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Navarro-Bielsa A, Gracia-Cazaña T, Almagro M, De-la-Fuente-Meira S, Florez Á, Yélamos O, Montero-Vilchez T, González-Cruz C, Diago A, Abadías-Granado I, Fuentelsaz V, Colmenero M, Bañuls J, Arias-Santiago S, Buendía-Eisman A, Almenara-Blasco M, Gil-Pallares P, Gilaberte Y. Exposome and basal cell carcinoma: a multicenter case-control study. Int J Dermatol 2024; 63:907-915. [PMID: 38282244 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.17026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While ultraviolet radiation (UVR) present in sunlight is recognized as the main etiological agent of skin cancer, the most frequent form of which is basal cell carcinoma (BCC), other exposome factors like pollution, diet, and lifestyle may also contribute. This study aimed to investigate the association of BCC and exposome-related factors in the Spanish population. METHODS BCC cases (n = 119) and controls (n = 127) with no history of skin cancer were recruited between April 2020 and August 2022 by 13 dermatologists throughout Spain in this prospective multicenter case-control study. RESULTS The BCC group had a higher proportion of outdoor workers, more years of UVR exposure, and a greater consumption of drugs (statins, ASA, hydrochlorothiazide, ACE inhibitors and omeprazole), P < 0.05. Avoidance of sun exposure was the most used photoprotection measure in both groups. The use of hats or caps was higher in the BCC group (P = 0.01). The solar protection factor (SPF) used 15 years previously was higher in the control group (P = 0.04). The control group had a higher daily screen time (P < 0.001), and practiced more relaxation activities (P = 0.03). Higher linolenic acid intake and lower coffee consumption were the only dietary variables associated with BCC (P < 0.05). Statistical significance for all the aforementioned variables was maintained in the multivariate analysis (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The study found a significant association between BCC and multiple exposome-related factors in addition to chronic sun exposure in the Spanish population. Primary prevention strategies should target specific populations, such as outdoor workers, promoting sun-safe behaviors and stress-reducing activities, and also adequate skin photoprotection in patients on certain medications associated with increased BCC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Navarro-Bielsa
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tamara Gracia-Cazaña
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Manuel Almagro
- Department of Dermatology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Coruña, Spain
| | | | - Ángeles Florez
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Pontevedra, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Oriol Yélamos
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB SANT PAU, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Trinidad Montero-Vilchez
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Instituto de investigación IBS, Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos González-Cruz
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrián Diago
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | - María Colmenero
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Costa del Sol, Marbella, Spain
| | - Jose Bañuls
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain
| | - Salvador Arias-Santiago
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Instituto de investigación IBS, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Almenara-Blasco
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pedro Gil-Pallares
- Department of Dermatology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Yolanda Gilaberte
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Navarro-Bielsa A, Gracia-Cazaña T, Almagro M, De la Fuente-Meira S, Flórez Á, Yélamos O, Montero-Vilchez T, González-Cruz C, Diago A, Abadías-Granado I, Fuentelsaz V, Colmenero M, Bañuls J, Arias-Santiago S, Buendía-Eisman A, Almenara-Blasco M, Gil-Pallares P, Gilaberte Y. The Influence of the Exposome in the Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma, a Multicenter Case-Control Study. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5376. [PMID: 38001636 PMCID: PMC10670280 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15225376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The concept of exposome refers to the total of harmful and beneficial environmental exposures that can help predict the organism's biological responses over time. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from sun exposure has been recognized as the main etiological agent of skin cancer, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one most commonly associated with chronic exposure. However, in recent years, evidence suggests that lifestyle, environmental pollution, and contaminants in water and food can have an influence. OBJECTIVES To study the relationship between SCC and sun exposure, pollution, stress, and lifestyle in a Spanish cohort. MATERIALS AND METHOD A multicenter case-control study was carried out in which 13 dermatologists from different regions of Spain recruited cases and controls between April 2020 and August 2022. The group of cases were patients diagnosed with SCC and, as a control group, people who attended Dermatology consultations as companions with no history of skin cancer. RESULTS A total of 62 patients with SCC and 126 controls were included (62.9% males, median age 76.46 (10.1) and 33.3%, median age 55.7 (15), respectively). The SCC group had experienced more outside work than the controls (75% vs. 22.4%, p < 0.001), less recreational exposure (sunbathing, p = 0.05, and outdoor sports, p = 0.01), and a lower annual income (p = 0.01), with an increase in tobacco exposure (p < 0.001), without differences in other carcinogens, such as ionizing radiation or chemical exposure. The control group had a higher daily screentime use (p < 0.001) and practiced more relaxation activities (p = 0.03). A higher linolenic acid intake and lower coffee consumption were the only dietary variables associated with SCC (p < 0.05). Some chronic medications (anxiolytics, antidepressants, beta-blockers, statins, hydrochlorothiazide, ACE inhibitors, metformin, and omeprazole) were also statistically associated with SCC. Statistical significance for all aforementioned variables was maintained in the multivariate analysis (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The study found a significant association between SCC and multiple exposome-related factors in addition to chronic sun exposure in the Spanish population. Primary prevention strategies should target specific populations, such as outdoor workers promoting sun-safe behaviors and stress-reducing activities, in addition to adequate skin photoprotection in patients under certain medications associated with SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Navarro-Bielsa
