1
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Władyczyn A, John Ł. Silsesquioxane Cages under Solvent Regimen: The Influence of the Solvent on the Hydrolysis and Condensation of Alkoxysilane. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:9145-9155. [PMID: 38717973 PMCID: PMC11110017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the formation mechanisms of oligomeric phenyl silanols, focusing on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) and double-decker silsesquioxane (DDSQ) derivatives. Combining literature reports and crystal structures of solvated derivatives obtained in our laboratory, we show that the solvent choice significantly influences their structures. POSS-based silanols prefer aprotic solvents like THF, preserving dimerization, while double-deckers form stable architectures in protic solvents like isopropanol. This discrepancy arises from different stabilization mechanisms. Our findings enhance our understanding of hydrolytic condensation involving trimethoxyphenylsilane and suggest aprotic solvents for efficient reactions with POSS-based silanols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Władyczyn
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Łukasz John
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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2
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Kannengießer JF, Morgenstern B, Janka O, Kickelbick G. Oligo-Condensation Reactions of Silanediols with Conservation of Solid-State-Structural Features. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303343. [PMID: 38146778 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Oligo- and polysiloxanes are usually prepared by condensation reactions in solvents without control of stereochemistry. Here we present a solventless thermal condensation of stable organosilanols. We investigated the condensation reactions of organosilanediols with different organic substituents, having in common at least one aromatic group. The condensation kinetics of the precursors observed by NMR spectroscopy revealed a strong dependence on temperature, time, and substitution pattern at the silicon atom. SEC measurements showed that chain length increases with increasing condensation temperature and time and lower steric demand of the substituents, which also influences the glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the resulting oligo- or polymers. X-ray diffraction studies of the crystalline silanediols and their condensation products revealed a structural correlation between the substituent location in the crystalline precursors and the formed macromolecules induced by the hydrogen bonding pattern. In certain cases, it is possible to carry out topotactic polymerization in the solid-state, which has its origin in the crystal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Falk Kannengießer
- Saarland University, Inorganic Solid-State Chemistry, Campus, Building C4 1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Saarland University, Inorganic Solid-State Chemistry, Campus, Building C4 1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Oliver Janka
- Saarland University, Inorganic Solid-State Chemistry, Campus, Building C4 1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Guido Kickelbick
- Saarland University, Inorganic Solid-State Chemistry, Campus, Building C4 1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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3
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Liu R, Mondal KC, Wang C, Suthar S, Fang Z, Zuo D, Li Y. Synthesis of SiN/SiS-heterocycles via the reactions of a bis-silylene with isocyanate/isothiocyanate molecules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1148-1151. [PMID: 38189208 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04950g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Reactions of o-carborane-fused bis-silylene 1 with isocyanate/isothiocyanate molecules furnished a series of SiN/SiS-heterocycles, which show distinct styles of cyclization and were theoretically studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Kartik Chandra Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Chenfeng Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Sonam Suthar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Zijie Fang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Darui Zuo
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Yan Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
- Key Laboratory of Silicone Materials Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
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4
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Tang M, Zhu W, Sun H, Wang J, Jing S, Wang M, Shi Z, Hu J. Facile preparation of organosilanes from benzylboronates and gem-diborylalkanes mediated by KO tBu. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7355-7360. [PMID: 37416710 PMCID: PMC10321478 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02461j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Methods to efficiently synthesize organosilanes are valuable in the fields of synthetic chemistry and materials science. During the past decades, boron conversion has become a generic and powerful approach for constructing carbon-carbon and other carbon-heteroatom bonds, but its potential application in forming carbon-silicon remains unexplored. Herein, we describe an alkoxide base-promoted deborylative silylation of benzylic organoboronates, geminal bis(boronates) or alkyltriboronates, allowing for straightforward access to synthetically valuable organosilanes. This selective deborylative methodology exhibits operational simplicity, broad substrate scope, excellent functional group compatibility and convenient scalability, providing an effective and complementary platform for the generation of diversified benzyl silanes and silylboronates. Detailed experimental results and calculated studies revealed an unusual mechanistic feature of this C-Si bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Tang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Wenyan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Huaxing Sun
