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Lin S, Mao J, Xiong J, Tong Y, Lu X, Zhou T, Wu X. Toward a mechanistic understanding of Rhenium(VII) adsorption behavior onto aminated polymeric adsorbents: Batch experiments, spectroscopic analyses, and theoretical computations. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 345:140485. [PMID: 37858771 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Rhenium, a rare and critical metal, existing in the industrial wastewater has been aroused extensive interests recently, due to its environmental and resource issues. Chitosan, an easily available, low-cost and eco-friendly biopolymer, was prepared and modified by grafting primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary amino groups, respectively. Adsorption behaviors and interactions between ReO4- and these four types of aminated adsorbents were investigated through batch experiments, spectroscopic analysis, and theoretical computations. Chitosan modified with secondary amines showed an extremely high uptake of ReO4- with 742.0 mg g-1, which was higher than any reported adsorbents so far. Furthermore, a relatively high adsorption selectivity for Re(VII), as well as the stable and facile regeneration of these aminated adsorbents revealed a promising approach for Re(VII) recovery in full-scale applications. The electrostatic attraction was illustrated to be the main adsorption mechanism by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy analyses. Significantly, the sub-steps of the adsorption process, encompassing the transformation of binding sites and the subsequent binding between these sites and the adsorbate, have been thoroughly investigated through the density functional theory (DFT) calculation method. This approach was firstly proposed to clearly demonstrate the differences in Re(VII) adsorption behavior onto four types of aminated adsorbents, resulting the importance of not only strong binding energy but also an appropriate binding spatial environmental for effective Re(VII) adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water and Wastewater Treatment (HUST), MOHURD, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China; Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Juan Mao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water and Wastewater Treatment (HUST), MOHURD, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Jian Xiong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water and Wastewater Treatment (HUST), MOHURD, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yuhang Tong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water and Wastewater Treatment (HUST), MOHURD, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiejuan Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water and Wastewater Treatment (HUST), MOHURD, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water and Wastewater Treatment (HUST), MOHURD, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water and Wastewater Treatment (HUST), MOHURD, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Wang C, Hu SX, Zhang L, Wang K, Liu HT, Zhang P. Trends in the Electronic Structure and Chemical Bonding of a Series of Porphyrinoid-Uranyl Complexes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:5376-5386. [PMID: 36990449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we have explored the relativistic density functional theory study on a series of deprotonated porphyrinoid (Ln) complexes of uranyl to investigate the geometrical structures and chemical bonding. The ligands bound with uranyl in the 1:1 complexes [UO2(Ln)]x (n = 4, 5, 6; x = 0, -1, -2), showing more thermodynamic stability for "in-cavity" structures of L5 and L6 than that of the "side-on" structure of L4 and an increase in stability with the increase of negative charges, L2- < L3- < L4-. Among the six ligands, the cyclo[6]pyrrole presents the best selectivity toward uranyl. Based on chemical bonding analyses, the U-NL bond in the in-cavity complexes adopts a typical dative NL → U bond with mainly ionic bonding and significant covalency, which comes from the significant orbital interaction of U 5fϕ6dδ7s hybrid AOs and NL 2p-based MOs. This work provides a systematic understanding of the coordination chemistry in uranyl pyrrole-containing macrocycle complexes and the nature of chemical bonding in such systems, which may provide inspirations for the future design of synthetic targets that could be relevant to actinide separations or in the remediation of spent nuclear fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Hebei Key Lab of Optic-electronic Information and Materials, The College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Shu-Xian Hu
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Hebei Key Lab of Optic-electronic Information and Materials, The College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Hai-Tao Liu
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
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Xue S, Lv X, Liu N, Morimoto H, Xiao B, Aratani N, Kuzuhara D, Yamada H, Qiu F. Porphyrin(2.1.2.1) rhenium(I) complexes: Synthesis, structures, properties, and dipyrrin act as bipyridyl-like ligand. J COORD CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2022.2146498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaojuan Lv
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ningchao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hirofumi Morimoto
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Bentian Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Naoki Aratani
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Daiki Kuzuhara
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Fengxian Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Das M, Chakraborty T, Lei KF, Lin CY, Kao CH. Excellent physicochemical and sensing characteristics of a Re x O y based pH sensor at low post-deposition annealing temperature. RSC Adv 2022; 12:13774-13782. [PMID: 35530391 PMCID: PMC9074847 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01177h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