- Department of Dermatology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tamara Gracia-Cazaña
- Department of Dermatology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Manuel Almagro
- Department of Dermatology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | | | - Ángeles Flórez
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Pontevedra, 36162 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Oriol Yélamos
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB SANT PAU, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Trinidad Montero-Vilchez
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Instituto de Investigación IBS, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos González-Cruz
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrián Diago
- Department of Dermatology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | - María Colmenero
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Costa del Sol, 29603 Marbella, Spain
| | - José Bañuls
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, ISABIAL, 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Salvador Arias-Santiago
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Instituto de Investigación IBS, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Almenara-Blasco
- Department of Dermatology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pedro Gil-Pallares
- Department of Dermatology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Yolanda Gilaberte
- Department of Dermatology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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Exposome and Skin. Part 2. The Influential Role of the Exposome, Beyond UVR, in Actinic Keratosis, Bowen's Disease and Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Proposal. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2022; 12:361-380. [PMID: 35112326 PMCID: PMC8850498 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-021-00644-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Actinic keratosis (AK) is the main risk factor for the development of cutaneous invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). It represents the first sign of severe chronic ultraviolet radiation exposure, which has a clear significant effect. Nevertheless, the skin is exposed to many other exposome factors which should be thoroughly considered. Our aim was to assess the impact of exposome factors other than ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on the etiopathology of AK and Bowen's disease (BD) and progression of AK to SCC and to design tailored prevention strategies. We performed an exhaustive literature search in September 2021 through PubMed on the impact of exposome factors other than UVR on AK, BD and SCC. We conducted several parallel searches combining terms of the following topics: AK, BD, SCC and microbiome, hormones, nutrition, alcohol, tobacco, viral infections, chemical contaminants and air pollution. Notably, skin microbiome studies have shown how Staphylococcus aureus infections are associated with AK and AK-to-SCC progression by the production of chronic inflammation. Nutritional studies have demonstrated how a caloric restriction in fat intake, oral nicotinamide and moderate consumption of wine significantly reduce the number of premalignant keratoses and SCC. Regarding lifestyle factors, both alcohol and smoking are associated with the development of SCC in a dose-dependent manner. Relevant environmental factors are viral infections and chemical contaminants. Human papillomavirus infections induce deregulation of cellular proliferation and are associated with AK, BD and SCC. In addition to outdoor jobs, occupations such as industrial processing and farming also increase the risk of developing keratoses and SCC. The exposome of AK will undoubtedly help the understanding of its etiopathology and possible progression to SCC and will serve as a basis to design tailored prevention strategies.
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Abstract
Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), the most widely diagnosed cancer in the United States, is rising in incidence despite public health and educational campaigns that highlight the importance of sun avoidance. It is,therefore, important to establish other modifiable risk factors that may be contributing to this increase. There is a growing body of evidence in the literature suggesting certain nutrients may have protective or harmful effects on NMSC. We review the current literature on nutrition and its effect on NMSC with a focus on dietary fat, vitamin A, nicotinamide, folate, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, polyphenols, and selenium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Stoj
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Neda Shahriari
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kimberly Shao
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hao Feng
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
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Shao E, Green AC, Miura K. Inflammatory Dietary Patterns and Risk of Keratinocyte Cancers in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Prospective Cohort Study. Dermatology 2020; 237:1029-1034. [PMID: 32966976 DOI: 10.1159/000509875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) are at increased risk of cutaneous squamous (SCC) and basal cell carcinomas (BCC) due to immunosuppression and sun exposure. Skin carcinogenesis involves inflammation, and foods that promote inflammation may promote carcinogenesis. METHODS We prospectively examined the association between pro-inflammatory diets and SCC and BCC incidence in KTRs in Queensland, Australia. We recruited KTRs at high risk of skin cancer (aged ≥18 years and previously affected; or aged ≥40; or immunosuppressed ≥10 years) between 2012 and 2014 and followed up until June 2016. A baseline dietary questionnaire was used to calculate modified-Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Pattern (EDIP) scores to indicate dietary inflammatory capacity; higher scores indicated pro-inflammatory diets. EDIP scores were ranked into 3 groups. Outcomes were histologically confirmed SCC and BCC. Adjusted relative risks (RRadj) and 95% CIs were estimated using negative binomial regression. RESULTS Among 260 KTRs, 100 (38%) and 93 (36%) developed at least 1 new SCC and BCC, with 426 SCC and 343 BCC diagnosed in the follow-up period. The highest modified-EDIP score group (vs. lowest) were at increased risk of SCC (RRadj 1.79, 95% CI 1.01-3.16) but not BCC. Pro-inflammatory diets may increase SCC but not BCC risk among KTRs. CONCLUSIONS Inflammatory diets may increase the risk of SCC in KTRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Shao
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia, .,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia,
| | - Adele C Green
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,CRUK Manchester Institute and Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kyoko Miura