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Su Jing
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Minyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Zhuangzhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jiefeng Hu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
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5
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Zhao Y, Wan Y, Yuan Q, Wei J, Zhang Y. Photocatalytic C-Si Bond Formations Using Pentacoordinate Silylsilicates as Silyl Radical Precursors: Synthetic Tricks Using Old Reagents. Org Lett 2023; 25:1386-1391. [PMID: 36861978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
A visible-light-induced photocatalytic C-Si formation strategy has been disclosed by uncovering the reactivity of Martin's spirosilane-derived pentacoordinate silylsilicates as silyl radical precursors. The hydrosilylation of a broad spectrum of alkenes and alkynes, as well as the C-H silylation of heteroarenes, has been demonstrated. Remarkably, Martin's spirosilane was stable and could be recovered via a simple workup process. Furthermore, the reaction proceeded well using water as the solvent or low-energy green LEDs as an alternative energy source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumo Zhao
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yi Wan
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Qiyang Yuan
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jinlian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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6
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Yu X, Vashchenko VV, Prodanov MF, Srivastava AK. Monomolecular vertical alignment layer with room temperature processibility for flexible liquid crystal displays. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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7
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Arai R, Nagashima Y, Koshikawa T, Tanaka K. Photocatalytic Generations of Secondary and Tertiary Silyl Radicals from Silylboranes Using an Alkoxide Cocatalyst. J Org Chem 2022. [PMID: 36214474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Silyl radicals are valuable species to prepare diverse organosilicon compounds. However, unlike stable tertiary silyl radicals, the use of secondary silyl radicals has been problematic in silylation reactions due to their instability. Here, we present photocatalytic in situ generations of both secondary and tertiary silyl radicals by one-electron oxidation of ate complexes, formed from silylboranes and an alkoxide cocatalyst, achieving highly efficient hydrosilylation and deuterosilylation of electron-rich alkenes and dienes as well as electron-deficient alkenes. The theoretical studies show that anionic borate complexes activated with an alkoxide have lower oxidation potentials than neutral borate complexes, allowing the formation of secondary silyl radicals. The calculated reaction pathways reveal that anionic conditions using the conjugate acid-base pair of NaOEt (cocatalyst) and EtOH (solvent) are the key to expanding the scope of silyl radicals and alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Arai
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo152-8550, Japan
| | - Yuki Nagashima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo152-8550, Japan
| | - Takumi Koshikawa
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo152-8550, Japan
| | - Ken Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo152-8550, Japan
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8
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Fabregat-Safont D, Ibáñez M, Hernández F, Sancho JV. Development of a simple and low-cost prototype probe fully-compatible with atmospheric solids analysis probe for the analysis of human breath in real-time. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.107086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Feige F, Kögel JF, Lork E, Beckmann J. Thermally stable polyfluorinated monoalkoxysilanetriols and dialkoxydisiloxanetetrols. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:18186-18193. [PMID: 34860226 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03389a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of the polyfluorinated lithium triarylmethanolates Ar3COLi (Ar = C6F5, 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3) with SiCl4 provided the monosubstituted products Ar3COSiCl3 (1a, Ar = C6F5; 1b, Ar = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3). The hydrolysis of 1a and 1b produced the silanetriols Ar3COSi(OH)3 (2a, Ar = C6F5; 2b, Ar = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3) without the aid of an HCl scavenger. The reaction of two equivalents of Ar3COLi (Ar = C6F5, 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3) with (Cl3Si)2O afforded the disubstituted products [(C6F5)3COSiCl2]2O (3a) and {[(3,5-(CF3)2C6H3)3CO]SiCl2}2O (3b), the hydrolysis of which gave the corresponding disiloxanetetraols [(C6F5)3COSi(OH)2]2O (4a) and [(3,5-(CF3)2C6H3)3COSi(OH)2]2O (4b). At high concentrations in the presence of HCl, 2b undergoes controlled condensation to yield 4b. In the solid-state, 2a, 4a and 4b are mainly associated by hydrogen bonds of the type SiO-H⋯O(H)Si whereas the competing SiO-H⋯O(C)Si type was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Feige
