1
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Ding S, Xu Y, Xue S, Liu S, Meng H, Zhang Q. Deep eutectic solvents as a green alternative to organic solvents for β-cyclodextrin pseudo-stationary phase in capillary electrophoresis. Talanta 2024; 275:126126. [PMID: 38678923 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), as an important pseudo-stationary phase (PSP) in capillary electrophoresis (CE), frequently confronts challenges stemming from its limited water solubility, particularly when high concentrations are required for resolving complex analytes. Traditionally, researchers often resort to the use of (toxic) organic solvents to enhance the solubility of β-CD, establishing non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) for specific separations. However, such practices are hazardous to health and run counter to the principles of green analytical chemistry. In this study, we demonstrate a deep eutectic solvent (DES), Proline:Urea (PU), as a promising alternative to conventional organic solvents for β-CD-based CE separations. The DES exhibits a solubility of up to 30% for β-CD, a significant improvement compared to the 1.8% solubility in the aqueous phase. Utilizing this DES-type separation medium, we achieved simultaneous baseline separation of a complex analyte composed of eight structurally similar naphthoic acid derivatives. Furthermore, we conducted a systematic comparison of β-CD's performance in aqueous CE buffers, organic solvents, and DESs, highlighting the superiority of this novel and environmentally friendly CE separation medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihui Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Yu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Song Xue
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Siyao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Haoxiang Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China.
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2
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Li Y, Miao S, Tan J, Zhang Q, Chen DDY. Capillary Electrophoresis: A Three-Year Literature Review. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7799-7816. [PMID: 38598751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Siyu Miao
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jiahua Tan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P. R. China
| | - David Da Yong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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3
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Scriba GKE. Update on chiral recognition mechanisms in separation science. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2400148. [PMID: 38772711 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202400148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
The stereospecific analysis of chiral molecules is an important issue in many scientific fields. In separation sciences, this is achieved via the formation of transient diastereomeric complexes between a chiral selector and the selectand enantiomers driven by molecular interactions including electrostatic, ion-dipole, dipole-dipole, van der Waals or π-π interactions as well as hydrogen or halogen bonds depending on the nature of selector and selectand. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and molecular modeling methods are currently the most frequently applied techniques to understand the selector-selectand interactions at a molecular level and to draw conclusions on the chiral separation mechanism. The present short review summarizes some of the recent achievements for the understanding of the chiral recognition of the most important chiral selectors combining separation techniques with molecular modeling and/or spectroscopic techniques dating between 2020 and early 2024. The selectors include polysaccharide derivatives, cyclodextrins, macrocyclic glycopeptides, proteins, donor-acceptor type selectors, ion-exchangers, crown ethers, and molecular micelles. The application of chiral ionic liquids and chiral deep eutectic solvents, as well as further selectors, are also briefly addressed. A compilation of all published literature on chiral selectors has not been attempted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard K E Scriba
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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4
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Ding S, Xu Y, Xue S, Li A, Zhang Q. Capillary electrophoresis separations with deep eutectic solvents as greener separation media: A proof-of-concept study. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1716:464644. [PMID: 38237289 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has conventionally been classified into aqueous and non-aqueous categories based on the types of buffer solvents employed. Traditionally, non-aqueous CE has always been associated with the use of organic solvents, which are considered hazardous to health and environmentally detrimental. In this work, we introduce deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as CE separation media for the first time, presenting a novel and environmentally friendly approach to CE separations. The DES employed consists of proline and urea (Proline:Urea, PU), both of which are naturally occurring compounds that are readily available, cost-effective, and environmentally benign. Various fundamental aspects of the DES-type CE media were investigated, including thermal property, viscosity, electroconductivity, Joule heating effect, and compatibility with detectors. A simulated complex mixture of ten naphthalene-based compounds with varied charges and sizes was separated using the DES-based medium in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) mode. Moreover, we also established a DES-based micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) system utilizing Tween-20 as the surfactant. Six structurally similar naphthalene derivatives (isomers) that couldn't be resolved by CZE were effectively separated due to their strong hydrophobic interaction with Tween-20 micelles within the DES medium. Given that DESs are "designer" solvents with highly tunable properties and environmentally friendly characteristics, this study demonstrates the potential of employing DESs as an alternative to organic solvents for greener CE separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihui Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China
| | - Yu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China
| | - Song Xue
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China
| | - Ang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China.
