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Sharma U, Kumar R, Mazumder A, Salahuddin, Kukreti N, Mishra R, Chaitanya MVNL. Substrate-based synthetic strategies and biological activities of 1,3,4-oxadiazole: A review. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14552. [PMID: 38825735 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The five-membered 1,3,4-oxadiazole heterocyclic ring has received considerable attention because of its unique bio-isosteric properties and an unusually wide spectrum of biological activities. After a century since 1,3,4-oxadiazole was discovered, its uncommon potential attracted medicinal chemist's attention, leading to the discovery of a few presently accessible drugs containing 1,3,4-oxadiazole units, and a large number of patents have been granted on research related to 1,3,4-oxadiazole. It is worth noting that interest in 1,3,4-oxadiazoles' biological applications has doubled in the last few years. Herein, this review presents a comprehensive overview of the recent achievements in the synthesis of 1,3,4-oxadiazole-based compounds and highlights the major advances in their biological applications in the last 10 years, as well as brief remarks on prospects for further development. We hope that researchers across the scientific streams will benefit from the presented review articles for designing their work related to 1,3,4-oxadiazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Sharma
- Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Greater Noida, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Greater Noida, India
| | - Avijit Mazumder
- Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Greater Noida, India
| | - Salahuddin
- Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Greater Noida, India
| | - Neelima Kukreti
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
| | - Rashmi Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, India
| | - M V N L Chaitanya
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
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Bendi A, Yadav P, Saini K, Singh Bhathiwal A, Raghav N. A Comprehensive Examination of Heterocyclic Scaffold Chemistry for Antitubercular Activity. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400067. [PMID: 38500408 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a communicable disease which affects humans particularly the lungs and is transmitted mainly through air. Despite two decades of intensive research aimed at understanding and combating tuberculosis, persistent biological uncertainties continue to hinder progress. Nowadays, heterocyclic compounds have proven themselves in effective treatment of tuberculosis because of their wide range of biological and pharmacological activities. Antituberculosis or antimycobacterial agents encompass a broad array of compounds utilized singly or in conjunction to combat Mycobacterium infections, spanning from tuberculosis to leprosy. Here, we summarize the synthesis of various heterocyclic compounds which includes the greener synthetic route as well as use of nano compounds as catalyst along with their anti TB activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjaneyulu Bendi
- Department of Chemistry, Presidency University, Rajanukunte, Itgalpura, 560064, Bangalore, India
| | - Priyanka Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, SGT University, 122505, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Komal Saini
- Applied Sciences and Humanities, World College of Technology and Management, 122506, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Anirudh Singh Bhathiwal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, SGT University, 122505, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Neera Raghav
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, 136119, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
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Kumar D, Aggarwal N, Kumar V, Kumar H, Deep A, Bibi S, Chopra H, Kumar Marwaha R, Alshammari A, Alharbi M, Hayee A. Synthesis, Anticancer, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential of Novel 4-(Substituted phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol/thiadiazol-2-yl)-4-(4-substituted phenyl) Azetidin-2-One Derivatives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040517. [PMID: 37111274 PMCID: PMC10146081 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
By exploiting the ample biological potential of 1,3,4-oxadiazole/thiadiazole ring, 4-substitutedphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol/Thiadiazol-2-yl)-4-(4-substitutedphenyl) azetidin-2-one derivatives were prepared. Various substituted azetidin-2-one derivatives have been identified as immunostimulating and antimicrobial, as well as their antioxidant activity. 2-amino 1,3,4 oxadiazole/thiadiazole conjugates were synthesized by mixing semi/thio carbazides and sodium acetate with water and stirring well, followed by adding aldehydes in methanol at room temperature. Acetate (glacial) was used as the catalyst to produce Schiff’s bases (intermediates) by treating substituted aldehydes with 2-amino 1,3,4 oxadiazole/thiadiazole(s). Using the mixture of triethylamine (dropwise) and chloroacetylchloride with vigorous stirring, 4-substitutedphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol/Thiadiazol-2-yl)-4-(4-substitutedphenyl) azetidin-2-one derivatives were prepared. The newly synthesized conjugates were evaluated for their anticancer potential using MCF-7 cell lines. Amoxicillin and fluconazole were used as reference drugs to determine their antimicrobial activity. Synthesized derivatives were evaluated for their antioxidant properties using 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). In vitro cytotoxicity screening (MTTS assay) revealed that derivatives AZ-5, 9, 10, 14 and 19 demonstrated high efficacy with the percentage of inhibition at different concentration ranges (0.1 μM, 0.5 μM, 1 μM, 2 μM) of 89% to 94% μM as compared to doxorubicin as standard drug. The antimicrobial study indicated that compounds AZ-10, 19, and AZ-20 were found to have significant antimicrobial potential with MIC ranges of 3.34 µM to 3.71 µM in comparison to reference drugs having 4.29 µM to 5.10 µM. Based on antioxidant screening, most of the synthetic derivatives showed greater stability and effectiveness than the standard drug. According to the antioxidant screening, compounds AZ-5 and AZ-15 (IC50 = 45.02 μg/mL and 42.88 μg/mL, respectively) showed the greatest potency, as compared to ascorbic acid (IC50 = 78.63 μg/mL). Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of synthesized novel derivatives revealed that para-substituted halogen and nitro derivatives have remarkable potential against MCF-7 cancer cell lines and different microbial strains. Current evidence indicates that the synthesized derivatives may be promising candidates for use in the prevention and treatment of these infections. These synthesized compounds require further mechanism-based research to understand how they interact with the cells.