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Julius F Kögel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Enno Lork
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
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10
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Kannengießer JF, Briesenick M, Meier D, Huch V, Morgenstern B, Kickelbick G. Synthesis and Hydrogen-Bond Patterns of Aryl-Group Substituted Silanediols and -triols from Alkoxy- and Chlorosilanes. Chemistry 2021; 27:16461-16476. [PMID: 34545975 PMCID: PMC9297978 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Organosilanols typically show a high condensation tendency and only exist as stable isolable molecules under very specific steric and electronic conditions at the silicon atom. In the present work, various novel representatives of this class of compounds were synthesized by hydrolysis of alkoxy‐ or chlorosilanes. Phenyl, 1‐naphthyl, and 9‐phenanthrenyl substituents at the silicon atom were applied to systematically study the influence of the aromatic substituents on the structure and reactivity of the compounds. Chemical shifts in 29Si NMR spectroscopy in solution, correlated well with the expected electronic situation induced by the substitution pattern on the Si atom. 1H NMR studies allowed the detection of strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Single‐crystal X‐ray structures of the alkoxides and the chlorosilanes are dominated by π‐π interactions of the aromatic systems, which are substituted by strong hydrogen bonding interactions representing various structural motifs in the respective silanol structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Falk Kannengießer
- Inorganic Solid-State Chemistry, Saarland University Campus, Building C4 1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Max Briesenick
- Inorganic Solid-State Chemistry, Saarland University Campus, Building C4 1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Dennis Meier
- Inorganic Solid-State Chemistry, Saarland University Campus, Building C4 1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Volker Huch
- Inorganic Solid-State Chemistry, Saarland University Campus, Building C4 1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Inorganic Solid-State Chemistry, Saarland University Campus, Building C4 1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Guido Kickelbick
- Inorganic Solid-State Chemistry, Saarland University Campus, Building C4 1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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11
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Klintuch D, Höfler MV, Wissel T, Bruhn C, Gutmann T, Pietschnig R. Trifunctional Silyl Groups as Anchoring Units in the Preparation of Luminescent Phosphole-Silica Hybrids. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:14263-14274. [PMID: 34492179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic strategy to β-silylphospholes with three methoxy, ethoxy, chloro, hydrido, or phenyl substituents at silicon has been developed, starting from trimethoxy, triethoxy, or triphenyl silyl substituted phenyl phosphanides and 1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiyne. These trifunctional silylphospholes were attached to the surface of uniform spheric silica particles (15 μm) and, for comparison, to a polyhedral silsesquioxane (POSS)-trisilanol as a molecular model to explore their luminescent properties in comparison with the free phospholes. Density functional theory calculations were performed to investigate any electronic perturbation of the phosphole system by the trifunctional silyl anchoring unit. For the immobilized phospholes, cross-polarization magic-angle-spinning NMR measurements (13C, 29Si, and 31P) were carried out to explore the bonding situation to the silica surface. Thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements were performed to approximate the amount of phospholes covering the silica surface. Identity and purity of all novel phospholes have been established with standard techniques (multinuclear NMR, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis) and X-ray diffraction for the POSS derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Klintuch
- Institute for Chemistry and CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich Plett-Straße 40, Kassel 34132, Germany
| | - Mark V Höfler
- Eduard Zintl Institute for Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Technical Universität (TU) Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss Straße 8, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Till Wissel
- Eduard Zintl Institute for Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Technical Universität (TU) Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss Straße 8, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Clemens Bruhn
- Institute for Chemistry and CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich Plett-Straße 40, Kassel 34132, Germany
| | - Torsten Gutmann
- Institute for Chemistry and CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich Plett-Straße 40, Kassel 34132, Germany.,Eduard Zintl Institute for Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Technical Universität (TU) Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss Straße 8, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Rudolf Pietschnig