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5
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Ma X, Fan Z, Tang Z, Cai L. Investigation on improvement of enantioseparation based on clindamycin phosphate by chiral deep eutectic solvents in capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300847. [PMID: 38356235 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
In this work, the potential synergetic effect between deep eutectic solvents and an antibiotic chiral selector (clindamycin phosphate) for enantioseparation was investigated in capillary electrophoresis. We synthesized a series of deep eutectic solvents with choline chloride as hydrogen bond acceptor and three α-hydroxyl acids (l-lactic acid, l-malic acid, and l-tartaric acid) as hydrogen bond donors. Compared to the single clindamycin phosphate separation system, significantly improved separations of model drugs were observed in several synergetic systems. Compared to deep eutectic solvents with a single hydrogen bond donor, deep eutectic solvents with mixed-type hydrogen bond donors were superior. The influences of several key parameters including the type and proportion of organic modifier, clindamycin phosphate concentrations, deep eutectic solvents concentrations, and buffer pH were investigated in detail. The mechanism of the enhanced separations in deep eutectic solvents systems was investigated by means of electroosmotic flow analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, and molecular modeling. It was the first time that the synergetic systems between deep eutectic solvents and antibiotic chiral selector were established in capillary electrophoresis, and these deep eutectic solvents were demonstrated to have a good synergetic effect with clindamycin phosphate for enantioseparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P. R. China
| | - Liangliang Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P. R. China
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6
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Ali I, Perrucci M, Ciriolo L, D'Ovidio C, de Grazia U, Ulusoy HI, Kabir A, Savini F, Locatelli M. Applications of electrophoresis for small enantiomeric drugs in real-world samples: Recent trends and future perspectives. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:55-68. [PMID: 37495859 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Separation and identification of chiral molecules is a topic widely discussed in the literature and of fundamental importance, especially in the pharmaceutical and food fields, both from industrial and laboratory points of view. Several techniques are used to carry out these analyses, but high-performance liquid chromatography is often the "gold standard." The high costs of chiral columns, necessary for this technique, led researchers to look for an alternative, and capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a technique capable of overcoming some of the disadvantages of liquid chromatography, often providing comparable results in terms of sensitivity and robustness. We addressed this topic, already widely discussed in the literature, providing an overview of the last 6 years of the most frequent and recent applications of CE. To make the manuscript more effective, we decided to divide it into paragraphs that represent the main field of application, from enantioseparation in complex matrices (pharmacokinetic studies or toxicological dosage of drugs, analysis of environmental pollutants, and analyses of foods) to quality control analyses on pharmaceutical formulas. About these, which are the fields of most meaningful use, we mentioned some of the most innovative and performing methods, with a look to the future on the application of new materials used, such as chiral selectors, that can make these types of analyses accessible to all, reducing cost, time, and excessive use of toxic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Miryam Perrucci
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Luigi Ciriolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Cristian D'Ovidio
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Ugo de Grazia
- Laboratory of Neurological Biochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Halil Ibrahim Ulusoy
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Abuzar Kabir
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Fabio Savini
- Pharmatoxicology Laboratory-Hospital "Santo Spirito", Pescara, Italy
| | - Marcello Locatelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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7
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Liu R, Gu B, Chen M, Ye J, Chu Q. Deep eutectic solvents combined with beta-cyclodextrin derivatives for chiral separation of typical adrenergic receptor agonists by capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 236:115748. [PMID: 37757546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Enantioseparation has always been one of the research hotspots and difficulties in the field of modern separation science. In this work, a binary chiral electrophoretic separation system was constructed using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) coupled with beta-cyclodextrin derivatives based on capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection system, and five groups of typical adrenergic receptor agonists (adrenaline, salbutamol, isoproterenol, norepinephrine and terbutaline) were selected as the model enantiomers. The effects of additive types and contents of DESs and cyclodextrins, and the pH value and concentration of the running buffer on the resolution of the selected chiral compounds were investigated in detail. The mechanism of DESs improving separation was explored preliminarily by means of UV spectrophotometry, which was further verified based on the comparison of single and mixed components of choline chlorine-urea DES. Under the optimum conditions, the relative standard deviations for inter-day and intra-day repeatability of the migration time, peak area and resolution for adrenaline and salbutamol were within 8.7%, and the limits of detection reached 0.030 μg mL-1 (S/N = 3). The recovery data were in the range of 96.3-118.7%. The developed methods have been applied for the analyses of (+)-adrenaline hydrochloride injection and (±)-salbutamol aerosol. This binary chiral electrophoretic separation system by CE-AD has high detection sensitivity and low analytical cost, providing an alternative for the separation and analysis of chiral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Boning Gu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Meijun Chen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jiannong Ye
