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Lammert FC, Pannhausen J, Noetzel E, Friedland F, Wirtz J, Herfs Y, Leypold S, Gan L, Weiskirchen R, Schnitzler T, Knüchel R, Maurer J, Jonigk DD, Rose M, Gaisa NT. Dual role of GRHL3 in bladder carcinogenesis depending on histological subtypes. Mol Oncol 2024; 18:1397-1416. [PMID: 38429970 PMCID: PMC11164254 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The effect of grainyhead-like transcription factor 3 (GRHL3) on cancer development depends on the cancer subtypes as shown in tumor entities such as colorectal or oral squamous cell carcinomas. Here, we analyzed the subtype-specific role of GRHL3 in bladder carcinogenesis, comparing common urothelial carcinoma (UC) with squamous bladder cancer (sq-BLCA). We examined GRHL3 mRNA and protein expression in cohorts of patient samples, its prognostic role and its functional impact on tumorigeneses in different molecular and histopathological subtypes of bladder cancer. We showed for GRHL3 a reverse expression in squamous and urothelial bladder cancer subtypes. Stably GRHL3-overexpressing EJ28, J82, and SCaBER in vitro models revealed a tumor-suppressive function in squamous and an oncogenic role in the urothelial cancer cells affecting cell and colony growth, and migratory and invasive capacities. Transcriptomic profiling demonstrated highly subtype-specific GRHL3-regulated expression networks coined by the enrichment of genes involved in integrin-mediated pathways. In SCaBER, loss of ras homolog family member A (RHOA) GTPase activity was demonstrated to be associated with co-regulation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E family member 3 (EIF4E3), a potential tumor suppressor gene. Thus, our data provide for the first time a detailed insight into the role of the transcription factor GRHL3 in different histopathological subtypes of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska C. Lammert
- Institute of Pathology, University HospitalRWTH Aachen UniversityGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD)Germany
| | - Julia Pannhausen
- Institute of Pathology, University HospitalRWTH Aachen UniversityGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD)Germany
| | - Erik Noetzel
- Institute of Biological Information Processing 2 (IBI‐2), Mechanobiology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHGermany
| | - Florian Friedland
- Institute of Biological Information Processing 2 (IBI‐2), Mechanobiology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHGermany
| | - Julia Wirtz
- Institute of Pathology, University HospitalRWTH Aachen UniversityGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD)Germany
| | - Yannick Herfs
- Institute of Biological Information Processing 2 (IBI‐2), Mechanobiology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHGermany
| | - Sophie Leypold
- Institute of Pathology, University HospitalRWTH Aachen UniversityGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD)Germany
| | - Lin Gan
- IZKF AachenMedical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen UniversityGermany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), University HospitalRWTH Aachen UniversityGermany
| | - Tician Schnitzler
- Institute of Pathology, University HospitalRWTH Aachen UniversityGermany
| | - Ruth Knüchel
- Institute of Pathology, University HospitalRWTH Aachen UniversityGermany
| | - Jochen Maurer
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity Hospital AachenGermany
| | - Danny D. Jonigk
- Institute of Pathology, University HospitalRWTH Aachen UniversityGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD)Germany
- German Center for Lung Research, DZL, BREATHHanoverGermany
| | - Michael Rose
- Institute of Pathology, University HospitalRWTH Aachen UniversityGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD)Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University HospitalUniversity of UlmGermany
| | - Nadine T. Gaisa
- Institute of Pathology, University HospitalRWTH Aachen UniversityGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD)Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University HospitalUniversity of UlmGermany
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Guo S, Bai W, Cui F, Chen X, Fang X, Shen H, Gu X. Exploration of the Correlation Between GRHL1 Expression and Tumor Microenvironment in Endometrial Cancer and Immunotherapy. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2024; 17:91-103. [PMID: 38586176 PMCID: PMC10999208 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s453061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction GRHL1 belongs to the family of Grainyhead-like (GRHL). Previous studies have shown that dysregulation of growth and survival pathways is associated with the GRHL family of gene cancers. Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors has changed the treatment paradigm for many tumors, including endometrial cancer (EC). However, the effect of GRHL1 on immunotherapy in EC and its relationship with immune cell infiltration are poorly understood. Methods Differential expression of GRHL1 between EC and normal EC tissues was analyzed by searching the TCGA database, and the results were verified utilizing immunohistochemistry analyses. Next, the relationship between GRHL1, CD8+ T cells and tumor microenvironment (TME) was also investigated, and the effect of GRHL1 expression on immunotherapy in EC was evaluated. Results According to the findings, EC tissues had elevated expression levels of GRHL1 relative to normal tissues. Patients with EC who expressed GRHL1 at high levels experienced worse overall survival (OS) and Progression-free survival (PFS) than those whose expression was lower. In addition, GRHL1 expression was negatively correlated with CD8+ T cells, and patients with high GRHL1 expression were less effective in receiving immunotherapy. Conclusion The expression of GRHL1 was high in EC patients, and high expression of GRHL1 inhibits the proliferation of CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment of EC and affect the efficacy of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyang Guo
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenqi Bai
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengjie Cui
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Fang
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Honghong Shen
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianhua Gu
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, People’s Republic of China
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de Vries ME, Carpinelli MR, Fuller JN, Sutton Y, Partridge DD, Auden A, Anderson PJ, Jane SM, Dworkin S. Grainyhead-like 2 interacts with noggin to regulate tissue fusion in mouse. Development 2024; 151:dev202420. [PMID: 38300806 PMCID: PMC10946436 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Defective tissue fusion during mammalian embryogenesis results in congenital anomalies, such as exencephaly, spina bifida and cleft lip and/or palate. The highly conserved transcription factor grainyhead-like 2 (Grhl2) is a crucial regulator of tissue fusion, with mouse models lacking GRHL2 function presenting with a fully penetrant open cranial neural tube, facial and abdominal clefting (abdominoschisis), and an open posterior neuropore. Here, we show that GRHL2 interacts with the soluble morphogen protein and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) inhibitor noggin (NOG) to impact tissue fusion during development. The maxillary prominence epithelium in embryos lacking Grhl2 shows substantial morphological abnormalities and significant upregulation of NOG expression, together with aberrantly distributed pSMAD5-positive cells within the neural crest cell-derived maxillary prominence mesenchyme, indicative of disrupted BMP signalling. Reducing this elevated NOG expression (by generating Grhl2-/-;Nog+/- embryos) results in delayed embryonic lethality, partial tissue fusion rescue, and restoration of tissue form within the craniofacial epithelia. These data suggest that aberrant epithelial maintenance, partially regulated by noggin-mediated regulation of BMP-SMAD pathways, may underpin tissue fusion defects in Grhl2-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. de Vries
- Department of Medicine, Monash University Central Clinical School, Prahran, Victoria 3004, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Marina R. Carpinelli
- Department of Medicine, Monash University Central Clinical School, Prahran, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Jarrad N. Fuller
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Yindi Sutton
- Department of Medicine, Monash University Central Clinical School, Prahran, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Darren D. Partridge
- Department of Medicine, Monash University Central Clinical School, Prahran, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Alana Auden
- Department of Medicine, Monash University Central Clinical School, Prahran, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Peter J. Anderson
- Australian Craniofacial Unit, Women and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Stephen M. Jane
- Department of Medicine, Monash University Central Clinical School, Prahran, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Sebastian Dworkin
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
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Kowalski S, Karska J, Tota M, Skinderowicz K, Kulbacka J, Drąg-Zalesińska M. Natural Compounds in Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: Prevention and Treatment. Molecules 2024; 29:728. [PMID: 38338469 PMCID: PMC10856721 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The elevated occurrence of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) and the adverse effects associated with available treatments adversely impact the quality of life in multiple dimensions. In connection with this, there is a necessity for alternative approaches characterized by increased tolerance and lower side effects. Natural compounds could be employed due to their safety profile and effectiveness for inflammatory and neoplastic skin diseases. These anti-cancer drugs are often derived from natural sources such as marine, zoonotic, and botanical origins. Natural compounds should exhibit anti-carcinogenic actions through various pathways, influencing apoptosis potentiation, cell proliferation inhibition, and metastasis suppression. This review provides an overview of natural compounds used in cancer chemotherapies, chemoprevention, and promotion of skin regeneration, including polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, vitamins, alkaloids, terpenoids, isothiocyanates, cannabinoids, carotenoids, and ceramides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Kowalski
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (S.K.); (M.T.); (K.S.)
| | - Julia Karska
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 10, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Maciej Tota
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (S.K.); (M.T.); (K.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Skinderowicz
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (S.K.); (M.T.); (K.S.)