- Institute for Chemistry and CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich Plett-Straße 40, Kassel 34132, Germany
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12
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Petkowski JJ, Bains W, Seager S. On the Potential of Silicon as a Building Block for Life. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E84. [PMID: 32532048 PMCID: PMC7345352 DOI: 10.3390/life10060084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite more than one hundred years of work on organosilicon chemistry, the basis for the plausibility of silicon-based life has never been systematically addressed nor objectively reviewed. We provide a comprehensive assessment of the possibility of silicon-based biochemistry, based on a review of what is known and what has been modeled, even including speculative work. We assess whether or not silicon chemistry meets the requirements for chemical diversity and reactivity as compared to carbon. To expand the possibility of plausible silicon biochemistry, we explore silicon's chemical complexity in diverse solvents found in planetary environments, including water, cryosolvents, and sulfuric acid. In no environment is a life based primarily around silicon chemistry a plausible option. We find that in a water-rich environment silicon's chemical capacity is highly limited due to ubiquitous silica formation; silicon can likely only be used as a rare and specialized heteroatom. Cryosolvents (e.g., liquid N2) provide extremely low solubility of all molecules, including organosilicons. Sulfuric acid, surprisingly, appears to be able to support a much larger diversity of organosilicon chemistry than water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Jurand Petkowski
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (W.B.); (S.S.)
| | - William Bains
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (W.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Sara Seager
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (W.B.); (S.S.)
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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13
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Kyri AW, Schuh L, Knoechl A, Schalli M, Torvisco A, Fischer RC, Haas M, Stueger H. Sila-Peterson Reaction of Cyclic Silanides. Organometallics 2020; 39:1832-1841. [PMID: 32476698 PMCID: PMC7254854 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Sila-Peterson
type reactions of the 1,4,4-tris(trimethylsilyl)-1-metallooctamethylcyclohexasilanes
(Me3Si)2Si6Me8(SiMe3)M (2a, M = Li; 2b, M = K) with
various ketones were investigated. The obtained products strongly
depend on the nature of the ketone component. With 2-adamantanone 2a,b afforded the moderately stable silene 3. 3 is the first example of an Apeloig–Ishikawa–Oehme-type
silene with the tricoordinate silicon atom incorporated into a cyclopolysilane
framework and could be characterized by NMR and UV spectroscopy as
well as by trapping reactions with water, methanol, and MeLi. The
reaction of 2b with aromatic ketones also follows a sila-Peterson
type mechanism with formation of carbanionic species. With 1,2-diphenylcyclopropenone 2b reacted by conjugate 1,4-addition to give a spirocyclic
carbanion. In most cases the underlying reaction mechanism could be
elucidated by the isolation and characterization of unstable intermediates
and final products after proper derivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas W. Kyri
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lukas Schuh
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Knoechl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Schalli
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ana Torvisco
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Roland C. Fischer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Haas
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Stueger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
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14
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Popp J, Hanf S, Hey‐Hawkins E. Unusual Racemization of Tertiary P-Chiral Ferrocenyl Phosphines. Chemistry 2020; 26:5765-5769. [PMID: 32048370 PMCID: PMC7317868 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tertiary phosphines are generally known to withstand inversion under moderate conditions. In this work, a remarkable racemization process of three P-chiral ferrocenyl phosphines is reported. Subjected to conventional column chromatography as highly enantioenriched compounds, they greatly experienced racemization when collected at the column outlet within minutes. Initially, attention was drawn to this unusual inversion behavior after observing that the superb enantiomeric excess of these ligands (>95 % ee in all cases) was almost lost in their corresponding ruthenium(II) complexes. Successively excluding possible racemization causes, these P-chiral ferrocenyl phosphines were found to undergo a significant, acid-catalyzed racemization process at room temperature within a few minutes. This process is mainly observed during standard column chromatography by using conventional silica or alumina, but can also be triggered deliberately by addition of certain acids. Therefore, the stereochemical preservation of P-chiral phosphines during their purification may per se not always be guaranteed, since column chromatography is the most frequently used technique for purifying such types of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Popp
- Faculty of Chemistry and MineralogyInstitute of Inorganic ChemistryLeipzig UniversityJohannisallee 2904103LeipzigGermany
