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Cotarelo CL, Zschöck-Manus A, Schmidt M, Schad A, Brochhausen C, Kirkpatrick CJ, Thaler S. Improved detection of sentinel lymph node metastases allows reliable intraoperative identification of patients with extended axillary lymph node involvement in early breast cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 2020; 38:61-72. [PMID: 33249518 PMCID: PMC7882580 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-020-10065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An improved procedure that allows accurate detection of negative sentinel lymph node (SLN) and of SLN macrometastases during surgery would be highly desirable in order to protect patients from further surgery and to avoid unnecessary costs. We evaluated the accuracy of an intraoperative procedure that combines touch imprint cytology (TIC) and subsequent frozen section (FS) analysis. 2276 SLNs from 1072 patients with clinical node-negative early breast cancer were evaluated during surgery using TIC. Only cytologically-positive SLN were subsequently analysed with a single FS, preserving cytologically-negative SLN for the final postoperative histological diagnosis. Sensitivity, specificity and the accuracy of this approach were analysed by comparing the results from intra- and postoperative SLN and axillary node evaluation. This intraoperative method displayed 100% specificity for SLN metastases and was significantly more sensitive for prognostically relevant macrometastases (85%) than for micrometastases (10%). Sensitivity was highest for patients with two or more positive LNs (96%) than for those with only one (72%). 98% of the patients with final pN2a-pN3a were already identified during surgery. Patients who received primary axillary lymph node dissection had significantly more frequent metastases in further LNs (44.6%). Sensitivity was highest for patients with luminal-B, HER2+ and triple negative breast cancer and for any subtype if Ki-67 > 40%. TIC and subsequent FS of cytologically-positive SLNs is highly reliable for detection of SLN macrometastases, and allows accurate identification of patients with a high risk of extended axillary involvement during surgery, as well as accurate histological diagnosis of negative SLN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina L Cotarelo
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University and University Hospital of Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Annemarie Zschöck-Manus
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marcus Schmidt
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Arno Schad
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Sonja Thaler
- European Centre for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Lonergan PE, Nic An Riogh A, O'Kelly F, Lundon DJ, O'Sullivan D, O'Connell M, Hegarty PK. Dynamic sentinel node biopsy for penile cancer: an initial experience in an Irish Hospital. Ir J Med Sci 2017; 186:841-845. [PMID: 28102480 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-017-1558-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of nodal metastases is the single most important prognostic factor in penile cancer. However, reliable assessment of nodal status in clinically node-negative (cN0) patients poses a challenge. Approximately 20% of these patients harbour occult nodal metastases. Currently available non-invasive radiological investigations are unreliable in excluding micrometastatic disease. AIM Dynamic sentinel node biopsy (DSNB) is a minimally invasive procedure for assessing lymph node involvement. We report our initial experience with DSNB in assessing the status of regional lymph nodes in cN0 penile cancer patients. METHODS DSNB was performed in penile cancer patients with at least one cN0 groin. All patients undergoing DSNB at our institution were included. Lymphoscintigraphic images were obtained from all patients, after intradermal, peritumoral injection of a Technetium-99m nanocolloid. The sentinel nodes were defined as the nodes identified on lymphoscintigraphy, which were also radioactive intraoperatively using a gamma probe. RESULTS In total, 18 groins from 11 patients underwent DSNB. Of these, 11 patients underwent bilateral DSNB and 4 had unilateral DSNB. The mean (range) age of patients at the time of presentation of their primary tumour was 63 (39-78) years. A mean of 1.2 nodes per groin was retrieved. One lymph node was positive in one patient, who subsequently underwent a bilateral inguinal lymph node dissection. Overall, the median (range) follow-up was 12.8 (2.7-31.3) months with no local or regional recurrences. CONCLUSION Further cases and longer follow-up will define the accuracy of this technique in the Irish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Lonergan
- Department of Urology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland.