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Andrade MJ, Van Lonkhuyzen DR, Upton Z, Satyamoorthy K. Unravelling the insulin-like growth factor I-mediated photoprotection of the skin. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 52:45-55. [PMID: 31767341 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure of human skin to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) induces a range of biological reactions which may directly or indirectly lead to the development of skin cancer. In order to overcome these damaging effects of UVR and to reduce photodamage, the skin's endogenous defence system functions in concert with the various exogenous photoprotectors. Growth factors, particularly insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), produced within the body as a result of cellular interaction in response to UVR demonstrates photoprotective properties in human skin. This review summarises the impact of UVR-induced photolesions on human skin, discusses various endogenous as well as exogenous approaches of photoprotection described to date and explains how IGF-I mediates UVR photoprotective responses at the cellular and mitochondrial level. Further, we describe the current interventions using growth factors and propose how the knowledge of the IGF-I photoprotection signalling cascades may direct the development of improved UVR protection and remedial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa J Andrade
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Derek R Van Lonkhuyzen
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zee Upton
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Institute of Medical Biology, A⁎STAR, Singapore
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
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7
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Religi A, Backes C, Chatelan A, Bulliard JL, Vuilleumier L, Moccozet L, Bochud M, Vernez D. Estimation of exposure durations for vitamin D production and sunburn risk in Switzerland. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2019; 29:742-752. [PMID: 30992519 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-019-0137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although overexposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is responsible for cutaneous melanoma and epithelial skin cancer and can cause negative health effects such as sunburn, a "little and often" exposure regime is often suggested to produce naturally recommended vitamin D levels, being essential for skeletal health. This study aimed to quantify solar UV doses needed to trigger 1000 International Units (IU) vitamin D doses and, at the same time, producing sunburn in Switzerland. Solar UV erythema irradiance (in mW/m2) measured at four meteorological stations in Switzerland for the period 2005-2017 were used to evaluate effective solar UV radiation producing 1000 IU vitamin D doses in skin phototype II and III individuals. Daily solar UV exposure durations (in minutes) needed to produce vitamin D with limited sunburn risk were estimated while considering mean vitamin D food intake of the Swiss population and seasonal skin coverage. In summer and spring, with 22% of uncovered skin, 1000 IU vitamin D doses are synthesized in 10-15 min of sun exposure for adults. Exposure durations between erythema risk and 1000 IU vitamin D production vary between 9 and 46 min. In winter and autumn, the recommended vitamin D production without sunburn risks often unachievable, since up to 6.5 h of sun exposure might be necessary considering 8-10% of uncovered skin surface. The vitamin D food intake only represented 10% of the recommended vitamin D production and remained unchanged throughout the year. These findings might clarify why vitamin D deficiency is common in Switzerland. Moreover, exposure durations between recommended vitamin D and increased sunburn risk might only differ by few minutes. Without additional oral vitamin D supplementation, daily doses of vitamin D (1000 IU) are not reachable in autumn and winter months in Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Religi
- Centre Universitaire d'Informatique (CUI), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - C Backes
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1010, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne and Geneva, 1010 Epalignes- Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Chatelan
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1010, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J-L Bulliard
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1010, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L Vuilleumier
- Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology (MeteoSwiss), Payerne, Switzerland
| | - L Moccozet
- Centre Universitaire d'Informatique (CUI), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Bochud
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1010, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D Vernez
- Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne and Geneva, 1010 Epalignes- Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Park MK, Li WQ, Qureshi AA, Cho E. Fat Intake and Risk of Skin Cancer in U.S. Adults. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018; 27:776-782. [PMID: 29636341 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-17-0782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fat intake has been associated with certain cancers, including colorectal, breast, and prostate cancers. However, literature on dietary fat and skin cancer has been limited.Methods: We examined the association between fat intake and risk of skin cancer including cutaneous malignant melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) within two prospective studies: the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS). Dietary information on total, saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, omega-6, and omega-3 fat and cholesterol was repeatedly assessed generally every 4 years. Incident cases were identified by self-report. Diagnosis on melanoma and SCC was confirmed by pathologic records.Results: A total of 794 melanoma, 2,223 SCC, and 17,556 BCC in the NHS (1984-2012) and 736 melanoma, 1,756 SCC, and 13,092 BCC in the HPFS (1986-2012) were documented. Higher polyunsaturated fat intake was associated with risk of SCC [pooled HR for highest vs. lowest quintiles, 1.16; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.05-1.28; Ptrend=0.001] and BCC (pooled HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.01-1.11; Ptrend=0.01). Higher omega-6 fat intake was associated with risks of SCC, BCC, and melanoma. Omega-3 fat intake was associated with risk of BCC, but not with SCC or melanoma. No other fats were associated with melanoma risk. The associations were similar in women and men and by other skin cancer risk factors.Conclusions: Polyunsaturated fat intake was modestly associated with skin cancer risk.Impact: Further studies are needed to confirm our findings and to identify relevant biological mechanisms. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 27(7); 776-82. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyung Park
- Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Wen-Qing Li
- Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.,Department of Epidemiology, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Abrar A Qureshi
- Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.,Department of Epidemiology, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eunyoung Cho
- Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island. .,Department of Epidemiology, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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9
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Spiro A, Lockyer S. Nutraceuticals and skin appearance: Is there any evidence to support this growing trend? NUTR BULL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Spiro
- British Nutrition Foundation; London UK
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10
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Wang P, Sun M, Ren J, Djuric Z, Fisher GJ, Wang X, Li Y. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of effects of dietary fish oil on total fatty acid composition in mouse skin. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42641. [PMID: 28195161 PMCID: PMC5307384 DOI: 10.1038/srep42641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Altering the fatty acid (FA) composition in the skin by dietary fish oil could provide therapeutic benefits. Although it has been shown that fish oil supplementation enhances EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) abundance in the skin, comprehensive skin FA profiling is needed. We established a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method, which allows precise quantification of FA profile using small (<24 mm2 for mice and <12 mm2 for humans) skin specimens that can be readily obtained from live mice and humans. We determined mouse skin FA composition after 2, 4 and 8 weeks of consuming a control diet or a diet supplemented with fish oil. Fish oil markedly enhanced EPA and DHA in mouse skin within 2 weeks, and this increase plateaued after 4 weeks. The FA composition in mouse skin was different from that of serum, indicating that skin has homeostatic control of FA metabolism. Mice fed the control diet designed to simulate Western human diet displayed similar skin FA composition as that of humans. The present study presents a validated method for FA quantification that is needed to investigate the mechanisms of actions of dietary treatments in both mouse and human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiru Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of photomedicine, Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, China
| | - Min Sun
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jianwei Ren
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zora Djuric
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gary J Fisher
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Department of photomedicine, Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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11
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Black HS, Rhodes LE. Potential Benefits of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer. J Clin Med 2016; 5:E23. [PMID: 26861407 PMCID: PMC4773779 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable circumstantial evidence has accrued from both experimental animal and human clinical studies that support a role for omega-3 fatty acids (FA) in the prevention of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Direct evidence from animal studies has shown that omega-3 FA inhibit ultraviolet radiation (UVR) induced carcinogenic expression. In contrast, increasing levels of dietary omega-6 FA increase UVR carcinogenic expression, with respect to a shorter tumor latent period and increased tumor multiplicity. Both omega-6 and omega-3 FA are essential FA, necessary for normal growth and maintenance of health and although these two classes of FA exhibit only minor structural differences, these differences cause them to act significantly differently in the body. Omega-6 and omega-3 FA, metabolized through the lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways, lead to differential metabolites that are influential in inflammatory and immune responses involved in carcinogenesis. Clinical studies have shown that omega-3 FA ingestion protects against UVR-induced genotoxicity, raises the UVR-mediated erythema threshold, reduces the level of pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂) in UVR-irradiated human skin, and appears to protect human skin from UVR-induced immune-suppression. Thus, there is considerable evidence that omega-3 FA supplementation might be beneficial in reducing the occurrence of NMSC, especially in those individuals who are at highest risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homer S Black
- Department of Dermatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Lesley E Rhodes
- Photobiology Unit, Dermatology Centre, University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester M6 8HD, UK.
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12
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ZAPATA AMO, RODRÍGUEZ-BARONA S, GÓMEZ GIG. Rheological characterization and stability study of an emulsion made with a dairy by-product enriched with omega-3 fatty acids. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study involved a rheological characterization of a W/O emulsion manufactured on a pilot scale using omega-3 fatty acids as part of the oil phase and butter milk as the emulsifier. Polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids are essential to prevent cardiovascular diseases, improve pulmonary function and also form part of the neurological structure. Buttermilk is a by-product of the dairy industry and has a high organic load which possesses surfactant properties and constitutes a good substitute for conventional emulsifiers in the food industry. The microstructural nature of the emulsion was characterized from the viscoelastic parameters and mechanical spectra. The linear viscoelastic range was determined, from which the maximum stress that the emulsion could withstand from the processing conditions without altering its microstructure was established. In addition, the storage stability of the emulsion was studied to instrumentally predict the rheological behaviour before sensory destabilization of the emulsion was observed. At the frequencies used, a significant decrease in dynamic viscoelastic parameters was periodically observed (G 'and G''), showing a structural change during storage. Furthermore, a coalescence phenomenon was observed after 18 months. The formulation with added omega-3 fatty acids and buttermilk provided a basis for obtaining a functional food as well as adding value to an industrial by-product.