| | - Schirin Hanf
- Faculty of Chemistry and MineralogyInstitute of Inorganic ChemistryLeipzig UniversityJohannisallee 2904103LeipzigGermany
- Department of ChemistryCambridge UniversityLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Evamarie Hey‐Hawkins
- Faculty of Chemistry and MineralogyInstitute of Inorganic ChemistryLeipzig UniversityJohannisallee 2904103LeipzigGermany
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15
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Xu N, Li B, Wang C, Uchiyama M. Sila‐ and Germacarboxylic Acids: Precursors for the Corresponding Silyl and Germyl Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning‐Xin Xu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Bi‐Xiao Li
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Chao Wang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR) Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR) Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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16
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Xu N, Li B, Wang C, Uchiyama M. Sila‐ and Germacarboxylic Acids: Precursors for the Corresponding Silyl and Germyl Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10639-10644. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning‐Xin Xu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Bi‐Xiao Li
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Chao Wang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR) Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR) Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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17
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Sturm MT, Herbort AF, Horn H, Schuhen K. Comparative study of the influence of linear and branched alkyltrichlorosilanes on the removal efficiency of polyethylene and polypropylene-based microplastic particles from water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:10888-10898. [PMID: 31953766 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07712-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are a global environmental pollution. Due to this fact, new solutions are needed to reduce the amount in various aquatic environments. A new concept introduced by Herbort and Schuhen from the year 2016 describes the agglomeration of microplastics in water using silicon-based precursors. In the study presented here, alkyltrichlorosilanes with different linear and branched alkyl groups and a chain length between 1 and 18 carbon (C-) atoms are investigated for their suitability to fix microplastics (mixtures of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP)) and to form larger agglomerates. As the alkyl group has a major influence on the reaction rate and agglomeration behavior, we present here the extensive data collection of the evaluation of the best case. The removal efficiency is determined gravimetrically. The reaction behavior and the fixation process are characterized by hydrolysis kinetics. 29Si-MAS-NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry (TGA) are used to characterize the chemical composition of the agglomerates. Finally, the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) allows the visualization of the formed agglomerates. The results show that the different alkyl groups have a strong impact on the suitability of the alkyltrichlorosilanes for the agglomeration, as they influence the hydrolysis and condensation kinetics in water and the affinity to the microplastics. Best suited for microplastic removal were intermediate chain length between 3 and 5 C-atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Toni Sturm
- Wasser 3.0 / abcr GmbH, Im Schlehert 10, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Engler-Bunte-Institut (EBI), Chair of Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Ring 9a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Adrian Frank Herbort
- Wasser 3.0 / abcr GmbH, Im Schlehert 10, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute for Environmental Science, Organic- and Ecological Chemistry, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstr. 7, 76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Harald Horn
- Engler-Bunte-Institut (EBI), Chair of Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Ring 9a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Water Chemistry and Water Technology, DVGW Research Laboratories, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Katrin Schuhen
- Wasser 3.0 / abcr GmbH, Im Schlehert 10, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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18
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Schlemmer W, Zankel A, Niegelhell K, Hobisch M, Süssenbacher M, Zajki-Zechmeister K, Weissl M, Reishofer D, Plank H, Spirk S. Deposition of Cellulose-Based Thin Films on Flexible Substrates. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11122433. [PMID: 30513642 PMCID: PMC6316936 DOI: 10.3390/ma11122433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates flexible (polyamide 6.6 PA-6.6, polyethylene terephthalate PET, Cu, Al, and Ni foils) and, for comparison, stiff substrates (silicon wafers and glass) differing in, for example, in surface free energy and surface roughness and their ability to host cellulose-based thin films. Trimethylsilyl cellulose (TMSC), a hydrophobic acid-labile cellulose derivative, was deposited on these substrates and subjected to spin coating. For all the synthetic polymer and metal substrates, rather homogenous films were obtained, where the thickness and the roughness of the films correlated with the substrate roughness and its surface free energy. A particular case was the TMSC layer on the copper foil, which exhibited superhydrophobicity caused by the microstructuring of the copper substrate. After the investigation of TMSC film formation, the conversion to cellulose using acidic vapors of HCl was attempted. While for the polymer foils, as well as for glass and silicon, rather homogenous and smooth cellulose films were obtained, for the metal foils, there is a competing reaction between the formation of metal chlorides and the generation of cellulose. We observed particles corresponding to the metal chlorides, while we could not detect any cellulose thin films after HCl treatment of the metal foils as proven by cross-section imaging using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Schlemmer