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Santariškių 5, 08410 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Małgorzata Drąg-Zalesińska
- Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Division of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, T. Chalubińskiego 6a, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Deng Z, Butt T, Arhatari BD, Darido C, Auden A, Swaroop D, Partridge DD, Haigh K, Nguyen T, Haigh JJ, Carpinelli MR, Jane SM. Dysregulation of Grainyhead-like 3 expression causes widespread developmental defects. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:647-667. [PMID: 36606449 PMCID: PMC10952483 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gene encoding the transcription factor, Grainyhead-like 3 (Grhl3), plays critical roles in mammalian development and homeostasis. Grhl3-null embryos exhibit thoraco-lumbo-sacral spina bifida and soft-tissue syndactyly. Additional studies reveal that these embryos also exhibit an epidermal proliferation/differentiation imbalance. This manifests as skin barrier defects resulting in peri-natal lethality and defective wound repair. Despite these extensive analyses of Grhl3 loss-of-function models, the consequences of gain-of-function of this gene have been difficult to achieve. RESULTS In this study, we generated a novel mouse model that expresses Grhl3 from a transgene integrated in the Rosa26 locus on an endogenous Grhl3-null background. Expression of the transgene rescues both the neurulation and skin barrier defects of the knockout mice, allowing survival into adulthood. Despite this, the mice are not normal, exhibiting a range of phenotypes attributable to dysregulated Grhl3 expression. In mice homozygous for the transgene, we observe a severe Shaker-Waltzer phenotype associated with hearing impairment. Micro-CT scanning of the inner ear revealed profound structural alterations underlying these phenotypes. In addition, these mice exhibit other developmental anomalies including hair loss, digit defects, and epidermal dysmorphogenesis. CONCLUSION Taken together, these findings indicate that diverse developmental processes display low tolerance to dysregulation of Grhl3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Deng
- Department of Medicine (Alfred Hospital), Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Tariq Butt
- Department of Medicine (Alfred Hospital), Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Benedicta D. Arhatari
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Chemistry and PhysicsLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTOClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Charbel Darido
- Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Alana Auden
- Department of Medicine (Alfred Hospital), Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Dijina Swaroop
- Department of Medicine (Alfred Hospital), Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Darren D. Partridge
- Department of Medicine (Alfred Hospital), Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Katharina Haigh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Rady Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
- Research Institute in Oncology and HematologyCancerCare ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - Thao Nguyen
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jody J. Haigh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Rady Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
- Research Institute in Oncology and HematologyCancerCare ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - Marina R. Carpinelli
- Department of Medicine (Alfred Hospital), Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Stephen M. Jane
- Department of Medicine (Alfred Hospital), Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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Bai Y, Gotz C, Chincarini G, Zhao Z, Slaney C, Boath J, Furic L, Angel C, Jane SM, Phillips WA, Stacker SA, Farah CS, Darido C. YBX1 integration of oncogenic PI3K/mTOR signalling regulates the fitness of malignant epithelial cells. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1591. [PMID: 36949044 PMCID: PMC10033729 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In heterogeneous head and neck cancer (HNC), subtype-specific treatment regimens are currently missing. An integrated analysis of patient HNC subtypes using single-cell sequencing and proteome profiles reveals an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signature within the epithelial cancer-cell population. The EMT signature coincides with PI3K/mTOR inactivation in the mesenchymal subtype. Conversely, the signature is suppressed in epithelial cells of the basal subtype which exhibits hyperactive PI3K/mTOR signalling. We further identify YBX1 phosphorylation, downstream of the PI3K/mTOR pathway, restraining basal-like cancer cell proliferation. In contrast, YBX1 acts as a safeguard against the proliferation-to-invasion switch in mesenchymal-like epithelial cancer cells, and its loss accentuates partial-EMT and in vivo invasion. Interestingly, phospho-YBX1 that is mutually exclusive to partial-EMT, emerges as a prognostic marker for overall patient outcomes. These findings create a unique opportunity to sensitise mesenchymal cancer cells to PI3K/mTOR inhibitors by shifting them towards a basal-like subtype as a promising therapeutic approach against HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Bai
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Carolin Gotz
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Technische Universität München, Fakultät für Medizin, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaningerstraße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ginevra Chincarini
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Zixuan Zhao
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Clare Slaney
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jarryd Boath
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Luc Furic
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Christopher Angel
- Department of Histopathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Stephen M Jane
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Wayne A Phillips
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Steven A Stacker
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Camile S Farah
- Australian Centre for Oral Oncology Research & Education; Fiona Stanley Hospital; Hollywood Private Hospital; Australian Clinical Labs, CQ University, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Charbel Darido
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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Franklin OD, Battle MA. A Balancing Act: GRHL3 Limits WNT Signaling to Promote Tissue Homeostasis in the Esophageal Epithelium. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 15:1247-1248. [PMID: 36805430 PMCID: PMC10140280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia D Franklin
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Michele A Battle
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
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Anestopoulos I, Kyriakou S, Tragkola V, Paraskevaidis I, Tzika E, Mitsiogianni M, Deligiorgi MV, Petrakis G, Trafalis DT, Botaitis S, Giatromanolaki A, Koukourakis MI, Franco R, Pappa A, Panayiotidis MI. Targeting the epigenome in malignant melanoma: Facts, challenges and therapeutic promises. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108301. [PMID: 36283453 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the most lethal type of skin cancer with high rates of mortality. Although current treatment options provide a short-clinical benefit, acquired-drug resistance highlights the low 5-year survival rate among patients with advanced stage of the disease. In parallel, the involvement of an aberrant epigenetic landscape, (e.g., alterations in DNA methylation patterns, histone modifications marks and expression of non-coding RNAs), in addition to the genetic background, has been also associated with the onset and progression of melanoma. In this review article, we report on current therapeutic options in melanoma treatment with a focus on distinct epigenetic alterations and how their reversal, by specific drug compounds, can restore a normal phenotype. In particular, we concentrate on how single and/or combinatorial therapeutic approaches have utilized epigenetic drug compounds in being effective against malignant melanoma. Finally, the role of deregulated epigenetic mechanisms in promoting drug resistance to targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors is presented leading to the development of newly synthesized and/or improved drug compounds capable of targeting the epigenome of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Anestopoulos
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - S Kyriakou
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - V Tragkola
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - I Paraskevaidis
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - E Tzika
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - M V Deligiorgi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - G Petrakis
- Saint George Hospital, Chania, Crete, Greece
| | - D T Trafalis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - S Botaitis
- Department of Surgery, Alexandroupolis University Hospital, Democritus University of Thrace School of Medicine, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - A Giatromanolaki
- Department of Pathology, Democritus University of Thrace, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - M I Koukourakis
- Radiotherapy / Oncology, Radiobiology & Radiopathology Unit, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - R Franco
- Redox Biology Centre, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA; School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - A Pappa
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - M I Panayiotidis
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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9
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Georgy SR, Rudiatmoko DR, Auden A, Partridge D, Butt T, Srivastava S, Wong N, Swaroop D, Carpinelli MR, Bogeski M, Jane SM. Identification of a Novel GRHL3/HOPX/Wnt/β-Catenin Proto-oncogenic Axis in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Esophagus. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 15:1051-1069. [PMID: 36442813 PMCID: PMC10036738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is an aggressive malignancy with a poor long-term prognosis. The molecular mechanisms underlying the initiation and progression of this tumor are largely unknown. The transcription factor GRHL3 functions as a potent tumor suppressor in SCC of skin, head, and neck. This study aims to determine whether GRHL3 also plays a role in the homeostasis of the esophageal epithelium and in the development of ESCC. METHODS The effects of Grhl3 deletion on squamous epithelial homeostasis in embryos and adult mice were examined using immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, and real-time polymerase chain reaction. The conditionally deleted mice were subsequently used to determine susceptibility to ESCC. Whole-transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed on ESCC in wild-type and Grhl3 deleted animals. To decipher the signaling pathways, real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, analysis of chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation-polymerase chain reaction, and RNA seq datasets were used. Primary human samples were used to validate the findings in the mouse model. RESULTS Loss of Grhl3 perturbs the proliferation-differentiation balance in the esophageal epithelium, thereby increasing the susceptibility to esophageal carcinogenesis in adult mice. Grhl3 imparts its tumor suppressor function by regulating the expression of HOPX. We have identified the Wnt/β-catenin pathway as the downstream effectors of GRHL3 and HOPX through our integrated approach using patient-derived ESCC samples and mouse models. CONCLUSIONS GRHL3 conveys its tumor suppressor function in ESCC through regulating its target gene HOPX, which limits Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Targeted therapies to inhibit this pathway could be a potential treatment strategy for ESCC patients with reduced GRHL3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha Rose Georgy
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Australia.
| | | | - Alana Auden
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Darren Partridge
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tariq Butt
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Seema Srivastava
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nick Wong
- Monash Bioinformatics Platform, Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dijina Swaroop
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marina Rose Carpinelli
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mirjana Bogeski
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Australia
| | - Stephen M Jane
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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10
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Parisi L, Mockenhaupt C, Rihs S, Mansour F, Katsaros C, Degen M. Consistent downregulation of the cleft lip/palate-associated genes IRF6 and GRHL3 in carcinomas. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1023072. [PMID: 36457487 PMCID: PMC9706198 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1023072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon Regulatory Factor 6 (IRF6) and Grainyhead Like Transcription Factor 3 (GRHL3) are transcription factors that orchestrate gene regulatory networks required for the balance between keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation. Absence of either protein results in the lack of a normal stratified epidermis with keratinocytes failing to stop proliferating and to terminally differentiate. Numerous pathological variants within IRF6 and GRHL3 have been identified in orofacial cleft-affected individuals and expression of the two transcription factors has been found to be often dysregulated in cancers. However, whether orofacial cleft-associated IRF6 and GRHL3 variants in patients might also affect their cancer risk later in life, is not clear yet. The fact that the role of IRF6 and GRHL3 in cancer remains controversial makes this question even more challenging. Some studies identified IRF6 and GRHL3 as oncogenes, while others could attribute tumor suppressive functions to them. Trying to solve this apparent conundrum, we herein aimed to characterize IRF6 and GRHL3 function in various types of carcinomas. We screened multiple cancer and normal cell lines for their expression, and subsequently proceeded with functional assays in cancer cell lines. Our data uncovered consistent downregulation of IRF6 and GRHL3 in all types of carcinomas analyzed. Reduced levels of IRF6 and GRHL3 were found to be associated with several tumorigenic properties, such as enhanced cell proliferation, epithelial mesenchymal transition, migration and reduced differentiation capacity. Based on our findings, IRF6 and GRHL3 can be considered as tumor suppressor genes in various carcinomas, which makes them potential common etiological factors for cancer and CLP in a fraction of CLP-affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Martin Degen
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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11
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Sun Z, Guo Y, Zhang D, Zhang G, Zhang Y, Wang X. FABP7 inhibits proliferation and invasion abilities of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cells via the Notch signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2022; 24:254. [PMID: 35765272 PMCID: PMC9219017 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is one of the most common non-melanoma skin cancers worldwide. Fatty acid-binding protein 7 (FABP7) has been reported to be involved in the occurrence, development, metastasis and prognosis of various tumors. In addition, downregulated FABP7 expression was demonstrated in cutaneous malignant melanoma in a previous study. Therefore, we speculated that FABP7 may be a biomarker for CSCC diagnosis. The aim of the present study was to determine the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of FABP7 in CSCC, which may provide a new diagnostic biomarker or treatment target for CSCC. Reverse transcription-PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry assays were performed to detect the expression levels of FABP7 in CSCC tissues and cells. Overexpression of FABP7 was achieved in A431 and colo-16 cell lines by transfection with an overexpression vector (oeFABP7). Cell proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion were detected by Cell Counting Kit-8, crystal violet, scratch and Transwell assays, respectively. Following FABP7 overexpression, western blotting was used to determine the expression levels of proliferation-, invasion- and Notch pathway-associated proteins, including Snail, N-cadherin, Twist, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-7, Notch 1 and Notch 3. In addition a CSCC model in nude mice was constructed. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression levels of FABP7, Ki67, Notch 1 and Notch 3. It was demonstrated that FABP7 expression levels were significantly reduced in human CSCC tissues and cells compared with normal samples. Overexpression of FABP7 inhibited the proliferation, invasion and migration abilities of A431 and colo-16 cells compared with those in the negative control group. In addition, transfection with oeFABP7 reduced the expression levels of proliferation-, invasion- and Notch pathway-associated proteins compared with those in the negative control group. Overexpression of FABP7 also reduced the growth of CSCC tumors in vivo and inhibited the expression of Ki67, Notch 1 and Notch 3. Therefore, the results of the present study suggested that FABP7 may inhibit the proliferation and invasion of CSCC cells via the Notch signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghui Sun
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200050, P.R. China.,Department of Dermatology, Fengxian Institute of Dermatosis Prevention and Treatment, Shanghai 201408, P.R. China
| | - Yunyi Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Fengxian Institute of Dermatosis Prevention and Treatment, Shanghai 201408, P.R. China
| | - Danlu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Fengxian Institute of Dermatosis Prevention and Treatment, Shanghai 201408, P.R. China
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200050, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Fengxian Institute of Dermatosis Prevention and Treatment, Shanghai 201408, P.R. China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200050, P.R. China
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12
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Thomaidou AC, Batsaki P, Adamaki M, Goulielmaki M, Baxevanis CN, Zoumpourlis V, Fortis SP. Promising Biomarkers in Head and Neck Cancer: The Most Clinically Important miRNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158257. [PMID: 35897831 PMCID: PMC9367895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancers (HNCs) comprise a heterogeneous group of tumors that extend from the oral cavity to the upper gastrointestinal tract. The principal etiologic factors for oral tumors include tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption, while human papillomavirus (HPV) infections have been accused of a high incidence of pharyngeal tumors. Accordingly, HPV detection has been extensively used to categorize carcinomas of the head and neck. The diverse nature of HNC highlights the necessity for novel, sensitive, and precise biomarkers for the prompt diagnosis of the disease, its successful monitoring, and the timely prognosis of patient clinical outcomes. In this context, the identification of certain microRNAs (miRNAs) and/or the detection of alterations in their expression patterns, in a variety of somatic fluids and tissues, could serve as valuable biomarkers for precision oncology. In the present review, we summarize some of the most frequently studied miRNAs (including miR-21, -375, -99, -34a, -200, -31, -125a/b, -196a/b, -9, -181a, -155, -146a, -23a, -16, -29, and let-7), their role as biomarkers, and their implication in HNC pathogenesis. Moreover, we designate the potential of given miRNAs and miRNA signatures as novel diagnostic and prognostic tools for successful patient stratification. Finally, we discuss the currently ongoing clinical trials that aim to identify the diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic utility of miRNAs in HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsinoe C. Thomaidou
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 11635 Athens, Greece; (A.C.T.); (M.A.)