| | - A Nic An Riogh
- Department of Urology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - F O'Kelly
- Department of Urology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - D J Lundon
- Department of Urology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - D O'Sullivan
- Department of Radiology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M O'Connell
- Department of Radiology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - P K Hegarty
- Department of Urology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland.,Mater Private Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Mater Private Hospital, Cork, Ireland
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Poling JS, Tsangaris TN, Argani P, Cimino-Mathews A. Frozen section evaluation of breast carcinoma sentinel lymph nodes: a retrospective review of 1,940 cases. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 148:355-61. [PMID: 25318925 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-3161-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many sentinel lymph node biopsies (SLNBs) are evaluated intraoperatively by frozen section, which may impact the need for further axillary dissection (AD). However, the need for AD in patients with small metastases has been recently called into question, meaning that frozen SLNB may be unnecessary. Furthermore, frozen section can compromise tissue for further study. At our institution, we grossly evaluate all SLNB and freeze half of the node. Here, we evaluate the frozen SLNB discrepancy rate using this method, focusing on cause of discrepancy and need for further surgery. We reviewed surgical pathology records for all breast cancer resections with frozen section of SLNB examined from 2003 to 2012. For cases with a frozen section discrepancy, we compiled clinicopathologic data. In total, 1,940 cases involved frozen section evaluation of SLNB. In 95 cases (4.9% of total cases, 23.8% of positive node cases), the SLNB was called negative on frozen but positive on final examination (false negatives). The majority of missed metastases are isolated tumor cells or micrometastases. A trend was observed toward fewer patients receiving completion AD after a discrepant frozen SLNB in the later years of the study. The protocol of freezing half of a SLNB is a reasonable method, with results similar to or better than other studies. The main adverse outcome is the need for separate AD; however, additional positive nodes are uncommon. The trend of fewer patients getting additional AD after a discrepant frozen SLNB suggests that clinicians may be using this information differently recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S Poling
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 401 North Broadway Street, Weinberg 2242, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
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Sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer has a greater node positivity rate than axillary node sample: Results from a retrospective analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol 2012; 38:662-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Valla M, Gjertrud Mjønes P, Knopp S. Implementation of step sectioning in the examination of sentinel lymph nodes to improve the detection of micrometastases in breast cancer patients. APMIS 2012; 120:521-8. [PMID: 22716207 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2011.02858.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The object of this study was to examine whether a new protocol for examination of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) would lead to the detection of more metastases. Sections of 1 mm would identify most SLN macrometastases, and step sections at intervals of 200-250 μm would identify most micrometastases. A total of 111 breast cancer patients who underwent the SLN procedure at St. Olavs University Hospital in Trondheim, Norway in 2008 were included in the study group. Their SLNs were processed according to a new standardized protocol with sections of 2-3 mm being step sectioned at intervals of 200-250 μm. A total of 109 breast cancer patients undergoing the SLN procedure in 2007 were used as a reference group. Metastases were found in 29% of the cases, compared with 26% in the reference group. Step sectioning of SLNs revealed metastases in five cases initially found to be negative. The metastases of the study group were smaller, with a median value of 1.25 mm compared with 4.25 mm in the reference group. Step sectioning led to the detection of metastases in SLNs initially found to be negative. The median size of the metastases was considerably smaller in the study group than in the reference group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Valla
- Department of Pathology and Medical Genetics, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
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Sadeghi R, Gholami H, Zakavi SR, Kakhki VRD, Tabasi KT, Horenblas S. Accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy for inguinal lymph node staging of penile squamous cell carcinoma: systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. J Urol 2011; 187:25-31. [PMID: 22088350 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sentinel lymph node biopsy is emerging as a promising method for inguinal lymph node staging of penile squamous cell carcinoma. In the current systematic review we evaluated the accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy for inguinal lymph node staging of penile squamous cell carcinoma and studied possible influential factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS MEDLINE®, Scopus®, ISI®, Ovid SP®, Springer, ScienceDirect® and Google™ Scholar were searched by the key words "(penile OR penis) AND sentinel". No date or language limitation was imposed on the search and meeting abstracts were not excluded from analysis. A random effects model was used for statistical pooling. RESULTS A total of 17 studies suitable for meta-analysis were detected. Three articles had 2 different subgroups of patients and each subgroup was considered as a separate study. Overall 18 studies (including the subgroups) were used for detection rate meta-analysis and 19 for sensitivity meta-analysis. The pooled detection rate was 88.3% (95% CI 81.9-92.6). Pooled detection rate of 90.1% (95% CI 83.6-94.1) was calculated for the studies using blue dye and radiotracer. The pooled sensitivity was 88% (95% CI 83-92). The highest pooled sensitivity (92% [95% CI 86-96]) was in the studies using radiotracer and blue dye, and recruiting only cN0 cases. CONCLUSIONS Sentinel lymph node mapping in penile squamous cell carcinoma is a method with a high detection rate and sensitivity. Using radiotracer and blue dye for sentinel lymph node mapping and including only cN0 disease ensures the highest detection rate and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Sadeghi
- Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Russo P, Curion AS, Mettivier G, Esposito M, Aurilio M, Caracò C, Aloj L, Lastoria S. Evaluation of a CdTe semiconductor based compact gamma camera for sentinel lymph node imaging. Med Phys 2011; 38:1547-60. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3555034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Ansari B, Ogston SA, Purdie CA, Adamson DJ, Brown DC, Thompson AM. Meta-analysis of sentinel node biopsy in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Br J Surg 2008; 95:547-54. [PMID: 18386775 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.6162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The need for sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy in patients with a preoperative diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is debated. Advocates recommend such biopsy based on a high incidence of SLN involvement in some series. Opponents discourage SLN biopsy based on a perceived low incidence of nodal involvement in this setting. These contradictory arguments are generally based on small studies. The present study is a meta-analysis of the reported data on the incidence of SLN metastasis in patients with DCIS. METHODS A search of electronic databases identified studies reporting the frequency of SLN metastases in DCIS. The random-effects method was used to combine data. RESULTS Twenty-two published series were included in the meta-analysis. The estimate for the incidence of SLN metastases in patients with a preoperative diagnosis of DCIS was 7.4 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 6.2 to 8.9) per cent compared with 3.7 (95 per cent c.i. 2.8 to 4.8) per cent in patients with a definitive (postoperative) diagnosis of DCIS alone. This was a significant difference with an odds ratio of 2.11 (95 per cent c.i. 1.15 to 2.93). CONCLUSION Patients with a preoperative diagnosis of DCIS should be considered for SLN biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ansari
- Department of Surgery and Molecular Oncology, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee University, Dundee, UK.