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qingcui Chu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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8
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Wen X, Du S, Zhang L, Liu M. Chiral Deep Eutectic Solvents Enable Full-Color and White Circularly Polarized Luminescence from Achiral Luminophores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311816. [PMID: 37743623 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Herein, chiral deep eutectic solvents (DES) are prepared by lauric acid as hydrogen bond donors (HBD) and chiral menthol as hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA). When achiral fluorescent molecules are dopedin the menthol-based chiral DES, they emit circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) with handedness controlled by the molecular chirality (l or d) of menthol. Remarkably, the strategy is universal and a series of achiral fluorescent molecules can be endowed with CPL activity, showing a full-color and white CPL upon appropriate mixing, which paves the way to prepare white CPL materials. Interestingly, CPL appears only in a certain temperature range in the DES. Variable-temperature spectra and other characterization methods reveal that the H-bond network in the chiral DES plays an important role in inducing CPL. This work unveils how the interior structure as well as the hydrogen-bond network of a chiral DES can transfer its chirality to achiral luminophores for the first time and realizes a full-color and white CPL in a DES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wen
- Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Sifan Du
- Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Minghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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9
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Aredes RS, Lima IDP, Faillace AP, Madriaga VGC, Lima TDM, Vaz FAS, Marques FFDC, Duarte LM. From capillaries to microchips, green electrophoretic features for enantiomeric separations: A decade review (2013-2022). Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1471-1518. [PMID: 37667860 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Enantioseparation by the electromigration-based method is well-established and widely discussed in the literature. Electrophoretic strategies have been used to baseline resolve complex enantiomeric mixtures, typically using a selector substance into the background electrolyte (BGE) from capillaries to microchips. Along with developing new materials/substances for enantioseparations, it is the concern about the green analytical chemistry (GAC) principles for method development and application. This review article brings a last decade's update on the publications involving enantioseparation by electrophoresis for capillary and microchip systems. It also brings a critical discussion on GAC principles and new green metrics in the context of developing an enantioseparation method. Chemical and green features of native and modified cyclodextrins are discussed. Still, given the employment of greener substances, ionic liquids and deep-eutectic solvents are highlighted, and some new selectors are proposed. For all the mentioned selectors, green features about their production, application, and disposal are considered. Sample preparation and BGE composition in GAC perspective, as well as greener derivatization possibilities, were also addressed. Therefore, one of the goals of this review is to aid the electrophoretic researchers to look where they have not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaella S Aredes
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabela de P Lima
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amanda P Faillace
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinicius G C Madriaga
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thiago de M Lima
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando A S Vaz
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávia F de C Marques
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucas M Duarte
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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10
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Xu Y, Li A, Xue S, Ding S, Zhang Q. Chiral separation by capillary electrokinetic chromatography with hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents as pseudo-stationary phases. Talanta 2023; 260:124556. [PMID: 37121143 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrated for the first time that hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDESs) can be used in capillary electrophoresis (CE) for chiral separations. We found that the an HDES methyltrioctylammonium chloride:octanoic acid (N8881Cl:OctA) can exist in the form of nano-sized microdroplets in CE background electrolyte solutions, and show hydrophobic effects as a new type of pseudo-stationary phase (PSP) during CE separation. When used in combination with various cyclodextrin (CD)-type chiral selectors, the presence of N8881Cl:OctA significantly improved the enantioresolutions of several model drugs. Moreover, the migration time of the enantiomers can also be reduced when an anionic CD (e.g., carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin (CM-β-CD)) was used. Critical factors influencing the chiral separations were systematically investigated including the HDES concentration, hydrogen-bond acceptor (HBA)/hydrogen-bond donor (HBD) ratio, CD concentration, buffer pH, and applied voltage, etc. An insight into chiral recognition mechanism with HDES is provided for reference. A comparison of the chiral CE performance of HDESs with traditional surfactants was also performed to demonstrate their superiority as a new type of PSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Ang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Song Xue
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Sihui Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China.