| | - Panagiota Batsaki
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece; (P.B.); (M.G.); (C.N.B.)
| | - Maria Adamaki
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 11635 Athens, Greece; (A.C.T.); (M.A.)
| | - Maria Goulielmaki
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece; (P.B.); (M.G.); (C.N.B.)
| | - Constantin N. Baxevanis
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece; (P.B.); (M.G.); (C.N.B.)
| | - Vassilis Zoumpourlis
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 11635 Athens, Greece; (A.C.T.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: (V.Z.); (S.P.F.); Tel.: +30-210-727-3730 (V.Z.); +30-210-640-9462 (S.P.F.)
| | - Sotirios P. Fortis
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece; (P.B.); (M.G.); (C.N.B.)
- Correspondence: (V.Z.); (S.P.F.); Tel.: +30-210-727-3730 (V.Z.); +30-210-640-9462 (S.P.F.)
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13
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Molecular Mechanisms of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073478. [PMID: 35408839 PMCID: PMC8998533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancers are cutaneous malignancies representing the most common form of cancer in the United States. They are comprised predominantly of basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas (cSCC). The incidence of cSCC is increasing, resulting in substantial morbidity and ever higher treatment costs; currently in excess of one billion dollars, per annum. Here, we review research defining the molecular basis and development of cSCC that aims to provide new insights into pathogenesis and drive the development of novel, cost and morbidity saving therapies.
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14
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Gasperoni JG, Fuller JN, Darido C, Wilanowski T, Dworkin S. Grainyhead-like (Grhl) Target Genes in Development and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052735. [PMID: 35269877 PMCID: PMC8911041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Grainyhead-like (GRHL) factors are essential, highly conserved transcription factors (TFs) that regulate processes common to both natural cellular behaviours during embryogenesis, and de-regulation of growth and survival pathways in cancer. Serving to drive the transcription, and therefore activation of multiple co-ordinating pathways, the three GRHL family members (GRHL1-3) are a critical conduit for modulating the molecular landscape that guides cellular decision-making processes during proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migration. Animal models and in vitro approaches harbouring GRHL loss or gain-of-function are key research tools to understanding gene function, which gives confidence that resultant phenotypes and cellular behaviours may be translatable to humans. Critically, identifying and characterising the target genes to which these factors bind is also essential, as they allow us to discover and understand novel genetic pathways that could ultimately be used as targets for disease diagnosis, drug discovery and therapeutic strategies. GRHL1-3 and their transcriptional targets have been shown to drive comparable cellular processes in Drosophila, C. elegans, zebrafish and mice, and have recently also been implicated in the aetiology and/or progression of a number of human congenital disorders and cancers of epithelial origin. In this review, we will summarise the state of knowledge pertaining to the role of the GRHL family target genes in both development and cancer, primarily through understanding the genetic pathways transcriptionally regulated by these factors across disparate disease contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma G. Gasperoni
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; (J.G.G.); (J.N.F.)
| | - Jarrad N. Fuller
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; (J.G.G.); (J.N.F.)
| | - Charbel Darido
- The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Tomasz Wilanowski
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Sebastian Dworkin
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; (J.G.G.); (J.N.F.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Huang W, He Q, Li M, Ding Y, Liang W, Li W, Lin J, Zhao H, Chen F. Two rare variants reveal the significance of Grainyhead‐like 3 Arginine 391 underlying non‐syndromic cleft palate only. Oral Dis 2022; 29:1632-1643. [PMID: 35189007 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Non-syndromic cleft palate only (NSCPO) is one of the most common craniofacial birth defects with largely undetermined genetic etiology. It has been established that Grainyhead-like 3 (GRHL3) plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of NSCPO. This study aimed to identify and verify the first-reported GRHL3 variant underlying NSCPO among the Chinese cohort. METHODS We performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) on a Chinese NSCPO patient and identified a rare variant of GRHL3 (p.Arg391His). A validated deleterious variant p.Arg391Cys was introduced as a positive control. Zebrafish embryos injection, reporter assays, live-cell imaging, and RNA sequencing were conducted to test the pathogenicity of the variants. RESULTS Zebrafish embryos microinjection demonstrated that overexpression of the variants could disrupt the normal development of zebrafish embryos. Reporter assays showed that Arg391His disturbed transcriptional activity of GRHL3 and exerted a dominant-negative effect. Interestingly, Arg391His and Arg391Cys displayed distinct nuclear localization patterns from that of wild-type GRHL3 in live-cell imaging. Bulk RNA sequencing suggested that the two variants changed the pattern of gene expression. CONCLUSIONS In aggregate, this study identified and characterized a rare GRHL3 variant in NSCPO, revealing the critical role of Arginine 391 in GRHL3. Our findings will help facilitate understanding and genetic counseling of NSCPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Huang
- Department of Orthodontics Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology 100081 Beijing China
- National Center of Stomatology National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing Key Laboratory for Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials 100081 Beijing China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center 710061 Xi’an, Shaanxi China
| | - Mingzhao Li
- Department of Orthodontics Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology 100081 Beijing China
- National Center of Stomatology National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing Key Laboratory for Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials 100081 Beijing China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center 710061 Xi’an, Shaanxi China
| | - Wei Liang
- Department of Orthodontics Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology 100081 Beijing China
- National Center of Stomatology National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing Key Laboratory for Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials 100081 Beijing China
| | - Weiran Li
- Department of Orthodontics Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology 100081 Beijing China
- National Center of Stomatology National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing Key Laboratory for Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials 100081 Beijing China
| | - Jiuxiang Lin
- Department of Orthodontics Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology 100081 Beijing China
- National Center of Stomatology National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing Key Laboratory for Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials 100081 Beijing China
| | - Huaxiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research College of Stomatology Xi’an Jiaotong University 710004 Xi'an, Shaanxi China
- Department of Orthodontics College of Stomatology Xi’an Jiaotong University 710004 Xi’an, Shaanxi China
| | - Feng Chen
- Central laboratory Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology 100081 Beijing China
- National Center of Stomatology National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing Key Laboratory for Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials 100081 Beijing China
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16
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Onco-miR-21 Promotes Stat3-Dependent Gastric Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020264. [PMID: 35053428 PMCID: PMC8773769 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) is a small, non-coding RNA overexpressed in gastric cancer and many other solid malignancies, where it exhibits both pro-and anti-tumourigenic properties. However, the pathways regulating miR-21 and the consequences of its inhibition in gastric cancer remain incompletely understood. By exploiting the spontaneous Stat3-dependent formation of inflammation-associated gastric tumors in Gp130F/F mice, we functionally established miR-21 as a Stat3-controlled driver of tumor growth and progression. We reconciled our discoveries by identifying several conserved Stat3 binding motifs upstream of the miR-21 gene promoter, and showed that the systemic administration of a miR-21-specific antisense oligonucleotide antagomir reduced the established gastric tumor burden in Gp130F/F mice. We molecularly delineated the therapeutic benefits of miR-21 inhibition with the functional restoration of PTEN in vitro and in vivo, alongside an attenuated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and the extracellular matrix remodeling phenotype of tumors. We corroborated our preclinical findings by correlating high STAT3 and miR-21 expression with the reduced survival probability of gastric cancer patients. Collectively, our results provide a molecular framework by which miR-21 mediates inflammation-associated gastric cancer progression, and establish miR-21 as a robust therapeutic target for solid malignancies characterized by excessive Stat3 activity.
