1
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Bohlen JL, Endres L, Drescher R, Radacki K, Dietz M, Krummenacher I, Braunschweig H. Boroles from alumoles: accessing boroles with alkyl-substituted backbones via transtrielation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9010-9015. [PMID: 37655034 PMCID: PMC10466280 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02668j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The alumole Cp3tAlC4Et4 (Cp3t = 1,2,4-tris(tert-butyl)cyclopentadienyl) is reported to be capable of transferring its butadiene moiety to aryl(dihalo)boranes to generate boroles through aluminum-boron exchange. The products feature a rare alkyl-substituted backbone, which, as shown in other examples, often leads to dimerization due to insufficient steric protection of the antiaromatic borole ring. Sterically crowded aryl groups bound to the boron atom are shown to prevent dimerization, allowing access to the first monomeric derivatives of this type. Results from UV-vis spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and DFT calculations reveal that the alkyl substituents cause remarkable modifications in the optical and electronic properties of the boroles compared to their perarylated counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josina L Bohlen
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Lukas Endres
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Regina Drescher
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Krzysztof Radacki
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Maximilian Dietz
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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2
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Xu J, Xu X, Li D, Xie BB, Jian J. Photoinduced boron atom insertion of benzocyclobutene forming an unprecedented fused boron heterocyclic radical. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1529-1532. [PMID: 36661048 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06566e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Two novel boron heterocyclic radicals, an addition bicyclo[4.2.1]octa-1,3,5-trien-1-yl-borane radical (A) and an insertion 7-1H-borolo[1,2-a]borinine radical (B), were synthesized, and characterized in the reaction of atomic boron with benzocyclobutene. Species B involving a fused boron heterocyclic was spectroscopically characterized for the first time. This work is a new approach for boron-mediated molecular editing and the synthesis of fused boron heterocyclic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaping Xu
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, 1108 Gengwen Road, Hangzhou 311231, China.
| | - Xin Xu
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, 1108 Gengwen Road, Hangzhou 311231, China.
| | - Danyang Li
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, 1108 Gengwen Road, Hangzhou 311231, China.
| | - Bin-Bin Xie
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, 1108 Gengwen Road, Hangzhou 311231, China.
| | - Jiwen Jian
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, 1108 Gengwen Road, Hangzhou 311231, China.
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3
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Ren X, Gao X, Min QQ, Zhang S, Zhang X. (Fluoro)alkylation of alkenes promoted by photolysis of alkylzirconocenes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3454-3460. [PMID: 35432852 PMCID: PMC8943901 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc07061d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Difluoroalkylated compounds have important applications in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and materials science. However, efficient methods to construct the alkylCF2–alkyl bond are very limited, and the site-selective introduction of a difluoromethylene (CF2) group into an aliphatic chain at the desired position remains challenging. Here, we report an unprecedented example of alkylzirconocene promoted difluoroalkylation of alkyl- and silyl-alkenes with a variety of unactivated difluoroalkyl iodides and bromides under the irradiation of visible light without a catalyst. The resulting difluoroalkylated compounds can serve as versatile synthons in organic synthesis. The reaction can also be applied to activated difluoroalkyl, trifluoromethyl, perfluoroalkyl, monofluoroalkyl, and nonfluorinated alkyl halides, providing a general method to controllably access fluorinated compounds. Preliminary mechanistic studies reveal that a single electron transfer (SET) pathway induced by a Zr(iii) species is involved in the reaction, in which the Zr(iii) species is generated by the photolysis of alkylzirconocene with blue light. An unprecedented example of alkylzirconocene promoted difluoroalkylation of alkyl- and silyl-alkenes with a variety of fluoroalkyl and nonfluoroalkyl halides under the irradiation of visible light has been reported.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Ren
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Xing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Qiao-Qiao Min
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Shu Zhang
- The Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Huzhou 313001 China
| | - Xingang Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
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4
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Zhang Y, de Azambuja F, Parac-Vogt TN. Zirconium oxo clusters as discrete molecular catalysts for the direct amide bond formation. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00421f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A discrete dodecanuclear Zr oxo cluster catalyzed the direct formation of amide bonds without the need of water scavenging or dry reactions conditions showcasing the potential of these molecular clusters to become a new class of efficient catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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5
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Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling (XEC) is a powerful tool for forging C(sp2)-C(sp2) bonds in biaryl molecules from abundant aromatic halides. While syntheses of unsymmetrical biaryl compounds through multimetallic XEC is of high synthetic value, selective XEC of two heteroaromatic halides remains elusive and challenging. Herein we report a homogeneous XEC method which relies on a zirconaaziridine complex as a shuttle for dual palladium catalyzed processes. The zirconaaziridine-mediated palladium (ZAPd) catalyzed reaction shows excellent compatibility with various functional groups and diverse heteroaromatic scaffolds. In accord with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, a redox-transmetallation between the oxidative addition product and the zirconaaziridine is proposed as the crucial elementary step. Thus, cross-coupling selectivity using a single transition metal catalyst is controlled by the relative rate of oxidative addition of Pd(0) into the aromatic halide. Overall, the concept of a combined reducing and transmetallating agent offers opportunities for development of transition-metal reductive coupling catalysis.