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11
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Recent applications and chiral separation developments based on stationary phases in open tubular capillary electrochromatography (2019–2022). J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:323-339. [PMID: 37181297 PMCID: PMC10173184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Capillary electrochromatography (CEC) plays a significant role in chiral separation via the double separation principle, partition coefficient difference between the two phases, and electroosmotic flow-driven separation. Given the distinct properties of the inner wall stationary phase (SP), the separation ability of each SP differs from one another. Particularly, it provides large room for promising applications of open tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC). We divided the OT-CEC SPs developed over the past four years into six types: ionic liquids, nanoparticle materials, microporous materials, biomaterials, non-nanopolymers, and others, to mainly introduce their characteristics in chiral drug separation. There also added a few classic SPs that occurred within ten years as supplements to enrich the features of each SP. Additionally, we discuss their applications in metabolomics, food, cosmetics, environment, and biology as analytes in addition to chiral drugs. OT-CEC plays an increasingly significant role in chiral separation and may promote the development of capillary electrophoresis (CE) combined with other instruments in recent years, such as CE with mass spectrometry (CE/MS) and CE with ultraviolet light detector (CE/UV).
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12
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Li A, Xue S, Xu Y, Ding S, Wen D, Zhang Q. A feasibility study on the use of hydrophobic eutectic solvents as pseudo-stationary phases in capillary electrophoresis for chiral separations. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1239:340693. [PMID: 36628761 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A critical challenge in using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in capillary electrophoresis (CE) is to develop separation systems in which a DES can really work as a single entity. To achieve this, the authors recently demonstrated a novel strategy that takes advantage of the aqueous dispersibility of hydrophobic DESs (or more accurately hydrophobic eutectic solvents (HESs)). However, the previous work was limited only to the separation of achiral analytes, e.g., analogues, homologues, and isomers. The present study was designed as a follow-up study in order to explore the feasibility of employing HES-type pseudo-stationary phases (PSPs) in CE for chiral separations. By using carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin (CM-β-CD) as a model chiral selector, we provide the first evidence that there is a potential synergistic effect between HESs and traditional chiral selectors. Specifically, the combined use of HES (-)-menthol:octanoic acid and CM-β-CD allowed excellent enantioseparations of several basic drugs which were not able to be resolved in the single CM-β-CD system. The enantioresolutions were significantly improved while the migration times of the enantiomers were also shortened due to the hydrophobic mechanism of the HES-type PSP. Critical factors influencing the novel chiral CE system were systematically investigated. Since HESs are considered as "designer" solvents with highly tunable properties, this study demonstrates the potential of employing HESs (or HDES)-type PSPs in CE for chiral separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Song Xue
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Yu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Sihui Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Di Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China.