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17
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Xue J, Liang W, Zhang Z, Yang X, Qiao Z, Jiang Y, Wang J, Cao X, Chen P. Co-treatment with miR-21-5p inhibitor and Aurora kinase inhibitor reversine suppresses breast cancer progression by targeting sprouty RTK signaling antagonist 2. Bioengineered 2021; 13:455-468. [PMID: 34967265 PMCID: PMC8805969 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2009410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have reported the regulatory effects of miR-21-5p and reversine in human breast cancer (HBC). However, the mechanism of reversine and miR-21-5p has not been fully investigated in HBC. The aim of the current study was to assess the mechanism of action of reversine, with or without miR-21-5p, in HBC progression. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot results confirmed the upregulation of miR-21-5p and downregulation of sprouty RTK signaling antagonist 2 (SPRY2) in HBC. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase assay identified the correlation between miR-21-5p and SPRY2. Cell function experiment results indicated a decrease in migration, proliferation, and invasion of HBC cells treated with miR-21-5p inhibitor and reversine; however, an increase in apoptosis was observed in these cells. Apoptotic ability was more enhanced and migration, proliferation, and invasion were more impaired in HBC cells treated with both miR-21-5p inhibitor and reversine than in those treated individually with either inhibitors. SPRY2, downstream of miR-21-5p, participated in HBC progression with reversine. Overall, our study proved that combining the miR-21-5p inhibitor with reversine produced a synergistic effect by regulating SPRY2, thereby limiting HBC progression. This knowledge might offer insights into the clinical therapy of HBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China.,Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Tianjin, China.,Department of Mammography Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Yaoyi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Xue
- Department of Mammography Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Wanping Liang
- Department of Mammography Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Zhisheng Zhang
- Department of Mammography Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Xiuming Yang
- Department of Mammography Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Zhifei Qiao
- Department of Mammography Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Yang Jiang
- Department of Mammography Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Junping Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuchen Cao
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China.,Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Tianjin, China.,The First Surgical Department of Breast Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China.,Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Tianjin, China
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18
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Leng S, Huang W, Chen Y, Yang Y, Feng D, Liu W, Gao T, Ren Y, Huo M, Zhang J, Yang Y, Wang Y. SIRT1 coordinates with the CRL4B complex to regulate pancreatic cancer stem cells to promote tumorigenesis. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:3329-3343. [PMID: 34163012 PMCID: PMC8630059 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00821-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a common malignant tumor with poor prognosis. Recently, cancer stem cells (CSCs) were identified in several solid tumors, including pancreatic cancer. Although accumulating evidence indicates that sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) exerts biological functions in various cancers, how it contributes to tumorigenesis and metastasis of pancreatic cancer, as well as its role in CSCs, is still poorly defined. Here we show that SIRT1 interacts with the Cullin 4B (CUL4B)-Ring E3 ligase (CRL4B) complex, which is responsible for H2AK119 monoubiquitination (H2AK119ub1), collaborating as a functional unit. Genome-wide analysis of SIRT1/CUL4B targets identified a cohort of genes, including GRHL3 and FOXO3, critically involved in cell differentiation, growth, and migration. Furthermore, we found that SIRT1 and CUL4B collectively promote the proliferation, autophagy, and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells. Remarkably, we demonstrate that SIRT1/CUL4B promotes CSC-like properties, including increased stemness marker expression and sphere formation. In vivo experiments implied that SIRT1 promoted established tumor xenograft growth, increased tumor-initiating capacity in NOD/SCID mice, and increased CSC frequency. Strikingly, SIRT1 and CUL4B expression is markedly upregulated in a variety of human cancers, including pancreatic cancer. Our data provide a molecular basis for the functional interplay between histone deacetylation and ubiquitination. The results also implicate the SIRT1/CRL4B complex in pancreatic cancer metastasis and stem cell properties, thus supporting SIRT1 as a promising potential target for cancer therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Leng
- grid.265021.20000 0000 9792 1228Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070 China
| | - Wei Huang
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XBeijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Yang Chen
- grid.265021.20000 0000 9792 1228Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070 China
| | - Yang Yang
- grid.265021.20000 0000 9792 1228Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070 China
| | - Dandan Feng
- grid.265021.20000 0000 9792 1228Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070 China
| | - Wei Liu
- grid.265021.20000 0000 9792 1228Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070 China
| | - Tianyang Gao
- grid.265021.20000 0000 9792 1228Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070 China
| | - Yanli Ren
- grid.265021.20000 0000 9792 1228Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070 China
| | - Miaomiao Huo
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer and Microbiome, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021 China
| | - Jingyao Zhang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer and Microbiome, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021 China
| | - Yunkai Yang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer and Microbiome, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021 China
| | - Yan Wang
- grid.265021.20000 0000 9792 1228Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070 China ,grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer and Microbiome, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021 China
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Tan L, Qu W, Wu D, Liu M, Wang Q, Ai Q, Hu H, Chen M, Chen W, Zhou H. GRHL3 Promotes Tumor Growth and Metastasis via the MEK Pathway in Colorectal Cancer. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2021; 2021:6004821. [PMID: 34888136 PMCID: PMC8651427 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6004821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
GRHL3 is a factor associated with a tumor, of which the molecular mechanism remains a further investigation. We explored the underlying mechanism of tumor-promoting effect of GRHL3 in colorectal cancer (CRC), which is involved in the MEK1/2 pathway. The expression of GRHL3 was measured in CRC and adjacent normal tissue using qPCR and immunohistochemical staining. Lentivirus-mediated knockdown expression of GRHL3 was performed in the CRC cell line HT29. Cell proliferation and metastasis were assayed in vitro, and tumorigenicity was investigated in vivo. We found higher GRHL3 expression in colorectal cancer, which was negatively correlated with patients' prognosis. Results from studies in vitro and in vivo indicated that downregulation of GRHL3 expression inhibited tumor growth and metastasis and inhibited the activation of the MEK1/2 pathway. The effect of GRHL3 downexpression was the same as that of MEK1/2 antagonists on suppression of tumor growth and metastasis. Our results suggested that GRHL3 may act as an oncogene to promote tumor growth and metastasis via the MEK pathway in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College CSU, Zhuzhou, China 412007
| | - Weiming Qu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College CSU, Zhuzhou, China 412007
| | - Dajun Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College CSU, Zhuzhou, China 412007
| | - Minji Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College CSU, Zhuzhou, China 412007
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College CSU, Zhuzhou, China 412007
| | - Qiongjia Ai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College CSU, Zhuzhou, China 412007
| | - Hongsai Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College CSU, Zhuzhou, China 412007
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College CSU, Zhuzhou, China 412007
| | - Weishun Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College CSU, Zhuzhou, China 412007
| | - Hongbing Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College CSU, Zhuzhou, China 412007
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20
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Jiang X, He Y, Shen Q, Duan L, Yuan Y, Tang L, Shi Y, Liu B, Zhai H, Shi P, Yang C, Chen Y. RETSAT Mutation Selected for Hypoxia Adaptation Inhibits Tumor Growth. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:744992. [PMID: 34805153 PMCID: PMC8601408 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.744992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia occurs not only in natural environments including high altitude, underground burrows and deep sea, but also in human pathological conditions, such as hypoxic solid tumors. It has been well documented that hypoxia related signaling pathway is associated with a poor clinical outcome. Our group has recently identified multiple novel genes critical for solid tumor growth comparing the genome-wide convergent/parallel sequence evolution of highland mammals. Among them, a single mutation on the retinol saturase gene (RETSAT) containing amino acid switch from glutamine (Q) to arginine (R) at the position 247 was identified. Here, we demonstrate that RETSAT is mostly downregulated in multiple types of human cancers, whose lower expression correlates with worse clinical outcome. We show that higher expression of RETSAT is positively associated with immune infiltration in different human cancers. Furthermore, we identify that the promoter region of RETSAT is highly methylated, which leads to its decreased expressions in tumor tissues comparing to normal tissues. Furthermore, we show that RETSAT knockdown promotes, while its overexpression inhibits, the cell proliferation ability of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and B16 in vitro. In addition, the mice carrying homozygous Q247R mutation (RETSATR/R) is more resistant to xenograft tumor formation, as well as DMBA/TPA induced cutaneous keratinocyte carcinoma formation, compared to littermate wild-type (RETSATQ/Q) mice. Mechanistic study uncovers that the oncogenic factor, the prolyl isomerase (PPIase) Pin1 and its related downstream signaling pathway, were both markedly repressed in the mutant mice compared to the wild-type mice. In summary, these results suggest that interdisciplinary study between evolution and tumor biology can facilitate identification of novel molecular events essential for hypoxic solid tumor growth in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaomei He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiushuo Shen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
| | - Lincan Duan
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yixiao Yuan
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lin Tang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yulin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baiyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haoqing Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Cuiping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongbin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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21
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The Balance between Differentiation and Terminal Differentiation Maintains Oral Epithelial Homeostasis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205123. [PMID: 34680271 PMCID: PMC8534139 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Oral cancer affecting the oral cavity represents the most common cancer of the head and neck region. Oral cancer develops in a multistep process in which normal cells gradually accumulate genetic and epigenetic modifications to evolve into a malignant disease. Mortality for oral cancer patients is high and morbidity has a significant long-term impact on the health and wellbeing of affected individuals, typically resulting in facial disfigurement and a loss of the ability to speak, chew, taste, and swallow. The limited scope to which current treatments are able to control oral cancer underlines the need for novel therapeutic strategies. This review highlights the molecular differences between oral cell proliferation, differentiation and terminal differentiation, defines terminal differentiation as an important tumour suppressive mechanism and establishes a rationale for clinical investigation of differentiation-paired therapies that may improve outcomes in oral cancer. Abstract The oral epithelium is one of the fastest repairing and continuously renewing tissues. Stem cell activation within the basal layer of the oral epithelium fuels the rapid proliferation of multipotent progenitors. Stem cells first undergo asymmetric cell division that requires tightly controlled and orchestrated differentiation networks to maintain the pool of stem cells while producing progenitors fated for differentiation. Rapidly expanding progenitors subsequently commit to advanced differentiation programs towards terminal differentiation, a process that regulates the structural integrity and homeostasis of the oral epithelium. Therefore, the balance between differentiation and terminal differentiation of stem cells and their progeny ensures progenitors commitment to terminal differentiation and prevents epithelial transformation and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). A recent comprehensive molecular characterization of OSCC revealed that a disruption of terminal differentiation factors is indeed a common OSCC event and is superior to oncogenic activation. Here, we discuss the role of differentiation and terminal differentiation in maintaining oral epithelial homeostasis and define terminal differentiation as a critical tumour suppressive mechanism. We further highlight factors with crucial terminal differentiation functions and detail the underlying consequences of their loss. Switching on terminal differentiation in differentiated progenitors is likely to represent an extremely promising novel avenue that may improve therapeutic interventions against OSCC.
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small noncoding RNA, posttranscriptionally regulate the expression of genes. Aberrant expression of miRNA is reported in various types of cancer. Since the first report of oncomiR-21 involvement in the glioma, its upregulation was reported in multiple cancers and was allied with high oncogenic property. In addition to the downregulation of tumor suppressor genes, the miR-21 is also associated with cancer resistance to various chemotherapy. The recent research is appraising miR-21 as a promising cancer target and biomarker for early cancer detection. In this review, we briefly explain the biogenesis and regulation of miR-21 in cancer cells. Additionally, the review features the assorted genes/pathways regulated by the miR-21 in various cancer and cancer stem cells.