pH monitoring in clinical assessment is pivotal as pH imbalance significantly influences the physiological and extracellular functions of the human body. Metal oxide based pH sensors, a promising alternative to bulky pH electrodes, mostly require complex fabrication, high-temperature post-deposition treatment, and high expenses that inhibit their practical applicability. So, there is still room to develop a straightforward and cost-effective metal oxide based pH sensor comprising high sensitivity and reliability. In this report, a novel solution-processed and low-temperature annealed (220 °C) mixed-valence (vii/vi) oxide of rhenium (Re x O y ) was applied in an electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (EIS) structure. The annealing effect on morphological, structural, and compositional properties was scrutinized by physical and chemical characterizations. The post-annealed Re x O y exhibited a high pH sensitivity (57.3 mV pH-1, R 2 = 0.99), a lower hysteresis (4.7 mV), and a reduced drift rate (1.7 mV h-1) compared to the as-prepared sample for an analytically acceptable pH range (2-12) along with good stability and reproducibility. The magnified sensing performance originated due to the valence state of Re from Re6+ to Re7+ attributed to each electron transfer for a single H+ ion. The device showed high selectivity for H+ ions, which was confirmed by the interference study with other relevant ions. The feasibility of the sensor was verified by measuring the device in real samples. Hence, the ease-of-fabrication and notable sensing performance of the proposed sensor endorsed its implementation for diagnosing pH-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munmun Das
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Chang Gung University 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan Tao-Yuan 333 Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Titisha Chakraborty
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Chang Gung University 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan Tao-Yuan 333 Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Kin Fong Lei
- Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Chan Yu Lin
- Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital No. 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist. Taoyuan City 333 Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Chyuan Haur Kao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Chang Gung University 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan Tao-Yuan 333 Taiwan Republic of China
- Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital No. 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist. Taoyuan City 333 Taiwan Republic of China
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology 284 Gungjuan Rd, Taishan Dist. New Taipei City 24301 Taiwan Republic of China
- Center for Green Technology, Chang Gung University 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan Tao-Yuan 333 Taiwan Republic of China
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Di- and tetra-nuclear oxorhenium(V) complexes of benzoylthiourea derivative ligands: Synthesis, structural characterization, and catalytic applications. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.115786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Zhou W, Sarma T, Su Y, Lei C, Sessler JL. Kinetic trapping of a cobalt(ii) metallocage using a carbazole-containing expanded carbaporphyrinoid ligand. Chem Sci 2022; 13:692-697. [PMID: 35173933 PMCID: PMC8768885 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06514a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The meso-unsubstituted expanded porphyrinoid 3, incorporating two carbazole moieties, acts as an effective ligand for Co(ii) and permits the isolation and X-ray diffraction-based characterization of a 6 : 3 metal-to-ligand metallocage complex that converts spontaneously to the constituent 2 : 1 metal-to-ligand metalloring species in chloroform solution. The discrete metalloring is formed directly when the Co(ii) complex is crystallized from supersaturated solutions, whereas crystallization from more dilute solutions favors the metallocage. Studies with two other test cations, Pd(ii) and Zn(ii), revealed exclusive formation of the monomeric metalloring complexes with no evidence of higher order species being formed. Structural, electrochemical and UV-vis-NIR absorption spectral studies provide support for the conclusion that the Pd(ii) complex is less distorted and more effectively conjugated than its Co(ii) and Zn(ii) congeners, an inference further supported by TD-DFT calculations. The findings reported here underscore how expanded porphyrins can support coordination modes, including bimetallic complexes and self-assembled cage structures, that are not necessarily easy to access using more traditional ligand systems. Carbazole containing expanded carbaporphyrinoid ligand supports the formation of 2 : 1 metal-to-ligand complexes with Pd, Co, and Zn. Solid-state studies also revealed formation of a 6 : 3 metal-to-ligand metallocage in the case of Co complexation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Tridib Sarma
- Department of Chemistry, Cotton University, Guwahati 781001, Assam, India
| | - Yonghuan Su
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chuanhu Lei
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA
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Alka A, Thorat KG, Ravikanth M. Regioselective Stepwise Bromination of [14]Triphyrins(2.1.1) and Their Effects on Structural, Spectral, and Redox Properties. J Org Chem 2021; 86:17640-17650. [PMID: 34813331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Regioselective stepwise bromination of meso-tetraaryl [14]triphyrins(2.1.1) was explored to investigate the effect of bromine substitution at the β-pyrrole carbons of triphyrin(2.1.1) on the structural, spectral, photophysical, and redox properties. A series of β-monobromo to β-hexabromo triphyrins(2.1.1) 2-7 were synthesized by treating triphyrin(2.1.1) 1 with appropriate equivalents of N-bromosuccinimide at ambient temperature in decent yields. The regiochemistry of bromines in β-brominated triphyrins(2.1.1) 3-5 and 7 was confirmed by X-ray crystallography, and the analysis revealed the effect of bromination of triphyrin(2.1.1) on the structural framework was significant in the case of hexabromotriphyrin(2.1.1) 7 compared to other macrocycles. Absorption spectroscopy showed that stepwise substitution of bromines at β-pyrrole carbons of triphyrin(2.1.1) resulting in bathochromic shifts of absorption bands relative to triphyrin(2.1.1) 1 and hexabromotriphyrin(2.1.1) 7 exhibited absorption bands at longer wavelengths. The redox studies revealed that compounds 2-7 were easier to reduce than triphyrin(2.1.1) 1, and the first reduction potential wave shifted anodically with an increase in the number of bromine substituents at β-pyrrole carbons of triphyrin(2.1.1) 1 from one to six. These structural, spectral, and electrochemical properties were also predicted by density functional theory calculations, and the analysis was consistent with the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alka
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Kishor G Thorat
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, India