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6
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New Bioconjugated Technetium and Rhenium Folates Synthesized by Transmetallation Reaction with Zinc Derivatives. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082373. [PMID: 33921789 PMCID: PMC8074163 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The zinc dithiocarbamates functionalized with folic acid 2Zn and 3Zn were synthesized with a simple straightforward method, using an appropriated folic acid derivative and a functionalized zinc dithiocarbamate (1Zn). Zinc complexes 2Zn and 3Zn show very low solubilities in water, making them useful for preparing Tc-99m radiopharmaceuticals with a potentially high molar activity. Thus, the transmetallation reaction in water medium between the zinc complexes 2Zn or 3Zn and the cation fac-[99mTc(H2O)3(CO)3]+, in the presence of the monodentate ligand TPPTS, leads to the formation of the 2 + 1 complexes fac-[99mTc(CO)3(SS)(P)] bioconjugated to folic acid (2Tc and 3Tc). In spite of the low solubility of 2Zn and 3Zn in water, the reaction yield is higher than 95%, and the excess zinc reagent is easily removed by centrifugation. The Tc-99m complexes were characterized by comparing their HPLC with those of the homologous rhenium complexes (2Re and 3Re) previously synthesized and characterized by standard methods. Preliminary in vivo studies with 2Tc and 3Tc indicate low specific binding to folate receptors. In summary, Tc-99m folates 2Tc and 3Tc were prepared in high yields, using a one-pot transmetallation reaction with low soluble zinc dithiocarbamates (>1 ppm), at moderate temperature, without needing a subsequent purification step.
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7
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Coelho A, Machado-Rodrigues C, Behr JB, Vasse JL. Convergent Evolution of Diastereomeric Mixtures of 5-Methoxy-pentylzirconocenes toward Trans-1,2-substituted Cyclopentanes. Org Lett 2021; 23:772-776. [PMID: 33439667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The access to 1,2- and 1,1,2-substituted trans cyclopentanes via a sequential hydrozirconation/TMSOTf-mediated cyclization applied to 5-methoxypent-1-enes is presented. Involving a transient carbocation, the reaction was shown to be diastereo-convergent. Possibly performed in a nonracemic version, the reaction proved compatible with a range of functional groups affording a large panel of cyclopentanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Coelho
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims-CNRS (UMR 7312) and Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Carine Machado-Rodrigues
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims-CNRS (UMR 7312) and Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Jean-Bernard Behr
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims-CNRS (UMR 7312) and Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Jean-Luc Vasse
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims-CNRS (UMR 7312) and Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
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8
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Cao L, Yan X, Xi C. Marriage of simple alkenes or alkynes and organophosphorus compounds through group IV metallocenes. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Gao Y, Yang C, Bai S, Liu X, Wu Q, Wang J, Jiang C, Qi X. Visible-Light-Induced Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling with Alkylzirconocenes from Unactivated Alkenes. Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Rivard E. Metallacycle Transfer and its Link to Light-Emitting Materials and Conjugated Polymers. CHEM REC 2019; 20:640-648. [PMID: 31833670 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201900095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Major advances in optoelectronic technologies (e. g., solar cells, organic light-emitting diodes, etc…) are prefaced by the discovery of new synthetic methodologies. In this review, the key role of the Fagan-Nugent reaction in enabling our team (and others) to gain access to new building blocks for luminescent materials and conjugated polymers bearing p-block elements will be described. The Fagan-Nugent reaction is extremely powerful as a synthetic tool since the efficient zirconium-element atom exchange involved affords a wide range of unsaturated inorganic heterocycles of controllable composition and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
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11