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23
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Kotarba G, Taracha-Wisniewska A, Miller M, Dabrowski M, Wilanowski T. Transcription factors Krüppel-like factor 4 and paired box 5 regulate the expression of the Grainyhead-like genes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257977. [PMID: 34570823 PMCID: PMC8476022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes from the Grainyhead-like (GRHL) family code for transcription factors necessary for the development and maintenance of various epithelia. These genes are also very important in the development of many types of cancer. However, little is known about the regulation of expression of GRHL genes. Previously, there were no systematic analyses of the promoters of GRHL genes or transcription factors that bind to these promoters. Here we report that the Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) and the paired box 5 factor (PAX5) bind to the regulatory regions of the GRHL genes and regulate their expression. Ectopic expression of KLF4 or PAX5 alters the expression of GRHL genes. In KLF4-overexpressing HEK293 cells, the expression of GRHL1 and GRHL3 genes was upregulated by 32% and 60%, respectively, whereas the mRNA level of GRHL2 gene was lowered by 28% when compared to the respective controls. The levels of GRHL1 and GRHL3 expression were decreased by 30% or 33% in PAX5-overexpressing HEK293 cells. The presence of minor frequency allele of single nucleotide polymorphism rs115898376 in the promoter of the GRHL1 gene affected the binding of KLF4 to this site. The evidence presented here suggests an important role of KLF4 and PAX5 in the regulation of expression of GRHL1-3 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Kotarba
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Michal Miller
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Dabrowski
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wilanowski
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
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24
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Phatak M, Kulkarni S, Miles LB, Anjum N, Dworkin S, Sonawane M. Grhl3 promotes retention of epidermal cells under endocytic stress to maintain epidermal architecture in zebrafish. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009823. [PMID: 34570762 PMCID: PMC8496789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelia such as epidermis cover large surfaces and are crucial for survival. Maintenance of tissue homeostasis by balancing cell proliferation, cell size, and cell extrusion ensures epidermal integrity. Although the mechanisms of cell extrusion are better understood, how epithelial cells that round up under developmental or perturbed genetic conditions are reintegrated in the epithelium to maintain homeostasis remains unclear. Here, we performed live imaging in zebrafish embryos to show that epidermal cells that round up due to membrane homeostasis defects in the absence of goosepimples/myosinVb (myoVb) function, are reintegrated into the epithelium. Transcriptome analysis and genetic interaction studies suggest that the transcription factor Grainyhead-like 3 (Grhl3) induces the retention of rounded cells by regulating E-cadherin levels. Moreover, Grhl3 facilitates the survival of MyoVb deficient embryos by regulating cell adhesion, cell retention, and epidermal architecture. Our analyses have unraveled a mechanism of retention of rounded cells and its importance in epithelial homeostasis. Developing vertebrate epidermis isolates and protects growing embryos from their surroundings. For performing such a crucial function under compromised physiological or genetic conditions, robust mechanisms allowing maintenance of epidermal integrity are warranted. However, such mechanisms are not fully explored. To investigate the mechanisms by which epidermis copes up with drastic cell-shape changes to maintain the epidermal integrity, we have used a mutant condition, goosepimples/myosinVb (myoVb), wherein epidermal cells round up due to defective intracellular membrane trafficking. Our in vivo confocal imaging shows that this cell rounding is transient and the rounded cells are not extruded. Instead, they are retained and reintegrated. Using next generation sequencing and in situ expression analyses, we show that grainyhead-like 3 (grhl3) gene as well as several cell adhesion genes, including e-cadherin (cdh1), are up-regulated in the epidermal regions having rounded cells. Our genetic analyses reveal that the function of grhl3, which encodes for a transcription factor shown to be crucial for epidermal differentiation and wound healing, is essential to retain rounded-up cells by increasing E-cadherin mediated cell adhesion. We further show that this retention is essential for the maintenance of epidermal homeostasis. We propose that such a mechanism may be operational whenever cells round up under developmental or perturbed genetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandar Phatak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Shruti Kulkarni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Lee B. Miles
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Nazma Anjum
- Center for Biotechnology, A.C. College of Technology, Anna University, Chennai, India
| | - Sebastian Dworkin
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Mahendra Sonawane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
- * E-mail:
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25
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Abdallah F, Henriet E, Suet A, Arar A, Clemençon R, Malinge JM, Lecellier G, Baril P, Pichon C. miR-21-3p/IL-22 Axes Are Major Drivers of Psoriasis Pathogenesis by Modulating Keratinocytes Proliferation-Survival Balance and Inflammatory Response. Cells 2021; 10:2547. [PMID: 34685526 PMCID: PMC8534095 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that is mediated by complex crosstalk between immune cells and keratinocytes (KCs). Emerging studies have showed a specific psoriatic microRNAs signature, in which miR-21 is one of the most upregulated and dynamic miRNAs. In this study, we focused our investigations on the passenger miR-21-3p strand, which is poorly studied in skin and in psoriasis pathogenesis. Here, we showed the upregulation of miR-21-3p in an IMQ-induced psoriasiform mouse model. This upregulation was correlated with IL-22 expression and functionality, both in vitro and in vivo, and it occurred via STAT3 and NF-κB signaling. We identified a network of differentially expressed genes involved in abnormal proliferation control and immune regulatory genes implicated in the molecular pathogenesis of psoriasis in response to miR-21-3p overexpression in KCs. These results were confirmed by functional assays that validated the proliferative potential of miR-21-3p. All these findings highlight the importance of miR-21-3p, an underestimated miRNA, in psoriasis and provide novel molecular targets for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Abdallah
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS-UPR4301, 45071 Orléans, France; (E.H.); (A.S.); (R.C.); (J.-M.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Elodie Henriet
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS-UPR4301, 45071 Orléans, France; (E.H.); (A.S.); (R.C.); (J.-M.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Amandine Suet
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS-UPR4301, 45071 Orléans, France; (E.H.); (A.S.); (R.C.); (J.-M.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Ali Arar
- Centre Hospitalier d’Orléans, 45071 Orléans, France;
| | - Rudy Clemençon
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS-UPR4301, 45071 Orléans, France; (E.H.); (A.S.); (R.C.); (J.-M.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Jean-Marc Malinge
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS-UPR4301, 45071 Orléans, France; (E.H.); (A.S.); (R.C.); (J.-M.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Gaël Lecellier
- ENTROPIE, UMR250/9220, CEDEX, 98800 Noumea, New Caledonia, France;
- Laboratoire D’excellence “CORAIL”, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE, Centre de Recherches Insulaires et Observatoire de l’Environnement, Papetoai, Moorea, Polynésie Française, Université de Paris-Saclay UVSQ, 55 Avenue de Paris, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Patrick Baril
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS-UPR4301, 45071 Orléans, France; (E.H.); (A.S.); (R.C.); (J.-M.M.); (P.B.)
- Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Orléans, Colléguim Sciences et Techniques, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Chantal Pichon
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS-UPR4301, 45071 Orléans, France; (E.H.); (A.S.); (R.C.); (J.-M.M.); (P.B.)
- Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Orléans, Colléguim Sciences et Techniques, 45071 Orléans, France
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Crosstalk between Environmental Inflammatory Stimuli and Non-Coding RNA in Cancer Occurrence and Development. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174436. [PMID: 34503246 PMCID: PMC8430834 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Increasing evidence has indicated that chronic inflammatory processes have an influence on tumor occurrence and all stages of tumor development. A dramatic increase of studies into non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) biology has shown that ncRNAs act as oncogenic drivers and tumor suppressors in various inflammation-induced cancers. Thus, this complex network of inflammation-associated cancers and ncRNAs offers targets for prevention from the malignant transformation from inflammation and treatment of malignant diseases. Abstract There is a clear relationship between inflammatory response and different stages of tumor development. Common inflammation-related carcinogens include viruses, bacteria, and environmental mutagens, such as air pollutants, toxic metals, and ultraviolet light. The expression pattern of ncRNA changes in a variety of disease conditions, including inflammation and cancer. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have a causative role in enhancing inflammatory stimulation and evading immune responses, which are particularly important in persistent pathogen infection and inflammation-to-cancer transformation. In this review, we investigated the mechanism of ncRNA expression imbalance in inflammation-related cancers. A better understanding of the function of inflammation-associated ncRNAs may help to reveal the potential of ncRNAs as a new therapeutic strategy.
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27
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Meyer T, Sand M, Schmitz L, Stockfleth E. The Role of Circular RNAs in Keratinocyte Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164240. [PMID: 34439394 PMCID: PMC8392367 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte carcinomas (KC) include basal cell carcinomas (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCC) and represents the most common cancer in Europe and North America. Both entities are characterized by a very high mutational burden, mainly UV signature mutations. Predominately mutated genes in BCC belong to the sonic hedgehog pathway, whereas, in cSCC, TP53, CDKN2A, NOTCH1/2 and others are most frequently mutated. In addition, the dysregulation of factors associated with epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) was shown in invasive cSCC. The expression of factors associated with tumorigenesis can be controlled in several ways and include non-coding RNA molecules, such as micro RNAs (miRNA) long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) and circular RNAs (circRNA). To update findings on circRNA in KC, we reviewed 13 papers published since 2016, identified in a PubMed search. In both BCC and cSCC, numerous circRNAs were identified that were differently expressed compared to healthy skin. Some of them were shown to target miRNAs that are also dysregulated in KC. Moreover, some studies confirmed the biological functions of individual circRNAs involved in cancer development. Thus, circRNAs may be used as biomarkers of disease and disease progression and represent potential targets of new therapeutic approaches for KC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Meyer
- Department of Dermatology St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-234-5096014
| | - Michael Sand
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, St. Josef-Hospital, Heidbergweg 22–24, 45257 Essen, Germany;
| | - Lutz Schmitz
- Institute of Dermatopathology, MVZ Corius DermPath Bonn, GmbH, Trierer Strasse 70–72, 53115 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Eggert Stockfleth
- Department of Dermatology St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany;
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The functional GRHL3-filaggrin axis maintains a tumor differentiation potential and influences drug sensitivity. Mol Ther 2021; 29:2571-2582. [PMID: 33775911 PMCID: PMC8353142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapies for treating heterogeneous cancers such as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are non-selective and are administered independent of response biomarkers. Therapy resistance subsequently emerges, resulting in increased cellular proliferation that is associated with loss of differentiation. Whether a cancer cell differentiation potential can dictate therapy responsiveness is still currently unknown. A multi-omic approach integrating whole-genome and whole-transcriptome sequencing with drug sensitivity was employed in a HNSCC mouse model, primary patients’ data, and human cell lines to assess the potential of functional differentiation in predicting therapy response. Interestingly, a subset of HNSCC with effective GRHL3-dependent differentiation was the most sensitive to inhibitors of PI3K/mTOR, c-Myc, and STAT3 signaling. Furthermore, we identified the GRHL3-differentiation target gene Filaggrin (FLG) as a response biomarker and more importantly, stratified HNSCC subsets as treatment resistant based on their FLG mutational profile. The loss of FLG in sensitive HNSCC resulted in a dramatic resistance to targeted therapies while the GRHL3-FLG signature predicted a favorable patient prognosis. This study provides evidence for a functional GRHL3-FLG tumor-specific differentiation axis that regulates targeted therapy response in HNSCC and establishes a rationale for clinical investigation of differentiation-paired targeted therapy in heterogeneous cancers.
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29
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Jadhav KB, Shah V, Chauhan N, Shah N, Parmar G. Expression of microRNA-21 in saliva and tumor tissue of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma: a predictor of cervical lymph node metastasis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2021; 133:60-69. [PMID: 34518132 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluation of diagnostic accuracy of microRNA-21 (miR-21) in saliva and tumor tissue for presurgical assessment of lymph node metastasis in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). STUDY DESIGN Unstimulated whole saliva and tumor tissue was obtained from clinically suspected patients with OSCC. A total of 130 patients diagnosed with OSCC were included as study participants. The assessment of cervical lymph node metastasis was done before surgery using imaging scans and post surgically confirmed by histopathologic examination of excised lymph nodes. miR-21 expression was evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The data was statistically analyzed for correlation analysis, cutoff values, sensitivity, and specificity. The κ statistic was applied to assess the degree of agreement between the lymph node metastasis and miR-21 expression. RESULTS miR-21 expression showed a statistically significant correlation with cervical lymph node metastasis with a diagnostic accuracy of 65% to 71.54% in saliva and 69% to 81.54% in tumor tissue. Very good agreement was observed between tumor tissue miR-21-3p and cervical lymph node metastasis with a specificity of 80.60% and a sensitivity of 82.40%. CONCLUSIONS miR-21 expression in saliva and tumor tissue of patients with OSCC showed high diagnostic accuracy for assessment of cervical lymph node metastasis. It can be used as an alternative for assessment of cervical lymph node metastasis before surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran B Jadhav
- PhD Scholar, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, K M Shah Dental College and Hospital, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Piparia, Vadodara, Gujarat, India; Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Vasant Dada Patil Dental College and Hospital, Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Sangli, India.
| | - Vandana Shah
- Professor and Head, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, K M Shah Dental College and Hospital, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Piparia, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Nirali Chauhan
- Professor, Department of ENT, Smt. B K Shah Medical College and Research Centre, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Piparia, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Naveen Shah
- Professor and Head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, K M Shah Dental College and Hospital, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Piparia, Vadodara. Gujarat, India
| | - Ghanshyam Parmar
- Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Piparia, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
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30
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Wen B, Zhu R, Jin H, Zhao K. Differential expression and role of miR-200 family in multiple tumors. Anal Biochem 2021; 626:114243. [PMID: 33964251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
microRNA (miRNA) can maintain the homeostasis of the human by participating in the regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and metabolism. During the entire stage of tumorigenesis, miRNA can maintain the heterogeneity of cancer stem cells by regulating the formation and metastasis of the tumor, which leads to chemotherapy resistance. miR-200 family consists of five members, which can regulate the proliferation, invasion, and migration of cancer cells by inhibiting the transcription of downstream genes (including zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 and 2, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, transforming growth factor-β, and cancer stem cell related-proteins). Meanwhile, Long non-coding RNA can bind to miR-200s to regulate the proliferation and apoptosis of cancer cells. Besides, the expression of the miR-200 family can affect the mechanism of chemotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, PR China
| | - Rong Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, PR China
| | - Hai Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, PR China
| | - Kui Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, PR China.