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Serini S, Fasano E, Celleno L, Cittadini A, Calviello G. Potential of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in melanoma prevention. Nutr Rev 2014; 72:255-66. [PMID: 24665956 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The possible antineoplastic activity of dietary long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFAs) has been supported by ample preclinical studies that have identified a number of molecular factors and pathways affected by these fatty acids and involved in cell growth, apoptosis, invasion, and angiogenesis. The aim of this critical review is to assess the current state of knowledge on the potential anticancer effects of LC n-3 PUFAs against malignant melanoma, one of the most common cancers among Western populations. The results of preclinical as well as human observational and interventional studies investigating the effects of LC n-3 PUFAs in melanoma were examined. Overall, the analysis of the literature reveals that, even though a large body of information is available, further effort is needed to identify the main molecular targets of LC n-3 PUFAs in melanoma. Moreover, additional well-designed human observational studies are essential to shed further light on the issue. The results of these studies could provide support and specific information for the development of clinical studies, especially those performed in combination with conventional or innovative antineoplastic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Serini
- Institute of General Pathology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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Barcelos RCS, Vey LT, Segat HJ, Roversi K, Roversi K, Dias VT, Trevizol F, Kuhn FT, Dolci GS, Pase CS, Piccolo J, Veit JC, Emanuelli T, Luz SCA, Bürger ME. Cross-generational trans fat intake exacerbates UV radiation-induced damage in rat skin. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 69:38-45. [PMID: 24694906 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the influence of dietary fats on ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced oxidative damage in skin of rats. Animals from two consecutive generations born of dams supplemented with fats during pregnancy and breastfeeding were maintained in the same supplementation: soybean-oil (SO, rich in n-6 FA, control group), fish-oil (FO, rich in n-3 FA) or hydrogenated-vegetable-fat (HVF, rich in TFA). At 90 days of age, half the animals from the 2nd generation were exposed to UVR (0.25 J/cm(2)) 3×/week for 12 weeks. The FO group presented higher incorporation of n-3 FA in dorsal skin, while the HVF group incorporated TFA. Biochemical changes per se were observed in skin of the HVF group: greater generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lower mitochondrial integrity and increased Na(+)K(+)-ATPase activity. UVR exposure increased skin wrinkles scores and ROS generation and decreased mitochondrial integrity and reduced-glutathione levels in the HVF group. In FO, UVR exposure was associated with smaller skin thickness and reduced levels of protein-carbonyl, together with increased catalase activity and preserved Na(+)K(+)-ATPase function. In conclusion, while FO may be protective, trans fat may be harmful to skin health by making it more vulnerable to UVR injury and thus more prone to develop photoaging and skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C S Barcelos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil
| | - L T Vey
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, UFSM, RS, Brazil
| | - H J Segat
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, UFSM, RS, Brazil
| | - K Roversi
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, UFSM, RS, Brazil
| | - Kr Roversi
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, UFSM, RS, Brazil
| | - V T Dias
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, UFSM, RS, Brazil
| | - F Trevizol
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil
| | - F T Kuhn
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil
| | - G S Dolci
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil
| | - C S Pase
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil
| | - J Piccolo
- Departamento de Tecnologia dos Alimentos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Tecnologia dos Alimentos, UFSM, RS, Brazil
| | - J C Veit
- Departamento de Tecnologia dos Alimentos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Tecnologia dos Alimentos, UFSM, RS, Brazil
| | - T Emanuelli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil; Departamento de Tecnologia dos Alimentos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Tecnologia dos Alimentos, UFSM, RS, Brazil
| | - S C A Luz
- Departamento de Patologia, UFSM, RS, Brazil
| | - M E Bürger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil; Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, UFSM, RS, Brazil.
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Nikolakopoulou Z, Nteliopoulos G, Michael-Titus AT, Parkinson EK. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids selectively inhibit growth in neoplastic oral keratinocytes by differentially activating ERK1/2. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:2716-25. [PMID: 23892603 PMCID: PMC3845892 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs)—eicosapentaenoic
acid (EPA) and its metabolite docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)—inhibit cancer formation
in vivo, but their mechanism of action is unclear. Extracellular
signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation and inhibition have both been associated
with the induction of tumour cell apoptosis by n-3 PUFAs. We show here that low doses of
EPA, in particular, inhibited the growth of premalignant and malignant keratinocytes more
than the growth of normal counterparts by a combination of cell cycle arrest and
apoptosis. The growth inhibition of the oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) lines, but not
normal keratinocytes, by both n-3 PUFAs was associated with epidermal growth factor
receptor (EGFR) autophosphorylation, a sustained phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and its
downstream target p90RSK but not with phosphorylation of the PI3 kinase target Akt.
