Can atorvastatin with metformin change the natural history of prostate cancer as characterized by molecular, metabolomic, imaging and pathological variables? A randomized controlled trial protocol

Beyond Lipid-Lowering: Effects of Statins on Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases and Cancer

The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, also known as statins, are administered as first-line therapy for hypercholesterolemia, both as primary and secondary prevention. Besides the lipid-lowering effect, statins have been suggested to inhibit the development of cardiovascular disease through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, vascular endothelial function-improving, plaque-stabilizing, and platelet aggregation-inhibiting effects. The preventive effect of statins on atherothrombotic stroke has been well established, but statins can influence other cerebrovascular diseases. This suggests that statins have many neuroprotective effects in addition to lowering cholesterol. Furthermore, research suggests that statins cause pro-apoptotic, growth-inhibitory, and pro-differentiation effects in various malignancies. Preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that statins inhibit tumor growth and induce apoptosis in specific cancer cell types. The pleiotropic effects of statins on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases have been well established; however, the effects of statins on cancer patients have not been fully elucidated and are still controversial. This review discusses the recent evidence on the effects of statins on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and cancer. Additionally, this study describes the pharmacological action of statins, focusing on the aspect of ‘beyond lipid-lowering’.

Biguanides decorated albumin nanoparticles loading nintedanib for synergic enhanced hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

Nintedanib (ND) was known as a triple tyrosine kinase inhibitors, inhibiting angiogenesis and tissue fibrosis. Biguanide group has attracted much attention for its great penetrating ability to the lipid bilayer of cytomembrane and potential anti-cancer efficacy. In this study, a biguanide group (p-biguanidinobenzoic acid, CBH) decorated bovine serum albumin (CBH-AB) was synthesized as a novel functional biomaterial to prepare the ND loaded CBH-AB nanoparticles (ND-CBH-AB NPs). The results of physical and chemical properties showed that ND-CBH-AB NPs possessed high encapsulation efficiency and drug loading efficiency. In vitro cell study indicated that CBH modification on ND-CBH-AB NPs enhanced the cyctotoxicities to HepG2 cells. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic study showed that ND-CBH-AB NPs had good stability in circulation. Finally, pharmacodynamic studies were conducted, the results indicated that ND-CBH-AB NPs exhibited excellent anti-tumor effect and tumor microenvironment regulation effect. Thereby, this work provides a potential function albumin delivery system for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy.

Lipidomics investigations into the tissue phospholipidomic landscape of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast

The need of identifying alternative therapeutic targets for invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast with high specificity and sensitivity for effective therapeutic intervention is crucial for lowering the risk of fatality. Lipidomics has emerged as a key area for the discovery of potential candidates owing to its several shared pathways between cancer cell proliferation and survival. In the current study, we performed comparative phospholipidomic analysis of IDC, benign and control tissue samples of the breast to identify the significant lipid alterations associated with malignant transformation. A total of 33 each age-matched tissue samples from malignant, benign and control were analyzed to identify the altered phospholipids by using liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (LC-MRM/MS). A combination of univariate and multivariate statistical approaches was used to select the phospholipid species with the highest contribution in group segregation. Furthermore, these altered phospholipids were structurally confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 244 phospholipids were detected consistently at quantifiable levels, out of which 32 were significantly altered in IDC of the breast. Moreover, in pairwise comparison of IDC against benign and control samples, 11 phospholipids were found to be significantly differentially expressed. Particularly, LPI 20:3, PE (22:1/22:2), LPE 20:0 and PC (20:4/22:4) were observed to be most significantly associated with IDC tissue samples. Apart from that, we also identified that long-chain unsaturated fatty acids were enriched in the IDC tissue samples as compared to benign and control samples, indicating its possible association with the invasive phenotype.

Identification of tissue phospholipid alternations associated with invasive ductal carcinoma of breast.

Seminal plasma enables selection and monitoring of active surveillance candidates using nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics: A preliminary investigation

Background

Diagnosis and monitoring of localized prostate cancer requires discovery and validation of noninvasive biomarkers. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics of seminal plasma reportedly improves diagnostic accuracy, but requires validation in a high-risk clinical cohort.

Materials and methods

Seminal plasma samples of 151 men being investigated for prostate cancer were analyzed with ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. After adjustment for buffer (add-to-subtract) and endogenous enzyme influence on metabolites, metabolite profiling was performed with multivariate statistical analysis (principal components analysis, partial least squares) and targeted quantitation.

Results

Seminal plasma metabolites best predicted low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer with differences observed between these groups and benign samples. Lipids/lipoproteins dominated spectra of high grade samples with less metabolite contributions. Overall prostate cancer prediction using previously described metabolites was not validated.

Conclusion

Metabolomics of seminal plasma in vitro may assist urologists with diagnosis and monitoring of either low or intermediate grade prostate cancer. Less clinical benefit may be observed for high-risk patients. Further investigation in active surveillance cohorts, and/or in combination with in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging may further optimize localized prostate cancer outcomes.