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31
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He Y, Gan M, Wang Y, Huang T, Wang J, Han T, Yu B. EGFR-ERK induced activation of GRHL1 promotes cell cycle progression by up-regulating cell cycle related genes in lung cancer. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:430. [PMID: 33931584 PMCID: PMC8087693 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03721-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Grainyhead-like 1 (GRHL1) is a transcription factor involved in embryonic development. However, little is known about the biological functions of GRHL1 in cancer. In this study, we found that GRHL1 was upregulated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and correlated with poor survival of patients. GRHL1 overexpression promoted the proliferation of NSCLC cells and knocking down GRHL1 inhibited the proliferation. RNA sequencing showed that a series of cell cycle-related genes were altered when knocking down GRHL1. We further demonstrated that GRHL1 could regulate the expression of cell cycle-related genes by binding to the promoter regions and increasing the transcription of the target genes. Besides, we also found that EGF stimulation could activate GRHL1 and promoted its nuclear translocation. We identified the key phosphorylation site at Ser76 on GRHL1 that is regulated by the EGFR-ERK axis. Taken together, these findings elucidate a new function of GRHL1 on regulating the cell cycle progression and point out the potential role of GRHL1 as a drug target in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, P. R. China.,Jiangxi Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, P. R. China
| | - Mingxi Gan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, P. R. China
| | - Tong Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, P. R. China
| | - Jianbin Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Tianyu Han
- Jiangxi Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, P. R. China.
| | - Bentong Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, P. R. China.
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32
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[CRISPR/Cas9-mediated microRNA-21 knockout increased imatinib sensitivity in chronic myeloid leukemia cells]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2021; 42:243-249. [PMID: 33910311 PMCID: PMC8081948 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
目的 观察microRNA-21(miR-21)敲除对耐伊马替尼的人慢性髓性白血病细胞株K562/G01细胞在增殖、药物敏感性等方面的影响,初步探讨miR-21影响K562/G01细胞伊马替尼敏感性的可能机制。 方法 运用CRISPR/Cas9技术敲除K562/G01细胞的miR-21,经PCR筛选、Sanger测序鉴定和实时定量PCR检测获得miR-21敲除的单细胞克隆。扩增培养后,采用MTT法、细胞克隆形成实验检测miR-21敲除对K562/G01细胞增殖的影响。使用伊马替尼处理细胞后,用MTT法和Annexin Ⅴ-APC/7-AAD双染流式细胞检测法观察敲除miR-21后K562/G01细胞对伊马替尼的敏感性的变化。Western blot法检测miR-21敲除前后K562/G01细胞PTEN、AKT、p-AKT、PI3K、p-PI3K、P210BCR-ABL、p-P210BCR-ABL蛋白表达量的变化。 结果 成功构建了3个miR-21敲除的K562/G01单细胞克隆,CRISPR/Cas9介导的突变效率为7.12%~8.11%。miR-21敲除使K562/G01细胞的增殖受抑,野生型和1#、2#、6#单细胞克隆的克隆形成率依次为(57.67±8.25)%、(26.94±5.36)%、(7.17±2.11)%、(31.50±3.65)%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。miR-21敲除使K562/G01细胞对伊马替尼的敏感性增加,野生型和1#、2#、6#单细胞克隆对伊马替尼的IC50值分别为(21.92±1.36)µmol/ml、(3.98±0.39)µmol/ml、(5.38±1.01)µmol/ml、(9.24±1.36)µmol/ml,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。miR-21敲除后,其靶基因PTEN的蛋白表达水平未见明显变化,但PI3K、AKT信号分子的活化受到抑制,并且P210BCR-ABL、p-P210BCR-ABL蛋白表达也下调。 结论 miR-21敲除抑制K562/G01细胞增殖,提高其对伊马替尼的敏感性,这可能是通过抑制PI3K/AKT信号通路和BCR-ABL表达实现的。
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Deng Z, Cangkrama M, Butt T, Jane SM, Carpinelli MR. Grainyhead-like transcription factors: guardians of the skin barrier. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:553-e152. [PMID: 33843098 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
There has been selective pressure to maintain a skin barrier since terrestrial animals evolved 360 million years ago. These animals acquired an unique integumentary system with a keratinized, stratified, squamous epithelium surface barrier. The barrier protects against dehydration and entry of microbes and toxins. The skin barrier centres on the stratum corneum layer of the epidermis and consists of cornified envelopes cemented by the intercorneocyte lipid matrix. Multiple components of the barrier undergo cross-linking by transglutaminase (TGM) enzymes, while keratins provide additional mechanical strength. Cellular tight junctions also are crucial for barrier integrity. The grainyhead-like (GRHL) transcription factors regulate the formation and maintenance of the integument in diverse species. GRHL3 is essential for formation of the skin barrier during embryonic development, whereas GRHL1 maintains the skin barrier postnatally. This is achieved by transactivation of Tgm1 and Tgm5, respectively. In addition to its barrier function, GRHL3 plays key roles in wound repair and as an epidermal tumour suppressor. In its former role, GRHL3 activates the planar cell polarity signalling pathway to mediate wound healing by providing directional migration cues. In squamous epithelium, GRHL3 regulates the balance between proliferation and differentiation, and its loss induces squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). In the skin, this is mediated through increased expression of MIR21, which reduces the expression levels of GRHL3 and its direct target, PTEN, leading to activation of the PI3K-AKT signalling pathway. These data position the GRHL family as master regulators of epidermal homeostasis across a vast gulf of evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Deng
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Cangkrama
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tariq Butt
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen M Jane
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marina R Carpinelli
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Shakeri A, Ghanbari M, Tasbandi A, Sahebkar A. Regulation of microRNA-21 expression by natural products in cancer. Phytother Res 2021; 35:3732-3746. [PMID: 33724576 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have been of much interest in research studies owing to their wide pharmacological applications, chemical diversity, low side effects, and multitarget activities. Examples of these compounds include matrine, sulforaphane, silibinin, curcumin, berberin, resveratrol, and quercetin. Some of the present anticancer drugs, such as taxol, vincristine, vinblastine, and doxorubicin are also derived from natural products. The anti-carcinogenic effects of these products are partly mediated through modulation of microRNA-21 (miR-21) expression. To date, numerous downstream targets of miR-21 have been recognized, which include phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), ras homolog gene family member B (RHOB), phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways. These signaling pathways, their regulation by oncomiR-21 in cancer, and the modulating impact of natural products are the main focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Shakeri
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Ghanbari
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Aida Tasbandi
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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35
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Wezel F, Lustig J, Azoitei A, Liu J, Meessen S, Najjar G, Zehe V, Faustmann P, Zengerling F, John A, Martini T, Bolenz C, Günes C. Grainyhead-Like 3 Influences Migration and Invasion of Urothelial Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062959. [PMID: 33803949 PMCID: PMC8000182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive urothelial carcinomas of the bladder (UCB) characteristically show a loss of differentiation markers. The transcription factor Grainyhead-like 3 (GRHL3) plays an important role in the development and differentiation of normal urothelium. The contribution to UCB progression is still elusive. Differential expression of GRHL3 was assessed in normal human urothelium and in non-invasive and invasive bladder cancer cell lines. The contribution of GRHL3 to cell proliferation, viability and invasion in UCB cell lines was determined by gain- and loss-of-function assays in vitro and in an organ culture model using de-epithelialized porcine bladders. GRHL3 expression was detectable in normal human urothelial cells and showed significantly higher mRNA and protein levels in well-differentiated, non-invasive RT4 urothelial carcinoma cells compared to moderately differentiated RT112 cells. GRHL3 expression was absent in anaplastic and invasive T24 cells. Ectopic de novo expression of GRHL3 in T24 cells significantly impaired their migration and invasion properties in vitro and in organ culture. Its downregulation improved the invasive capacity of RT4 cells. The results indicate that GRHL3 may play a role in progression and metastasis in UCB. In addition, this work demonstrates that de-epithelialized porcine bladder organ culture can be a useful, standardized tool to assess the invasive capacity of cancer cells.