Inhibition of EGFR with either the EGFR kinase inhibitor AG1478 or an EGFR-blocking
antibody inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and the blocking antibody partially antagonized
growth inhibition by EPA but not by DHA. DHA generated more reactive oxygen species and
activated more c-jun N-terminal kinase than EPA, potentially explaining its increased
toxicity to normal keratinocytes. Our results show that, in part, EPA specifically
inhibits SCC growth and development by creating a sustained signalling imbalance to
amplify the EGFR/ERK/p90RSK pathway in neoplastic keratinocytes to a supraoptimal level,
supporting the chemopreventive potential of EPA, whose toxicity to normal cells might be
reduced further by blocking its metabolism to DHA. Furthermore, ERK1/2 phosphorylation may
have potential as a biomarker of n-3 PUFA function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgios Nteliopoulos
- Department of Haematology, Imperial College,
Commonwealth Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN,
UK and
| | - Adina T. Michael-Titus
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute for Cell and Molecular
Science, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of
London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT,
UK
| | - Eric Kenneth Parkinson
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +44 2078
827185; Fax: +44 207 8827137;
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Wallingford SC, Hughes MC, Green AC, van der Pols JC. Plasma omega-3 and omega-6 concentrations and risk of cutaneous basal and squamous cell carcinomas in Australian adults. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:1900-5. [PMID: 23885039 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory-based evidence suggests that omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids may affect skin photocarcinogenesis, but epidemiologic evidence is inconsistent. In 1,191 White Australian adults, we prospectively investigated associations between baseline plasma concentrations of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and cutaneous basal cell carcinomas (BCC) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated on the basis of number of histologically confirmed tumors diagnosed during follow-up (1997-2007). Plasma eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) concentrations and omega-3/-6 ratio showed significant inverse associations with SCC tumors, comparing higher tertiles with the lowest, in age- and sex-adjusted models (Ptrend = 0.02 and 0.03, respectively) which weakened after adjustment for past sun exposure. Associations between EPA and SCC were stronger among participants with a history of skin cancer at baseline (n = 378; highest vs. lowest tertile: RR = 0.50; 95% CI, 0.28-0.92; Ptrend = 0.01). Total omega-6 was inversely associated with BCC tumors in multivariate models (P = 0.04; highest vs. lowest tertile: RR = 0.71; 95% CI, 0.51-0.99), and more strongly in the subgroup with past skin cancer. Linoleic and linolenic acids were also inversely associated with BCC occurrence in this subgroup. When fatty acids were analyzed as continuous variables, however, there was no evidence of any linear or nonlinear associations. This study provides some support for reduced skin cancer risk with high plasma concentrations of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, but results depended on how fatty acid data were modeled. Further investigation of these associations in larger datasets is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Wallingford
- Authors' Affiliations: Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research; and School of Population Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Latreille J, Kesse-Guyot E, Malvy D, Andreeva V, Galan P, Tschachler E, Hercberg S, Guinot C, Ezzedine K. Association between dietary intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and severity of skin photoaging in a middle-aged Caucasian population. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 72:233-9. [PMID: 23938188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intake of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) supplementation has been reported to be associated with reduced UVB-erythemal sensitivity, but their relationship to photoaging has not been studied to date. OBJECTIVE To investigate associations between daily n-3 PUFA intake and the severity of skin photoaging. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on 2919 subjects aged 45-60 years from the SU.VI.MAX cohort. At baseline, trained investigators graded the severity of facial skin photoaging using a validated 6-grade scale during a clinical examination. Intake of α-linolenic (ALA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosapentaenoic (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) were evaluated by dietary source using ten 24-h dietary record questionnaires during the first 2.5 years of the follow-up period. RESULTS After adjustment for possible confounders, severe photoaging was found to be inversely associated with higher intake of ALA in men and with higher intake of EPA in women. When considering the different food sources of ALA for men, an inverse association appeared between severe photoaging and ALA from vegetable oils, as well as with ALA from fruit and vegetables, whereas no association was observed for ALA from dairy products. In women, ALA from vegetable oils also tended to be inversely linked to photoaging. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a possible benefit effect of n-3 PUFAs on skin aging. Nonetheless, further epidemiological studies are necessary to confirm our results and to gain additional insights into underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Latreille
- CE.R.I.E.S. (Research Centre on Human Skin of CHANEL), Neuilly sur Seine, France; UMR U557, INSERM/U1125 INRA/CNAM, University Paris 13/Centre of Research on Human Nutrition Ile de France, Paris/Bobigny, France.