- Institute for Paper-, Pulp- and Fibre Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Armin Zankel
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis (FELMI), Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Katrin Niegelhell
- Institute for Paper-, Pulp- and Fibre Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Mathias Hobisch
- Institute for Paper-, Pulp- and Fibre Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Michael Süssenbacher
- Institute for Paper-, Pulp- and Fibre Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | | | - Michael Weissl
- Institute for Paper-, Pulp- and Fibre Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - David Reishofer
- Institute for Paper-, Pulp- and Fibre Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Harald Plank
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis (FELMI), Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Stefan Spirk
- Institute for Paper-, Pulp- and Fibre Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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19
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Hurkes N, Belaj F, Koe JR, Pietschnig R. Synthesis, structure and catalytic properties of bis[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]silanediol. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Hurkes
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT); University of Kassel; Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40 34132 Kassel Germany
| | - Ferdinand Belaj
- Institute of Chemistry; Karl-Franzens-University; Schubertstraße 1 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Julian R. Koe
- Department of Natural Sciences; International Christian University; 3-10-2 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo 181-8585 Japan
| | - Rudolf Pietschnig
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT); University of Kassel; Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40 34132 Kassel Germany
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20
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Marappan D, Palanisamy M, Velappan K, Muthukumaran N, Ganesan P. First luminescent triphenyl silanol enabled by non-innocent acridine orange. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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21
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Vishtorskaya AA, Saverina EA, Pechennikov VM, Krylova IV, Lalov AV, Syroeshkin MA, Egorov MP, Jouikov VV. Assessing Ge-132 as an antioxidant in organic and water-containing media. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Krekić K, Käkel E, Klintuch D, Bloß D, Pietschnig R. Coordination Polymers based on the Neutral Ditopic Ligand (C 6H 4PO(OCH 3) 2) 2 Involving some f-Block Elements. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2018; 644:149-154. [PMID: 29657341 PMCID: PMC5888180 DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201700424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An improved synthesis using microwave heating affords (C6H4PO(OCH3)2)2 in excellent isolated yield (95 %). The ligand properties of this bisphosphonateester were explored towards hard metal centers M2+ (M = Ca, UO2) and M3+ (M = La, Ce, Sm, Eu) resulting in coordination polymers, for which the reduction of ionic size of the central metal atom resulted in lower-dimensional structural motifs as opposed to higher dimensional networks obtained for the larger ions. All coordination polymers were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, and combustion analysis. The ligand was furthermore characterized with multinuclear NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristijan Krekić
- Institute of Chemistry and CINSaTUniversity of KasselHeinrich‐Plett‐Straße 4034132KasselGermany
| | - Eireen Käkel
- Institute of Chemistry and CINSaTUniversity of KasselHeinrich‐Plett‐Straße 4034132KasselGermany
| | - Dieter Klintuch
- Institute of Chemistry and CINSaTUniversity of KasselHeinrich‐Plett‐Straße 4034132KasselGermany
| | - Dana Bloß
- Institute of Chemistry and CINSaTUniversity of KasselHeinrich‐Plett‐Straße 4034132KasselGermany
| | - Rudolf Pietschnig
- Institute of Chemistry and CINSaTUniversity of KasselHeinrich‐Plett‐Straße 4034132KasselGermany
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23