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Chen P, Li C, Huang H, Liang L, Zhang J, Li Q, Wang Q, Zhang S, Zeng K, Zhang X, Liang J. Circular RNA profiles and the potential involvement of down-expression of hsa_circ_0001360 in cutaneous squamous cell carcinogenesis. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:1209-1222. [PMID: 33569895 PMCID: PMC8016141 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) act as sponges of noncoding RNAs and have been implicated in many pathophysiological processes, including tumor development and progression. However, their roles in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) are not yet well understood. This study aimed to identify differentially expressed circRNAs and their potential functions in cutaneous squamous cell carcinogenesis. The expression profiles of circRNAs in three paired cSCC and adjacent nontumorous tissues were detected with RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. The candidate circRNAs were validated by PCR, Sanger sequencing and quantitative RT‐PCR in another five matched samples. The biological functions of circRNAs in SCL‐1 cells were assessed using circRNA silencing and overexpression, 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐5‐(3‐carboxymethoxyphenyl)‐2‐(4‐sulfophenyl)‐2H‐tetrazolium inner salt (MTS), flow cytometry, transwell and colony formation assays. In addition, the circRNA–miRNA–mRNA interaction networks were predicted by bioinformatics. In summary, 1115 circRNAs, including 457 up‐regulated and 658 down‐regulated circRNAs (fold change ≥ 2 and P < 0.05), were differentially expressed in cSCC compared with adjacent nontumorous tissues. Of four selected circRNAs, two circRNAs (hsa_circ_0000932 and hsa_circ_0001360) were confirmed to be significantly decreased in cSCC using PCR, Sanger sequencing and quantitative RT‐PCR. Furthermore, hsa_circ_0001360 silencing was found to result in a significant increase of the proliferation, migration and invasion but a significant decrease of apoptosis in SCL‐1 cells in vitro, whereas hsa_circ_0001360 overexpression showed the opposite regulatory effects. hsa_circ_0001360 was predicted to interact with five miRNAs and their corresponding genes. In conclusion, circRNA dysregulation may play a critical role in carcinogenesis of cSCC, and hsa_circ_0001360 may have potential as a biomarker for cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingjiao Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changxing Li
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Liuping Liang
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou Medical University, China.,Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sanquan Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou Medical University, China.,Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, China
| | - Kang Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xibao Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou Medical University, China.,Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, China
| | - Jingyao Liang
- Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou Medical University, China.,Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, China
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Chen S, Luo L, Chen H, He C. The Current State of Research Regarding the Role of Non-Coding RNAs in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:13151-13158. [PMID: 33380805 PMCID: PMC7767711 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s271346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancers, including those of both both melanoma and non-melanoma subtypes, remain among the most common forms of human cancer. Non-melanoma skin cancers are typically further differentiated into the basal cell carcinoma and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) categories. Current approaches to diagnosing and treating cSCC remain unsatisfactory, and the prognosis for patients with this disease is relatively poor. Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing have led to an increasingly robust understanding of the diversity of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) expressed in both physiological and pathological contexts. These ncRNAs include microRNAs, long ncRNAs, and circular RNAs, all of which have been found to play key functional roles and/or to have value as diagnostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets in a range of different disease contexts. The number of ncRNAs associated with cSCC continues to rise, and as such, there is clear value in comprehensively reviewing the functional roles of these molecules in this form of cancer in order to highlight future avenues for research and clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Luo
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongduo Chen
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chundi He
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, People's Republic of China
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38
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The microRNA miR-29c-5p inhibits cell proliferation and migration by targeting TMEM98 in head and neck carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:769-781. [PMID: 33257597 PMCID: PMC7835064 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), which occurs frequently worldwide, is characterized by high risk of metastasis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in tumorigenesis and cancer development. In this study, miR-29c-5p was identified using three high throughput microarrays. We measure miR-29c-5p expression in HNSCC tissues and cell lines. To determine the function of miR-29c-5p in HNSCC, we evaluated its effects in vitro on cell proliferation, the cell cycle, apoptosis, and cell migration. We employed a mouse tumor xenograft model to determine the effects of miR-29c-5p on tumors generated by HNSCC cell lines. The miR-29c-5p expression was lower in HNSCC tissues than in normal tissues. Upregulated miR-29c-5p expression in HNSCC cells inhibited migration and arrested cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Further, upregulated miR-29c-5p expression inhibited the proliferation of HNSCC cells in vivo and in vitro. In addition, transmembrane protein 98 (TMEM98) was identified as a direct target of miR-29c-5p by using a luciferase reporter assay. These findings provide new insights that link the regulation of miR-29c-5p expression to the malignant phenotype of HNSCC and suggest that employing miR-29c-5p may serve as a therapeutic strategy for managing patients with HNSCC.
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Sargazi S, Heidari Nia M, Sheervalilou R, Mirinejad S, Harati-Sadegh M, Moudi M, Saravani R, Shakiba M. Relationship between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of GRHL3 and Schizophrenia Susceptibility: A Preliminary Case-Control Study and Bioinformatics Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2020; 9:154-164. [PMID: 32934953 PMCID: PMC7489109 DOI: 10.22088/ijmcm.bums.9.2.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Grainyhead-like (GRHL) transcription factors were recently linked to the etiology of neural tube defects (NTDs). Overlapping patterns in the variation of schizophrenia (SCZ) incidence with that of NTDs suggests the presence of common etiological risk factors. This preliminary study was designed to examine the relationship between two missense variants of GRHL3 gene (rs2486668C/G and rs545809A/T) and SCZ susceptibility among Iranians. Three hundred ninety subjects (192 patients confirmed with SCZ, and 198 healthy controls) were enrolled and genotyped. Statistical and bioinformatics analyzes were performed to determine the effects of the variants. In silico analyzes were performed to determine the effects of the variants on the secondary structure of GRHL3 protein and prediction of silencer motifs for each variation. Statistically significant differences were observed between the studied groups under codominant AA, dominant AT+AA, and recessive AA genetic contrast models for rs545809A/T. The presence of the A allele of rs545809A/T enhanced SCZ risk by 2.33 fold. In contrast, rs2486668C/G was not linked to SCZ susceptibility (P > 0.05). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that both missense SNPs caused substantial changes in the secondary structure of GRHL3-mRNA. Screening of the flanking sequences of rs545809A/T predicted silencer motifs for this SNP. Our results demonstrated that the rs545809A/T of GRHL3 gene could affect the risk of SCZ in Iranian populations. Replication studies are warranted to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Milad Heidari Nia
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Sheervalilou
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Shekoufeh Mirinejad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mahdiyeh Harati-Sadegh
- Genetics of Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mahdiyeh Moudi
- Genetics of Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Ramin Saravani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mansoor Shakiba
- Department of Psychiatry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Psychosomatic Research Center, Imam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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40
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Pavez Lorie E, Stricker N, Plitta-Michalak B, Chen IP, Volkmer B, Greinert R, Jauch A, Boukamp P, Rapp A. Characterisation of the novel spontaneously immortalized and invasively growing human skin keratinocyte line HaSKpw. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15196. [PMID: 32938951 PMCID: PMC7494900 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We here present the spontaneously immortalised cell line, HaSKpw, as a novel model for the multistep process of skin carcinogenesis. HaSKpw cells were established from the epidermis of normal human adult skin that, without crisis, are now growing unrestricted and feeder-independent. At passage 22, clonal populations were established and clone7 (HaSKpwC7) was further compared to the also spontaneously immortalized HaCaT cells. As important differences, the HaSKpw cells express wild-type p53, remain pseudodiploid, and show a unique chromosomal profile with numerous complex aberrations involving chromosome 20. In addition, HaSKpw cells overexpress a pattern of genes and miRNAs such as KRT34, LOX, S100A9, miR21, and miR155; all pointing to a tumorigenic status. In concordance, HaSKpw cells exhibit reduced desmosomal contacts that provide them with increased motility and a highly migratory/invasive phenotype as demonstrated in scratch- and Boyden chamber assays. In 3D organotypic cultures, both HaCaT and HaSKpw cells form disorganized epithelia but only the HaSKpw cells show tumorcell-like invasive growth. Together, HaSKpwC7 and HaCaT cells represent two spontaneous (non-genetically engineered) “premalignant” keratinocyte lines from adult human skin that display different stages of the multistep process of skin carcinogenesis and thus represent unique models for analysing skin cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Pavez Lorie
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicola Stricker
- Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 10, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Beata Plitta-Michalak
- Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 10, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - I-Peng Chen
- Centre of Dermatology, Elbe Clinics, Am Krankenhaus 1, Buxtehude, 21614, Germany
| | - Beate Volkmer
- Centre of Dermatology, Elbe Clinics, Am Krankenhaus 1, Buxtehude, 21614, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Greinert
- Centre of Dermatology, Elbe Clinics, Am Krankenhaus 1, Buxtehude, 21614, Germany
| | - Anna Jauch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Boukamp
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Alexander Rapp
- Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 10, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
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Garofoli M, Volpicella M, Guida M, Porcelli L, Azzariti A. The Role of Non-Coding RNAs as Prognostic Factor, Predictor of Drug Response or Resistance and Pharmacological Targets, in the Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092552. [PMID: 32911687 PMCID: PMC7565940 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is the most common keratinocyte-derived skin cancer in the Caucasian population. Exposure to UV radiations (UVRs) represents the main risk carcinogenesis, causing a considerable accumulation of DNA damage in epidermal keratinocytes with an uncontrolled hyperproliferation and tumor development. The limited and rarely durable response of CSCC to the current therapeutic options has led researchers to look for new therapeutic strategies. Recently, the multi-omics approaches have contributed to the identification and prediction of the key role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs), circularRNAs (circRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the regulation of several cellular processes in different tumor types, including CSCC. ncRNAs can modulate transcriptional and post-transcriptional events by interacting either with each other or with DNA and proteins, such as transcription factors and RNA-binding proteins. In this review, the implication of ncRNAs in tumorigenesis and their potential role as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in human CSCC are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Garofoli
- Experimental Pharmacology Laboratory, IRCCS IstitutoTumori Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Mariateresa Volpicella
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Michele Guida
- Rare Tumors and Melanoma Unit, IRCCS IstitutoTumori Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Letizia Porcelli
- Experimental Pharmacology Laboratory, IRCCS IstitutoTumori Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Amalia Azzariti
- Experimental Pharmacology Laboratory, IRCCS IstitutoTumori Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.G.); (L.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-080-555-5986
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Sharma PC, Gupta A. MicroRNAs: potential biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of different cancers. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:5798-5818. [PMID: 35117940 PMCID: PMC8798648 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-20-1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A thorough understanding of the tumor environment and underlying genetic factors helps in the better formulation of cancer management strategies. Availability of efficient diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers facilitates early detection and progression of the disease. MicroRNAs affect different biological processes participating in tumorigenesis through regulation of their target genes. An expanding list of unique RNAs and understanding of their regulatory role has opened up a new field in cancer research. Based on a comprehensive literature search, we identified 728 miRNAs dysregulated in sixteen cancer types namely bladder cancer (BC), breast cancer (BrC), cervical cancer (CC), colorectal cancer (CRC), esophageal cancer (EC), endometrial cancer (EnC), gastric cancer (GC), hepatocellular cancer (HCC), head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC), lung cancer (LC), ovarian cancer (OC), pancreatic cancer (PC), prostate cancer (PrC), renal cell cancer (RCC), skin cancer (SC), and thyroid cancer (TC). Expression of 43 miRNAs was either upregulated or downregulated in six or more of these cancers. Finally, seven miRNAs namely mir-18a, mir-21, mir-143/145, mir-210, mir-218, mir-221, showing maximum dysregulation, either up- or down-regulation in the majority of cancers, were selected for a detailed presentation of their expression and evaluation of their potential as biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Chand Sharma
- University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India
| | - Alisha Gupta
- University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India
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43
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UV-type specific alteration of miRNA expression and its association with tumor progression and metastasis in SCC cell lines. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:3215-3231. [PMID: 32865618 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE UV exposure is the main risk factor for development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). While early detection greatly improves cSCC prognosis, locally advanced or metastatic cSCC has a severely impaired prognosis. Notably, the mechanisms of progression to metastatic cSCC are not well understood. We hypothesized that UV exposure of already transformed epithelial cSCC cells further induces changes which might be involved in the progression to metastatic cSCCs and that UV-inducible microRNAs (miRNAs) might play an important role. METHODS Thus, we analyzed the impact of UV radiation of different quality (UVA, UVB, UVA + UVB) on the miRNA expression pattern in established cell lines generated from primary and metastatic cSCCs (Met-1, Met-4) using the NanoString nCounter platform. RESULTS This analysis revealed that the expression pattern of miRNAs depends on both the cell line used per se and on the quality of UV radiation. Comparison of UV-induced miRNAs in cSCC cell lines established from a primary tumor (Met-1) and the respective (un-irradiated) metastasis (Met-4) suggest that miR-7-5p, miR-29a-3p and miR-183-5p are involved in a UV-driven pathway of progression to metastasis. This notion is supported by the fact that these three miRNAs build up a network of 81 potential target genes involved e.g. in UVA/UVB-induced MAPK signaling and regulation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. As an example, PTEN, a target of UV-upregulated miRNAs (miR-29a-3p, miR-183-5p), could be shown to be down-regulated in response to UV radiation. We further identified CNOT8, the transcription complex subunit 8 of the CCR4-NOT complex, a deadenylase removing the poly(A) tail from miRNA-destabilized mRNAs, in the center of this network, targeted by all three miRNAs. CONCLUSION In summary, our results demonstrate that UV radiation induces an miRNA expression pattern in primary SCC cell line partly resembling those of metastatic cell line, thus suggesting that UV radiation impacts SCC progression beyond initiation.