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Kumar D, Aggarwal N, Deep A, Kumar H, Chopra H, Marwaha RK, Cavalu S. An Understanding of Mechanism-Based Approaches for 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Scaffolds as Cytotoxic Agents and Enzyme Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:254. [PMID: 37259401 PMCID: PMC9963071 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The world's health system is plagued by cancer and a worldwide effort is underway to find new drugs to treat cancer. There has been a significant improvement in understanding the pathogenesis of cancer, but it remains one of the leading causes of death. The imperative 1,3,4-oxadiazole scaffold possesses a wide variety of biological activities, particularly for cancer treatment. In the development of novel 1,3,4-oxadiazole-based drugs, structural modifications are important to ensure high cytotoxicity towards malignant cells. These structural modification strategies have shown promising results when combined with outstanding oxadiazole scaffolds, which selectively interact with nucleic acids, enzymes, and globular proteins. A variety of mechanisms, such as the inhibition of growth factors, enzymes, and kinases, contribute to their antiproliferative effects. The activity of different 1,3,4-oxadiazole conjugates were tested on the different cell lines of different types of cancer. It is demonstrated that 1,3,4-oxadiazole hybridization with other anticancer pharmacophores have different mechanisms of action by targeting various enzymes (thymidylate synthase, HDAC, topoisomerase II, telomerase, thymidine phosphorylase) and many of the proteins that contribute to cancer cell proliferation. The focus of this review is to highlight the anticancer potential, molecular docking, and SAR studies of 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives by inhibiting specific cancer biological targets, such as inhibiting telomerase activity, HDAC, thymidylate synthase, and the thymidine phosphorylase enzyme. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent developments and discoveries in the field of anticancer drugs using 1,3,4-oxadiazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davinder Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Navidha Aggarwal
- MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala 133207, India
| | - Aakash Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani 127021, India
| | - Harsh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Hitesh Chopra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Marwaha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Simona Cavalu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania
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Wang JJ, Sun W, Jia WD, Bian M, Yu LJ. Research progress on the synthesis and pharmacology of 1,3,4-oxadiazole and 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives: a mini review. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:2304-2319. [PMID: 36000176 PMCID: PMC9423840 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2115036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxadiazole is a five-membered heterocyclic compound containing two nitrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The 1,3,4-oxadiazole and 1,2,4-oxadiazole have favourable physical, chemical, and pharmacokinetic properties, which significantly increase their pharmacological activity via hydrogen bond interactions with biomacromolecules. In recent years, oxadiazole has been demonstrated to be the biologically active unit in a number of compounds. Oxadiazole derivatives exhibit antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tuberculous, anti-fungal, anti-diabetic and anticancer activities. In this paper, we report a series of compounds containing oxadiazole rings that have been published in the last three years only (2020–2022) as there was no report or their activities described in any article in 2019, which will be useful to scientists in research fields of organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, PR China.,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicine Pharmacology for Cardio-Cerebral Vascular System, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, PR China
| | - Wen Sun
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, PR China.,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicine Pharmacology for Cardio-Cerebral Vascular System, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, PR China
| | - Wei-Dong Jia
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, PR China.,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicine Pharmacology for Cardio-Cerebral Vascular System, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, PR China
| | - Ming Bian
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, PR China.,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicine Pharmacology for Cardio-Cerebral Vascular System, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, PR China
| | - Li-Jun Yu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, PR China.,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicine Pharmacology for Cardio-Cerebral Vascular System, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, PR China
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Desai N, Monapara J, Jethawa A, Khedkar V, Shingate B. Oxadiazole: A highly versatile scaffold in drug discovery. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200123. [PMID: 35575467 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
As a pharmacologically important heterocycle, oxadiazole paved the way to combat the problem associated with the confluence of many commercially available drugs with different pharmacological profiles. The present review focuses on the potential applications of five-membered heterocyclic oxadiazole derivatives, especially 1,2,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,5-oxadiazole, and 1,3,4-oxadiazole, as therapeutic agents. Designing new hybrid molecules containing the oxadiazole moiety is a better solution for the development of new drug molecules. The designed molecules may accumulate a biological profile better than those of the drugs currently available on the market. The present review will guide the way for researchers in the field of medicinal chemistry to design new biologically active molecules based on the oxadiazole nucleus. Antitubercular, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV, antibacterial, and anticancer activities of various oxadiazoles have been reviewed extensively here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisheeth Desai