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Cardoso DR, Scurachio RS, Santos WG, Homem-de-Mello P, Skibsted LH. Riboflavin-photosensitized oxidation is enhanced by conjugation in unsaturated lipids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:2268-2275. [PMID: 23402498 DOI: 10.1021/jf305280x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Methyl esters of polyunsaturated fatty acids were found to quench triplet-excited riboflavin ((3)Rib) in efficient bimolecular reactions with rate constants, as determined by laser flash photolysis, linearly depending upon the number of bis-allylic methylene (from 1 to 5). Deactivation of (3)Rib is predicted by combining the experimental second-order rate constants k2 determined for acetonitrile/water (8:2, v/v) at 25 °C with density functional theory (DFT) calculations of bond dissociation energy to have an upper limiting value of 1.22 × 10(7) L mol(-1) s(-1) for hydrogen abstraction from bis-allylic methylene groups in unsaturated lipid by (3)Rib. Still, ergosterol was found to deactivate (3)Rib with k2 = 6.2 × 10(8) L mol(-1) s(-1), which is more efficient than cholesterol, with 6.9 × 10(7) L mol(-1) s(-1). Likewise conjugated (9E,11E) methyl linoleate (CLA) reacts with 3.3 × 10(7) L mol(-1) s(-1), 30 times more efficient than previously found for methyl α-linolenate. Conjugation as in CLA and ergosterol is concluded to enhance (3)Rib deactivation, and dietary plant sterols and CLA may accordingly be important macronutrients for eye and skin health, protecting against light exposure through efficient deactivation of (3)Rib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Cardoso
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo , Avenida Trabalhador São Carlense 400, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, São Paulo (SP), Brazil
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Pilkington SM, Massey KA, Bennett SP, Al-Aasswad NM, Roshdy K, Gibbs NK, Friedmann PS, Nicolaou A, Rhodes LE. Randomized controlled trial of oral omega-3 PUFA in solar-simulated radiation-induced suppression of human cutaneous immune responses. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97:646-52. [PMID: 23364005 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.049494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin cancer is a major public health concern, and the majority of cases are caused by solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure, which suppresses skin immunity. Omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs protect against photoimmunosuppression and skin cancer in mice, but the impact in humans is unknown. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that EPA-rich n-3 PUFA would abrogate photoimmunosuppression in humans. Therefore, a nutritional study was performed to assess the effect on UVR suppression of cutaneous cell-mediated immunity (CMI) reflected by nickel contact hypersensitivity (CHS). DESIGN In a double-blind, randomized controlled study, 79 volunteers (nickel-allergic women, 22-60 y old, with phototype I or II) took 5 g n-3 PUFA-containing lipid (70% EPA plus 10% DHA) or a control lipid daily for 3 mo. After supplementation, nickel was applied to 3 skin sites preexposed on 3 consecutive days to 1.9, 3.8, or 7.6 J/cm(2) of solar-simulated radiation (SSR) and to 3 unexposed control sites. Nickel CHS responses were quantified after 72 h and the percentage of immunosuppression by SSR was calculated. Erythrocyte [red blood cell (RBC)] EPA was measured by using gas chromatography. RESULTS SSR dose-related suppression of the nickel CHS response was observed in both groups. Photoimmunosuppression appeared less in the n-3 PUFA group than in the control group (not statistically significant [mean difference (95% CI): 6.9% (-2.1%, 15.9%)]). The difference was greatest at 3.8 J/cm(2) SSR [mean difference: 11% (95% CI: 0.5%, 21.4%)]. Postsupplementation RBC EPA was 4-fold higher in the n-3 PUFA group than in the control group (mean difference: 2.69% (95% CI: 2.23%, 3.14%), which confirmed the EPA bioavailability. CONCLUSION Oral n-3 PUFAs appear to abrogate photoimmunosuppression in human skin, providing additional support for their chemopreventive role; verification of study findings is required. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01032343.
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20
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Wallingford SC, van As JA, Hughes MC, Ibiebele TI, Green AC, van der Pols JC. Intake of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and risk of basal and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin: a longitudinal community-based study in Australian adults. Nutr Cancer 2012; 64:982-90. [PMID: 22974045 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2012.713540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Intake of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids may modify the risk of basal and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (BCC and SCC), but population-based evidence is limited and inconsistent. We examined prospectively associations between intake of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids estimated from food frequency questionnaires and BCC and SCC incidence among 1322 randomly selected adults in Nambour, Australia. Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated based on histologically confirmed tumors diagnosed between 1997 and 2007. Incidence of BCC was lowest in the middle third of both total omega-6 intake (RR(mv.adj) = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.56-0.97) and linoleic acid intake (RR(mv.adj) = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.57-0.99) compared with the lowest third of intake. Evidence for associations with SCC was weak, though persons with arachidonic acid intake in the middle third had a marginally increased risk of SCC (RR(mv.adj) = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.00-2.02). Consumption of omega-3 fatty acids was not associated with subsequent skin cancer risk. Suggestion that intake of arachidonic acid may be associated with increased SCC incidence and total omega-6 with reduced BCC from our study is still highly uncertain and may be due to chance. These data do not support an association between these fatty acids and risk of BCC or SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Wallingford
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
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21
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Three-way assessment of long-chain n-3 PUFA nutrition: by questionnaire and matched blood and skin samples. Br J Nutr 2012; 109:701-8. [PMID: 22617142 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512001997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The long-chain n-3 PUFA, EPA, is believed to be important for skin health, including roles in the modulation of inflammation and protection from photodamage. FFQ and blood levels are used as non-invasive proxies for assessing skin PUFA levels, but studies examining how well these proxies reflect target organ content are lacking. In seventy-eight healthy women (mean age 42·8, range 21-60 years) residing in Greater Manchester, we performed a quantitative analysis of long-chain n-3 PUFA nutrition estimated from a self-reported FFQ (n 75) and correlated this with n-3 PUFA concentrations in erythrocytes (n 72) and dermis (n 39). Linear associations between the three n-3 PUFA measurements were assessed by Spearman correlation coefficients and agreement between these measurements was estimated. Average total dietary content of the principal long-chain n-3 PUFA EPA and DHA was 171 (SD 168) and 236 (SD 248) mg/d, respectively. EPA showed significant correlations between FFQ assessments and both erythrocyte (r 0·57, P< 0·0001) and dermal (r 0·33, P= 0·05) levels, as well as between erythrocytes and dermis (r 0·45, P= 0·008). FFQ intake of DHA and the sum of n-3 PUFA also correlated well with erythrocyte concentrations (r 0·50, P< 0·0001; r 0·27, P= 0·03). Agreement between ranked thirds of dietary intake, blood and dermis approached 50% for EPA and DHA, though gross misclassification was lower for EPA. Thus, FFQ estimates and circulating levels of the dietary long-chain n-3 PUFA, EPA, may be utilised as well-correlated measures of its dermal bioavailability.