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Sundararajan V, Pang QY, Choolani M, Huang RYJ. Spotlight on the Granules (Grainyhead-Like Proteins) - From an Evolutionary Conserved Controller of Epithelial Trait to Pioneering the Chromatin Landscape. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:213. [PMID: 32974388 PMCID: PMC7471608 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the transcription factors that are conserved across phylogeny, the grainyhead family holds vital roles in driving the epithelial cell fate. In Drosophila, the function of grainyhead (grh) gene is essential during developmental processes such as epithelial differentiation, tracheal tube formation, maintenance of wing and hair polarity, and epidermal barrier wound repair. Three main mammalian orthologs of grh: Grainyhead-like 1-3 (GRHL1, GRHL2, and GRHL3) are highly conserved in terms of their gene structures and functions. GRHL proteins are essentially associated with the development and maintenance of the epithelial phenotype across diverse physiological conditions such as epidermal differentiation and craniofacial development as well as pathological functions including hearing impairment and neural tube defects. More importantly, through direct chromatin binding and induction of epigenetic alterations, GRHL factors function as potent suppressors of oncogenic cellular dedifferentiation program – epithelial-mesenchymal transition and its associated tumor-promoting phenotypes such as tumor cell migration and invasion. On the contrary, GRHL factors also induce pro-tumorigenic effects such as increased migration and anchorage-independent growth in certain tumor types. Furthermore, investigations focusing on the epithelial-specific activation of grh and GRHL factors have revealed that these factors potentially act as a pioneer factor in establishing a cell-type/cell-state specific accessible chromatin landscape that is exclusive for epithelial gene transcription. In this review, we highlight the essential roles of grh and GRHL factors during embryogenesis and pathogenesis, with a special focus on its emerging pioneering function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Sundararajan
- Center for Translational Medicine, Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qing You Pang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mahesh Choolani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ruby Yun-Ju Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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45
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He B, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Wang B, Liang Y, Lang J, Lin H, Bing P, Yu L, Sun D, Luo H, Yang J, Tian G. A Neural Network Framework for Predicting the Tissue-of-Origin of 15 Common Cancer Types Based on RNA-Seq Data. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:737. [PMID: 32850691 PMCID: PMC7419649 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequencing-based identification of tumor tissue-of-origin (TOO) is critical for patients with cancer of unknown primary lesions. Even if the TOO of a tumor can be diagnosed by clinicopathological observation, reevaluations by computational methods can help avoid misdiagnosis. In this study, we developed a neural network (NN) framework using the expression of a 150-gene panel to infer the tumor TOO for 15 common solid tumor cancer types, including lung, breast, liver, colorectal, gastroesophageal, ovarian, cervical, endometrial, pancreatic, bladder, head and neck, thyroid, prostate, kidney, and brain cancers. To begin with, we downloaded the RNA-Seq data of 7,460 primary tumor samples across the above mentioned 15 cancer types, with each type of cancer having between 142 and 1,052 samples, from the cancer genome atlas. Then, we performed feature selection by the Pearson correlation method and performed a 150-gene panel analysis; the genes were significantly enriched in the GO:2001242 Regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway and the GO:0009755 Hormone-mediated signaling pathway and other similar functions. Next, we developed a novel NN model using the 150 genes to predict tumor TOO for the 15 cancer types. The average prediction sensitivity and precision of the framework are 93.36 and 94.07%, respectively, for the 7,460 tumor samples based on the 10-fold cross-validation; however, the prediction sensitivity and precision for a few specific cancers, like prostate cancer, reached 100%. We also tested the trained model on a 20-sample independent dataset with metastatic tumor, and achieved an 80% accuracy. In summary, we present here a highly accurate method to infer tumor TOO, which has potential clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binsheng He
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
| | | | - Zhen Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Geneis (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Huixin Lin
- Geneis (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Pingping Bing
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
| | - Lan Yu
- Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Huhhot, China
| | - Dejun Sun
- Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Huhhot, China
| | - Huaiqing Luo
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
| | - Jialiang Yang
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China.,Geneis (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Geng Tian
- Geneis (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
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46
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Badgery H, Chong L, Iich E, Huang Q, Georgy SR, Wang DH, Read M. Recent insights into the biology of Barrett's esophagus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1481:198-209. [PMID: 32681541 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus (BE) is the only known precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), an aggressive cancer with a poor prognosis. Our understanding of the pathogenesis and Barrett's metaplasia is incomplete, and this has limited the development of new therapeutic targets and agents, risk stratification ability, and management strategies. This review outlines current insights into the biology of BE and addresses controversies surrounding cell of origin, cellular reprogramming theories, updates on esophageal epithelial barrier function, and the significance of goblet cell metaplasia and its association with malignant change. Further research into the basic biology of BE is vital as it will underpin novel therapies and improve our ability to predict malignant progression and help identify the minority of patients who will develop EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Badgery
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lynn Chong
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elhadi Iich
- Cancer Biology and Surgical Oncology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Qin Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, Massachusetts
| | - Smitha Rose Georgy
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David H Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Centre and VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas
| | - Matthew Read
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Ye J, Sun D, Yu Y, Yu J. Osthole resensitizes CD133 + hepatocellular carcinoma cells to cisplatin treatment via PTEN/AKT pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:14406-14417. [PMID: 32673286 PMCID: PMC7425450 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The population of CD133 positive cancer cells has been reported to be responsible for drug resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the potential molecular mechanism by which CD133+ HCC cells develop drug resistance is still unclear. In this study, we found that CD133+ HepG2 and Huh7 cells were resistant to cisplatin treatment, compared to the CD133- HepG2 and Huh7 cells. However, treatment with osthole, a natural coumarin isolated from umbelliferae plant monomers, was found to resensitize CD133+ HepG2 and Huh7 cells to cisplatin treatment. In the mechanism research, we found that treatment with osthole increased the expression of PTEN. As a result, osthole inhibited the phosphorylation of AKT and Bad to decrease the amount of free Bcl-2 in CD133+ HepG2 and Huh7 cells. Finally, cisplatin-induced mitochondrial apoptosis was expanded. In conclusion, combination treatment with osthole can resensitize CD133+ HCC cells to cisplatin treatment via the PTEN/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Ye
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, First Hospital Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Di Sun
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, First Hospital Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province,130021, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, First Hospital Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jinhai Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Hospital Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
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Deciphering the Molecular Landscape of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma for Better Diagnosis and Treatment. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9072228. [PMID: 32674318 PMCID: PMC7408826 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9072228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a common type of neoplasia, representing a terrible burden on patients' life and clinical management. Although it seldom metastasizes, and most cases can be effectively treated with surgical intervention, once metastatic cSCC displays considerable aggressiveness leading to the death of affected individuals. No consensus has been reached as to which features better characterize the aggressive behavior of cSCC, an achievement hindered by the high mutational burden caused by chronic ultraviolet light exposure. Even though some subtypes have been recognized as high risk variants, depending on certain tumor features, cSCC that are normally thought of as low risk could pose an increased danger to the patients. In light of this, specific genetic and epigenetic markers for cutaneous SCC, which could serve as reliable diagnostic markers and possible targets for novel treatment development, have been searched for. This review aims to give an overview of the mutational landscape of cSCC, pointing out established biomarkers, as well as novel candidates, and future possible molecular therapies for cSCC.
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Lv J, Zhao HP, Dai K, Cheng Y, Zhang J, Guo L. Circulating exosomal miRNAs as potential biomarkers for Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:2889-2901. [PMID: 32587437 PMCID: PMC7304109 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i22.2889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, a class of extracellular vesicles, are small membrane-bound vesicles derived from almost all cell types that can play important roles in intercellular communication. Exosomes contain proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that are obtained from the parental cells and participate in various pathophysiological processes, including cell growth, migration, inflammation, immune regulation, and tumor pathogenesis. Moreover, exosomes might be applied in clinical settings, such as diagnosis, treatment, and outcome prediction of diseases, including various cancers. The incidence rates of Barrett's esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) have increased in recent decades, and studies have proposed specific factors that may contribute to the development and progression of these diseases. However, how exosomes play a role in this pathological process needs to be clarified. Studies have identified candidate microRNAs (miRNAs) that might be related to BE/EAC. Further studies are needed to ascertain whether circulating exosomal miRNAs are altered before or after disease onset, which could also help understand the pathophysiology of and find potential targets for prevention, diagnosis, and therapy in BE/EAC. This review summarizes recent findings on the features of circulating exosomal miRNAs in BE/EAC, which could be valuable for the early diagnosis, therapeutic approaches, and outcome prediction of BE/EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lv
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - He-Ping Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Kun Dai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yanliang Railway Hospital of Xi’an, Xi'an 710089, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi Province, China
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50
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Saffarzadeh N, Ghafouri-Fard S, Rezaei Z, Aghazadeh K, Yazdani F, Mohebi M, Ahmadi M, Shakoori A, Tavakkoly-Bazzaz J. Expression Analysis of GRHL3 and PHLDA3 in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:4085-4096. [PMID: 32581582 PMCID: PMC7276198 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s252962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) includes a group of heterogeneous tumors with generally invasive behavior. The PI3K/AKT pathway plays an important role in the pathogenesis of HNSCC. Methods In the current study, we investigated the expression of two negative feedback regulators of the PI3K pathway, namely PHLDA3 and GRHL3, in 45 paired samples of HNSCC and adjacent non-cancerous tissues (ANCTs). Results While expression of GRHL3 was down-regulated in tumoral tissues compared with ANCTs by the factor 4.21, PHLDA3 expression levels were up-regulated by 5.99-times. Gender-based analysis revealed a significant down-regulation of GRHL3 gene expression level in male patients compared with the control samples and significant up-regulation of PHLDA3 gene expression level in both sexes compared with the control samples. Differences in the expressions of both genes were significant in patients aged more than 60 years, but not in the younger patients. Expression of GRHL3 was only down-regulated in patients with positive smoking history. Expression of GRHL3 was decreased in grades 2 and 3 samples compared with controls. There was a significant increase in transcript levels of PHLDA3 in stages II and III HNSCC samples compared with the controls group. ROC curve analysis indicated that the expression level of PHLDA3 could be a promising marker for the diagnosis of HNSCC patients with a sensitivity and specificity of 0.666 and 0.688, respectively. In addition, sensitivity and specificity of GRHL3 were 0.755 and 0.577, respectively. Discussion The current study indicates dysregulation of regulators of PI3K pathway in HNSCC and their potential application as putative biomarkers for this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Saffarzadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Rezaei
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keyvan Aghazadeh
- Head and Neck Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Otolaryngology Research Center, Amiralam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Yazdani
- Otolaryngology Research Center, Amiralam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Ahmadi
- Booali Medical Research Center, Qom, Iran.,Booali Office of USERN, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Qom, Iran
| | - Abbas Shakoori
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Tavakkoly-Bazzaz
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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