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Campus, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Jahnvi Monapara
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Campus, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Aratiba Jethawa
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Campus, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Vijay Khedkar
- School of Pharmacy, Vishwakarma University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bapurao Shingate
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
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Tok F, Kaya M, Karaca H, Koçyiğit-Kaymakçıoğlu B. Synthesis of some novel 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives and evaluation of their antimicrobial activity. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2022.2060751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Tok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Kaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Hülya Karaca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
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8
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Desai NC, Bhatt K, Jadeja DJ, Mehta HK, Khedkar VM, Sarkar D. Conventional and microwave-assisted organic synthesis of novel antimycobacterial agents bearing furan and pyridine hybrids. Drug Dev Res 2021; 83:416-431. [PMID: 34414591 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance in tuberculosis poses a serious threat to humanity because currently available antitubercular drugs are ineffective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). As a result, the approval of Bedaquiline and Delamanid for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis was accelerated. Still, there is an urgent need to search for new antitubercular drugs with novel mechanisms of action (MoA). Due to this, we have designed a synthetic strategy by utilizing microwave-assisted organic synthesis. We have compared our method with the conventional procedure, and the data show that our procedure is more effective in the preparation of title compounds. A unique series of 1-(2-(furan-2-yl)-5-(pyridin-4-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-3(2H)-yl)-3-(aryl)-prop-2-en-1-ones (5a-o) was synthesized utilizing conventional and microwave-assisted techniques. Synthetic compounds were investigated for antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium TB H37 Ra and Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis). Compound 5b was reported to be the most effective against M. tuberculosis H37 Ra (97.69 percent inhibition at 30 μg/ml) and M. bovis (97.09 percent inhibition at 30 μg/ml). An in silico binding affinity study of mycobacterial enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) reveals the binding mechanism and thermodynamic interactions that determine these molecule's binding affinity. Compound 5b had a high glide score of -8.991 and low glide energy of -49.893 kcal/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisheeth C Desai
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Campus, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, India
| | - Kandarp Bhatt
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Campus, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, India
| | - Dharmpalsinh J Jadeja
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Campus, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, India
| | - Harsh K Mehta
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Campus, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, India
| | | | - Dhiman Sarkar
- Combichem Bio-resource Centre, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
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Arshad M, Khan MS, Nami SAA. Norfloxacin Analogues: Drug Likeness, Synthesis, Biological, and Molecular Docking Assessment. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Tetali SR, Kunapaeddi E, Mailavaram RP, Singh V, Borah P, Deb PK, Venugopala KN, Hourani W, Tekade RK. Current advances in the clinical development of anti-tubercular agents. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 125:101989. [PMID: 32957054 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.101989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a communicable airborne infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) that primarily affects the lungs, and can disseminate to other parts of the body. MTB is one of the most dangerous pathogens, killing about 1.4 million people annually worldwide. Although the standard treatment of TB is comprised of four anti-TB drugs, the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensive drug-resistant (XDR) strains in the recent past and associated side effects have affected the tailor-made regimens. Notably, existing therapies approved by the World Health Organisation (WHO) can only treat less than 50% of drug-resistant TB. Therefore, an expeditious pace in the TB research is highly needed in search of effective, affordable, least toxic novel drugs with shorter regimens to reach the goals viz. 2020 milestones End TB strategy set by the WHO. Currently, twenty-three drug-like molecules are under investigation in different stages of clinical trials. These newer agents are expected to be effective against the resistant strains. This article summarizes the properties, merits, demerits, and the probability of their success as novel potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanvai Reddy Tetali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Vishnupur, Bhimavaram, 534 202, West Godavari Dist., Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Eswar Kunapaeddi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Vishnupur, Bhimavaram, 534 202, West Godavari Dist., Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Raghu Prasad Mailavaram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Vishnupur, Bhimavaram, 534 202, West Godavari Dist., Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Vinayak Singh
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Pobitra Borah
- Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandrapur Road, Panikhaiti, Guwahati, 781026, Assam, India
| | - Pran Kishore Deb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, PO Box 1, Amman, 19392, Jordan.
| | - Katharigatta N Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Wafa Hourani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, PO Box 1, Amman, 19392, Jordan
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tekade
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Opposite Air Force Station Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
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