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13
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An electrochemical sensor employing β-cyclodextrin chiral cross-linked metal organic framework and graphene oxide for chiral enantiomer recognition. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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The role of deep eutectic solvents in chiral capillary electrokinetic chromatography: A comparative study based on α-cyclodextrin chiral selector. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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15
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Haginaka J. Progress in Chiral Stationary Phases Based on Proteins and Glycoproteins. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2022; 70:458-468. [PMID: 35786565 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c22-00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A lot of chiral stationary phases (CSPs) have been introduced for the purpose of analytical and preparative separations of enantiomers. CSPs based on proteins and glycoproteins have unique properties among those CSPs. This review article deals with the preparation of CSPs based on proteins and glycoproteins, their chiral recognition properties and mechanisms, focusing on the CSPs investigated in our group. The dealt proteins and glycoproteins are including bovine serum albumin, human serum albumin, lysozyme, pepsin, human α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), chicken ovomucoid and chicken ovoglycoprotein (named chicken AGP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Haginaka
- Institute for Biosciences, Mukogawa Women's University
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16
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MA Y, HU Y, ZHENG L, CHEN L, ZHAO X, QU F. Annual review of capillary electrophoresis technology in 2021. Se Pu 2022; 40:591-599. [PMID: 35791597 PMCID: PMC9404112 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2022.03040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
该文为2021年毛细管电泳(capillary electrophoresis, CE)技术年度回顾。归纳总结了以“capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry”或“capillary isoelectric focusing”或“micellar electrokinetic chromatography”或“capillary electrophoresis”为关键词在ISI Web of Science数据库中进行主题检索(排除“capillary electrochromatography”“microchip”和“capillary monolithic column”)得到的2021年CE技术相关研究论文291篇,以及中文期刊《色谱》和《分析化学》中相关研究论文9篇。重点介绍了影响因子(IF)≥10.0的Coordination Chemistry Reviews, Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, Nature Protocols, TrAC-Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy发表的7篇论文;以及影响因子5~10之间的代表性期刊Analytical Chemistry, Analytica Chimica Acta, Talanta和Food Chemistry的42篇论文;对影响因子小于5但CE技术报道较为集中的Journal of Chromatography A和Electrophoresis,国内重要的中文期刊《色谱》和《分析化学》中的代表性工作进行了概述。该文根据国际通用学术水平评价指标之一的影响因子选择期刊,结合期刊发表CE论文代表性工作进行介绍,便于读者快速了解毛细管电泳技术在过去一年的重要研究进展。
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17
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Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents as pseudo-stationary phases in capillary electrokinetic chromatography: An explorative study. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1213:339936. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Nikam S, S. K A. Enantioselective Separation of Amino Acids Using Chiral Polystyrene Microspheres Synthesized by a Post-Polymer Modification Approach. ACS POLYMERS AU 2022; 2:257-265. [PMID: 36855562 PMCID: PMC9955280 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The enantioselective separation of a racemic mixture of amino acids was achieved by chiral amino acid-modified polystyrene (PS) that was developed by a post-polymer modification approach. Styrene was polymerized using the reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization technique and further post-polymer modification was applied by Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction with chiral N-phthaloyl-l-leucine acid chloride to obtain the protected PS-l-Leu. The chiral PS (protected PS-l-Leu) was assembled into microspheres using a surfactant and was used for carrying out the enantioselective separation of amino acid racemic mixtures by enantioselective adsorption followed by a simple filtration process. Compared to as-precipitated chiral PS (protected PS-l-Leu) powder, the protected PS-l-Leu microspheres exhibited a better enantioselective separation efficiency (ee %). Furthermore, the protected PS-l-Leu was deprotected to obtain the amine-functionalized deprotected PS-l-Leu chiral PS, which was also assembled into microspheres and used for carrying out enantioselective separation. Deprotected PS-l-Leu-functionalized chiral PS microspheres could achieve up to 81.6 ee % for the enantioselective separation of a racemic mixture of leucine. This is one of the first reports of the synthesis of amino acid-modified chiral PS microspheres and their application to the simple filtration-based enantioselective separation of native amino acids from their racemic mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant
B. Nikam
- Polymer
Science and Engineering Division, CSIR-National
Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India,Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, 201002 Uttar
Pradesh, India
| | - Asha S. K
- Polymer
Science and Engineering Division, CSIR-National
Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India,Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, 201002 Uttar
Pradesh, India,. Fax: 0091-20-25902615
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19
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Wang G, Chen Y, Lv W, Pan C, Zhang H, Chen H, Chen X. Enantioseparation in capillary eletrochromatography by covalent organic framework coating prepared in situ. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1670:462943. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Zhong H, Deng J. Organic Polymer-Constructed Chiral Particles: Preparation and Chiral Applications. POLYM REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2022.2033764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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21
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Sun X, Niu B, Zhang Q, Chen Q. MIL-53-based homochiral metal–organic framework as a stationary phase for open-tubular capillary electrochromatography. J Pharm Anal 2021; 12:509-516. [PMID: 35811623 PMCID: PMC9257441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Sun
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Bing Niu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Qin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- Corresponding author.
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