) -Ge(0) , whereas the Ge(II) species exhibited one irreversible reduction wave. The potential for the Ge(II) -Ge(0) reduction was unaffected by changing the cation, although altering the oxidation state of the precursor from Ge(IV) to Ge(II) does have an effect; for a given cation, reduction from the [GeCl3 ](-) salts occurred at a less cathodic potential. The nature of the halide co-ligand also has a marked influence on the reduction potential for the Ge(II) -Ge(0) couple, such that the reduction potentials for the [GeX3 ](-) salts become significantly less cathodic when the halide (X) is changed Cl→Br→I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip N Bartlett
- Chemistry, University of Southampton HighfieldSouthampton, SO17 1BJ (UK) E-mail:
| | - Charles Y Cummings
- Chemistry, University of Southampton HighfieldSouthampton, SO17 1BJ (UK) E-mail:
| | - William Levason
- Chemistry, University of Southampton HighfieldSouthampton, SO17 1BJ (UK) E-mail:
| | - David Pugh
- Chemistry, University of Southampton HighfieldSouthampton, SO17 1BJ (UK) E-mail:
| | - Gillian Reid
- Chemistry, University of Southampton HighfieldSouthampton, SO17 1BJ (UK) E-mail:
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46
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Allan DR, Coles SJ, George K, Jura M, Levason W, Reid G, Wilson C, Zhang W. Exploring secondary bonding in p-block chemistry – an experimental study of [GeX 2{o-C 6H 4(PMe 2) 2}] using variable pressure single crystal X-ray diffraction. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce00329b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Weiß J, Baus JA, Burschka C, Tacke R. Neutral Hexacoordinate Silicon(IV) Complexes with a Tridentate Dianionic
O
,
N
,
X
Ligand (X = O, N, S), Bidentate Monoanionic
X
,
N
Ligand (X = O, S), and Phenyl Ligand: Compounds with a
Si
O
3
N
2
C,
Si
SO
2
N
2
C,
Si
O
2
N
3
C,
Si
SON
3
C, or
Si
S
2
ON
2
C Skeleton. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201400083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Weiß
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, http://www‐anorganik.chemie.uni‐wuerzburg.de/
| | - Johannes A. Baus
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, http://www‐anorganik.chemie.uni‐wuerzburg.de/
| | - Christian Burschka
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, http://www‐anorganik.chemie.uni‐wuerzburg.de/
| | - Reinhold Tacke
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, http://www‐anorganik.chemie.uni‐wuerzburg.de/
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48
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Burt J, Levason W, Reid G. Coordination chemistry of the main group elements with phosphine, arsine and stibine ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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49
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Bartlett PN, Cook DA, George MW, Hector AL, Ke J, Levason W, Reid G, Smith DC, Zhang W. Electrodeposition from supercritical fluids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:9202-19. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54955k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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Leung WP, Chiu WK, Mak TCW. Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Base-Stabilized Oligomeric Heterovinylidenes. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:9479-86. [DOI: 10.1021/ic4011345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Por Leung
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories,
Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wang-Kin Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories,
Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Thomas C. W. Mak
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories,
Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
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