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Kulakova AN, Bilyachenko AN, Levitsky MM, Khrustalev VN, Korlyukov AA, Zubavichus YV, Dorovatovskii PV, Lamaty F, Bantreil X, Villemejeanne B, Martinez J, Shul'pina LS, Shubina ES, Gutsul EI, Mikhailov IA, Ikonnikov NS, Tsareva US, Shul'pin GB. Si 10Cu 6N 4 Cage Hexacoppersilsesquioxanes Containing N Ligands: Synthesis, Structure, and High Catalytic Activity in Peroxide Oxidations. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:15026-15040. [PMID: 29185729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, composition, and catalytic properties of a new family of hexanuclear Cu(II)-based phenylsilsesquioxanes are described here. Structural studies of 17 synthesized compounds revealed the general principle underlying their molecular topology: viz., a central metal oxide layer consisting of two Cu3 trimers is coordinated by two cyclic [PhSiO1.5]5 siloxanolate ligands to form a skewed sandwich architecture with the composition [(PhSiO1.5)10(CuO)6]2+. In addition to this O ligation by the siloxanolate rings, two opposite copper ions are additionally coordinated by the nitrogen atoms of corresponding N ligand(s), such as 2,2'-bipyridine (compounds 1-9), 1,10-phenanthroline (compounds 10-13), mixed 1,10-phenanthroline/2,2'-bipyridine (compound 14), or bathophenanthroline (compounds 15-17). Finally, the charge balance is maintained by two HO- (compounds 1-7, 10-13, and 15-17), two H3CO- (compound 8), or two CH3COO- (compounds 9 and 14) anions. Complexes 1 and 10 exhibited a high activity in the oxidative amidation oxidation of alcohols. Compounds 1, 10, and 15 are very efficient homogeneous catalysts in the oxidation of alkanes and alcohols with peroxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena N Kulakova
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences , Vavilov Str., 28, Moscow, Russia.,Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) , Miklukho-Maklay Str., 6, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey N Bilyachenko
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences , Vavilov Str., 28, Moscow, Russia.,Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) , Miklukho-Maklay Str., 6, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail M Levitsky
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences , Vavilov Str., 28, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor N Khrustalev
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) , Miklukho-Maklay Str., 6, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A Korlyukov
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences , Vavilov Str., 28, Moscow, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University , Ostrovitianov str., 1, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yan V Zubavichus
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" , Akademika Kurchatova pl., 1, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel V Dorovatovskii
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" , Akademika Kurchatova pl., 1, Moscow, Russia
| | - Frédéric Lamaty
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM , Site Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Xavier Bantreil
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM , Site Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Benoît Villemejeanne
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM , Site Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM , Site Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Lidia S Shul'pina
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences , Vavilov Str., 28, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena S Shubina
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences , Vavilov Str., 28, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeniy I Gutsul
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences , Vavilov Str., 28, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor A Mikhailov
- Plekhanov Russian University of Economics , Stremyannyi pereulok, dom 36, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay S Ikonnikov
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences , Vavilov Str., 28, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ul'yana S Tsareva
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences , Vavilov Str., 28, Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgiy B Shul'pin
- Plekhanov Russian University of Economics , Stremyannyi pereulok, dom 36, Moscow, Russia.,Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences , ulitsa Kosygina, dom 4, Moscow, Russia
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24
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Building on Sub-Arctic Soil: Geopolymerization of Muskeg to a Densified Load-Bearing Composite. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14711. [PMID: 29116172 PMCID: PMC5676679 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The marshy water-saturated soil typical of the sub-Arctic represents a considerable impediment to the construction of roads, thereby greatly hindering human habitation and geological excavation. Muskeg, the native water-laden topsoil characteristic of the North American sub-Arctic, represents a particularly vexing challenge for road construction. Muskeg must either be entirely excavated, or for direct construction on muskeg, a mix of partial excavation and gradual compaction with the strategic placement of filling materials must be performed. Here, we demonstrate a novel and entirely reversible geopolymerization method for reinforcing muskeg with wood fibers derived from native vegetation with the addition of inorganic silicate precursors and without the addition of extraneous metal precursors. A continuous siloxane network is formed that links together the muskeg, wood fibers, and added silicates yielding a load-bearing and low-subsidence composite. The geopolymerization approach developed here, based on catalyzed formation of a siloxane network with further incorporation of cellulose, allows for an increase of density as well as compressive strength while reducing the compressibility of the composite.