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Hupf E, Tsuchiya Y, Moffat W, Xu L, Hirai M, Zhou Y, Ferguson MJ, McDonald R, Murai T, He G, Rivard E. A Modular Approach to Phosphorescent π-Extended Heteroacenes. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:13323-13336. [PMID: 31503465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A modular route to previously inaccessible classes of ring-fused π-extended heteroacenes bearing the heavy inorganic element tellurium (Te) is presented. These new materials can be viewed as n-doped analogs of molecular graphene subunits that exhibit color tunable visible light phosphorescence in the solid state and in the presence of air. The general mechanism of phosphorescence in these systems was probed experimentally and computationally via time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). The incorporation of Te into π-extended oligoacene frameworks was achieved by an efficient Zr/Te transmetalation protocol; related zirconium-element exchange reactions have been used to prepare both electron-rich and electron-deficient heterocycles containing different elements from throughout the p-block. Therefore, the current study provides a clear path to incorporate inorganic elements into heteroacenes of greater complexity and side group selectivity compared to existing synthetic routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Hupf
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Yuki Tsuchiya
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering , Gifu University , Yanagido , Gifu 501-1193 , Japan
| | - Wayne Moffat
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Letian Xu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi Province 710054 , China
| | - Masato Hirai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS) , Nagoya University , Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan
| | - Yuqiao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Toshiaki Murai
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering , Gifu University , Yanagido , Gifu 501-1193 , Japan
| | - Gang He
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi Province 710054 , China
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
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12
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2017. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Pinheiro DLJ, de Castro PP, Amarante GW. Recent Developments and Synthetic Applications of Nucleophilic Zirconocene Complexes from Schwartz's Reagent. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L. J. Pinheiro
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Cidade Universitária 36036-900 São Pedro, Juiz de Fora Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Pedro P. de Castro
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Cidade Universitária 36036-900 São Pedro, Juiz de Fora Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Giovanni W. Amarante
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Cidade Universitária 36036-900 São Pedro, Juiz de Fora Minas Gerais Brazil
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14
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Bruffaerts J, Vasseur A, Singh S, Masarwa A, Didier D, Oskar L, Perrin L, Eisenstein O, Marek I. Zirconocene-Mediated Selective C-C Bond Cleavage of Strained Carbocycles: Scope and Mechanism. J Org Chem 2018. [PMID: 29537856 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several approaches using organozirconocene species for the remote cleavage of strained three-membered ring carbocycles are described. ω-Ene polysubstituted cyclopropanes, alkylidenecyclopropanes, ω-ene spiro[2.2]pentanes, and ω-ene cyclopropyl methyl ethers were successfully transformed into stereodefined organometallic intermediates, allowing an easy access to highly stereoenriched acyclic scaffolds in good yields and, in most cases, excellent selectivities. DFT calculations and isotopic labeling experiments were performed to delineate the origin of the obtained chemo- and stereoselectivities, demonstrating the importance of microreversibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Bruffaerts
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200009 , Israel
| | - Alexandre Vasseur
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200009 , Israel
| | - Sukhdev Singh
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200009 , Israel
| | - Ahmad Masarwa
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200009 , Israel
| | - Dorian Didier
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200009 , Israel
| | - Liron Oskar
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200009 , Israel
| | - Lionel Perrin
- CPE Lyon, INSA Lyon, ICBMS, CNRS UMR 5246 , Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Equipe ITEMM, Bât. Curien, 43 Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918 , 69622 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Odile Eisenstein
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253, CNRS-UM-ENSCM , Université de Montpellier , cc 1501, Place E. Bataillon , 34095 Montpellier , France
| | - Ilan Marek
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200009 , Israel
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