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Thompson A, Brennan K, Cox A, Gee J, Harcourt D, Harris A, Harvie M, Holen I, Howell A, Nicholson R, Steel M, Streuli C. Evaluation of the current knowledge limitations in breast cancer research: a gap analysis. Breast Cancer Res 2008; 10:R26. [PMID: 18371194 PMCID: PMC2397525 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A gap analysis was conducted to determine which areas of breast cancer research, if targeted by researchers and funding bodies, could produce the greatest impact on patients. METHODS Fifty-six Breast Cancer Campaign grant holders and prominent UK breast cancer researchers participated in a gap analysis of current breast cancer research. Before, during and following the meeting, groups in seven key research areas participated in cycles of presentation, literature review and discussion. Summary papers were prepared by each group and collated into this position paper highlighting the research gaps, with recommendations for action. RESULTS Gaps were identified in all seven themes. General barriers to progress were lack of financial and practical resources, and poor collaboration between disciplines. Critical gaps in each theme included: (1) genetics (knowledge of genetic changes, their effects and interactions); (2) initiation of breast cancer (how developmental signalling pathways cause ductal elongation and branching at the cellular level and influence stem cell dynamics, and how their disruption initiates tumour formation); (3) progression of breast cancer (deciphering the intracellular and extracellular regulators of early progression, tumour growth, angiogenesis and metastasis); (4) therapies and targets (understanding who develops advanced disease); (5) disease markers (incorporating intelligent trial design into all studies to ensure new treatments are tested in patient groups stratified using biomarkers); (6) prevention (strategies to prevent oestrogen-receptor negative tumours and the long-term effects of chemoprevention for oestrogen-receptor positive tumours); (7) psychosocial aspects of cancer (the use of appropriate psychosocial interventions, and the personal impact of all stages of the disease among patients from a range of ethnic and demographic backgrounds). CONCLUSION Through recommendations to address these gaps with future research, the long-term benefits to patients will include: better estimation of risk in families with breast cancer and strategies to reduce risk; better prediction of drug response and patient prognosis; improved tailoring of treatments to patient subgroups and development of new therapeutic approaches; earlier initiation of treatment; more effective use of resources for screening populations; and an enhanced experience for people with or at risk of breast cancer and their families. The challenge to funding bodies and researchers in all disciplines is to focus on these gaps and to drive advances in knowledge into improvements in patient care.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomedical Research
- Breast Neoplasms/blood supply
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/physiopathology
- Breast Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Breast Neoplasms/therapy
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Evidence-Based Medicine
- Exercise
- Feeding Behavior
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, BRCA1
- Genes, BRCA2
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Mammography
- Mass Screening
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Quality of Life
- Signal Transduction
- United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Thompson
- Department of Surgery and Molecular Oncology, University of Dundee, Ninewells Avenue, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Keith Brennan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Angela Cox
- Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Julia Gee
- Tenovus Centre for Cancer Research, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Diana Harcourt
- The Centre for Appearance Research, School of Psychology University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Adrian Harris
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Michelle Harvie
- Family History Clinic, Nightingale & Genesis Prevention Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Southmoor Road, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - Ingunn Holen
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Anthony Howell
- Breast Cancer Prevention Centre, South Manchester University Hospitals NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Robert Nicholson
- Tenovus Centre for Cancer Research, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Michael Steel
- University of St Andrews, Bute Medical School, University of St Andrews, Fife KT16 9TS, UK
| | - Charles Streuli
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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