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25
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Roesch P, Warzok U, Enke M, Müller R, Schattenberg C, Schalley CA, Kaupp M, Braun T, Wittwer P. Reactivity of the Sterically Demanding Siloxanediol Mes 2 Si(OH)(μ-O)Si(OH)Mes 2 Towards Water and Ether Molecules. Chemistry 2017; 23:13964-13972. [PMID: 28755523 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A series of isotopologues of the siloxanediol Mes2 Si(OH)(μ-O)Si(OH)Mes2 (3 a) (Mes=2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) were synthesized by reactions of the corresponding disiloxane precursors Mes2 Si(μ-O)2 SiMes2 (2 a), Mes2 Si(μ-17 O)2 SiMes2 (2 b) or Mes2 Si(μ-18 O)2 SiMes2 (2 c) with an excess of H2 O, H217 O or H218 O. NMR and IR signal assignments for the siloxanediols in benzene are supported by quantum-chemical calculations, which indicate small energy differences between trans and cis conformers, the latter of which exhibits an intramolecular hydrogen bond. 1 H NMR as well as IR data suggest the presence of a mixture of both conformers in C6 D6 . Hydrogen-bonded adducts of Mes2 Si(OH)(μ-O)Si(OH)Mes2 with ethers such as diethylether, dimethoxyethane or dioxane were observed in the solid state, where they form polymeric chain-like structures. The latter appear to be stable only in the crystal. 17 O{1 H} NMR and IR data in THF solution suggest an interaction of 3 a with at least one THF molecule, whereas diethylether appears not to interact. Water adducts form neither in solution nor in the solid state as indicated by NMR and ATR IR data. 17 O{1 H} NMR and ESI-MS experiments illustrate the remarkably high stability of the siloxanediols towards water and show no evidence for intra- or intermolecular oxygen-exchange reactions. In marked contrast, a stepwise exchange of all three oxygen atoms-including the one in the Si-O-Si bridge-occurred in the gas phase, when [Mes2 Si(18 OH)(μ-18 O)Si(18 O)Mes2 ]- was treated with H2 O in the hexapole of an ESI FT-ICR mass spectrometer. The scrambling between the bridging and the other oxygen atoms likely proceeds through cyclic Si2 O2 intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Roesch
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Warzok
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Enke
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie, Sekr. C7, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Müller
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie, Sekr. C7, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Caspar Schattenberg
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie, Sekr. C7, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph A Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Kaupp
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie, Sekr. C7, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Wittwer
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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26
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Preparation and Molecular Structure of a Cyclopentyl-Substituted Cage Hexasilsesquioxane T6 (T = cyclopentyl-SiO1.5) Starting from the Corresponding Silanetriol. INORGANICS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics5040066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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27
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High Catalytic Activity of Heterometallic (Fe6Na7 and Fe6Na6) Cage Silsesquioxanes in Oxidations with Peroxides. Catalysts 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/catal7040101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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28
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Velásquez-Hernández MDJ, Torres-Huerta A, Hernández-Balderas U, Martínez-Otero D, Núñez-Pineda A, Jancik V. Novel route to silanetriols and silanediols based on acetoxysilylalkoxides. Polyhedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2016.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Gupta SK, Kalita AC, Dar AA, Sen S, Patwari GN, Murugavel R. Elusive Double-Eight-Ring Zeolitic Secondary Building Unit. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 139:59-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K. Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra-400 076, India
| | - Alok Ch. Kalita
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra-400 076, India
| | - Aijaz A. Dar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra-400 076, India
| | - Saumik Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra-400 076, India
| | - G. Naresh Patwari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra-400 076, India
| | - Ramaswamy Murugavel
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra-400 076, India
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