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He H, Ye Z, Shimizu D, Sumra I, Zhang Y, Liang Z, Zeng Y, Xu L, Osuka A, Ke Z, Jiang HW. Formation of Stable Ni III N-Confused Porphyrins Aided by a 3-Ethoxy Group. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103272. [PMID: 34672400 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, characterization, and reactivities of two stable NiIII N-confused porphyrin (NCP) complexes. Metalation of 3-OEt NCP 1 with NiCl2 ⋅ 6H2 O in CHCl3 /EtOH gave 3-OEt NiII NCP 3 initially, which was easily oxidized in air to form the NiIII complex of NCP inner C-oxide 4. Bis-ethoxy-modified NiIII complex 5 was synthesized by oxidation of 3 with PIFA in ethanol and CHCl3 . The structures of 4 and 5 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. An unusually long NiIII -C bond (2.170(9) Å) was observed in 4. The g-factor (g>2.1) observed in the EPR spectra of 4 and 5 further confirmed that they are paramagnetic NiIII complexes. Comparative experiments showed that the 3-ethoxy group plays an important role in the formation of 4 and 5. Reduction of 4 and 5 with NaBH4 regenerated complex 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huowang He
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University and Key Laboratory of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zongren Ye
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, PCFM Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Daiki Shimizu
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Idrees Sumra
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University and Key Laboratory of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yihuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University and Key Laboratory of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhengyu Liang
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University and Key Laboratory of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yingyu Zeng
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University and Key Laboratory of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of Application and Assemble of Organic Functional molecules, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Zhuofeng Ke
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, PCFM Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Hua-Wei Jiang
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University and Key Laboratory of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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Neo-Porphyrinoids: New Members of the Porphyrinoid Family. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2021; 379:26. [PMID: 34009495 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-021-00338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The four pyrrole rings and four meso carbons of tetrapyrrolic porphyrins can be arranged in different ways and the resulting porphyrin isomers exhibit very distinct electronic properties. The extensive research carried out on the porphyrins over the years has revealed that porphyrin can have several possible isomers and some of these have been identified and synthesized. Among the porphyrin isomers synthesized so far, porphycene and N-confused porphyrins have been investigated extensively whereas the other porphyrin isomers such as hemiporphycene, corrphycene and isoporphycene remain underdeveloped because of synthetic difficulties and their inherently unstable nature. Neoporphyrinoids are new members of the porphyrinoid family that were discovered serendipitously in 2011. Neoporphyrinoids are structural analogues of porphyrinoids with a confused pyrrole nitrogen linked to a meso carbon or the adjacent pyrrole carbon. Thus, neoporphyrinoids have an unusual structure in which pyrrole N is a part of a porphyrinoid framework and the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen participate in macrocyclic conjugation. It's been a decade since the discovery and different types of neoporphyrinoids, including regular, contracted and expanded neoporphyrinoids, have been synthesized by rational synthetic methodologies and their spectral, structural, aromatic and coordination properties have been studied. There is huge scope to develop different synthetic routes to produce new types of stable neoporphyrinoids to study their properties and potential applications. This article presents a brief overview of the synthesis, structure and properties of the neoporphyrinoids reported in this decade.
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Liu S, Cheng Z, Liu Y, Gao X, Tan Y, Ren Y, Shen Z. Boosting electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction performance of two-dimensional Mo porphyrin monolayers via turning the coordination environment. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:4178-4186. [PMID: 33586741 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06036d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Designing atomically dispersed metal catalysts for the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is an effective approach to achieve better energy conversion efficiencies. In this study, we designed a series of single molybdenum (Mo) atom-anchored porous two-dimensional Mo porphyrin (2D Mo-Pp) monolayers modified by B, C, O, P and S as efficient NRR catalysts to improve the catalytic performance. We introduced two key parameters, θ (pz orbital filling of heteroatoms) and φ (Bader charge of central Mo atoms). It shows that θ and φ play important roles in nitrogen absorption by analyzing the regression models. In particular, the theoretical results suggested that the 2D Mo-Pp monolayer modified by B has an ultralow limiting potential of 0.35 V and can suppress the hydrogen evolution reaction, making the 2D Mo-Pp monolayer modified by B a promising NRR electrocatalyst with high efficiency and selectivity. This work provides insights into the rational design of the elaborate structure of single-atom catalysts with tunable electrocatalytic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiang Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
| | - Zhiwen Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
| | - Yawei Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoping Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
| | - Yujia Tan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
| | - Yuanyang Ren
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
| | - Zhemin Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China. and Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China and Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
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