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Abstract
The eye is on the one hand dependent on visible light energy and on the other hand can be damaged by these and the contiguous ultraviolet (UV) and infrared wavelengths. Diseases of the eye in which sunlight has been implicated have been termed the ophthalmohelioses, and these conditions pose a significant problem to the eye health of many communities. The ophthalmohelioses have a tremendous impact on patients' quality of life and have significant implications on the cost of health care. Although cataract is not entirely caused by insolation, it now seems certain that sunlight plays a contributory role-cataract extraction is one of the, if not the most, commonly performed surgical procedures in many societies. Pterygium, typically afflicting a younger population, adds a tremendous burden, both human and financial, in many countries. We review evidence that peripheral light focusing by the anterior eye to the sites of usual locations of pterygium and cataract plays a role in the pathogenesis of these conditions. Recognition of the light pathways involved with foci at stem cell niches has directed our investigations into inflammatory and matrix metalloproteinase-related pathophysiologic mechanisms. An understanding of the intracellular mechanisms involved has provided some insight into how medical treatments have been developed for the effective management of ocular surface squamous neoplasia. The concept of peripheral light focusing has also provided direction in the prevention of these diseases. This has resulted in improved sunglass design and the further development of UV-blocking contact lenses. With the development of ocular UV fluorescence photographic techniques, we have been able to demonstrate preclinical ocular surface evidence of solar damage. Evidence that diet may play a role in the development of certain conditions is reviewed. The conundrum of the public health message about solar exposure is also reviewed, and in this context, the potential role of vitamin D deficiency is summarized. The eye may play a role in the development of individualized assessment techniques of solar damage, perhaps allowing us to provide better advice to both individuals and populations.
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Kuan CY, Walker TH, Luo PG, Chen CF. Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Promote Paclitaxel Cytotoxicity via Inhibition of the MDR1 Gene in the Human Colon Cancer Caco-2 Cell Line. J Am Coll Nutr 2011; 30:265-73. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2011.10719969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pilkington SM, Watson REB, Nicolaou A, Rhodes LE. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: photoprotective macronutrients. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:537-43. [PMID: 21569104 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in sunlight has deleterious effects on skin, while behavioural changes have resulted in people gaining more sun exposure. The clinical impact includes a year-on-year increase in skin cancer incidence, and topical sunscreens alone provide an inadequate measure to combat overexposure to UVR. Novel methods of photoprotection are being targeted as additional measures, with growing interest in the potential for systemic photoprotection through naturally sourced nutrients. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are promising candidates, showing potential to protect the skin from UVR injury through a range of mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the biological actions of n-3 PUFA in the context of skin protection from acute and chronic UVR overexposure and describe how emerging new technologies such as nutrigenomics and lipidomics assist our understanding of the contribution of such nutrients to skin health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Pilkington
- Dermatological Sciences, Inflammation Sciences Research Group, School of Translational Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Hospital, Manchester, UK
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Lou YR, Peng QY, Li T, Medvecky CM, Lin Y, Shih WJ, Conney AH, Shapses S, Wagner GC, Lu YP. Effects of high-fat diets rich in either omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids on UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis in SKH-1 mice. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:1078-84. [PMID: 21525235 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies reported that caffeine or voluntary exercise decreased skin tumor multiplicity, in part, by decreasing fat levels in the dermis. These data suggest that tissue fat may play an important role in regulating ultraviolet light (UV) B-induced skin tumor development. In the present study, we explored the effects of high-fat diets rich in either omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids on UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis. SKH-1 mice were irradiated with 30 mJ/cm(2) of UVB once a day, two times per week for 39 weeks. During UVB treatment, one group of mice was given a high-fat fish oil (HFFO) diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids and the other group of mice was given a high-fat mixed-lipids (HFMLs) diet rich in omega-6 fatty acids. The results showed that, compared with HFML diet, HFFO treatment (i) increased latency for the development of UVB-induced skin tumors; (ii) decreased the formation of papilloma, keratoacanthoma and carcinoma by 64, 52 and 46%, respectively and (iii) decreased the size of papilloma, keratoacanthoma and carcinoma by 98, 80 and 83%, respectively. Mechanistic studies with antibody array revealed that compared with HFML diet, administration of HFFO to the mice significantly decreased the UVB-induced increases in the levels of TIMP-1, LIX and sTNF R1 as well as other several proinflammatory cytokines and stimulated the UVB-induced apoptosis in the epidermis. Our results indicate that omega-3 fatty acids in HFFO diet have beneficial effects against UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis, and these effects may be associated with an inhibition on UVB-induced inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Rong Lou
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Carsin A, Sharp L, Comber H. Geographical, urban/rural and socioeconomic variations in nonmelanoma skin cancer incidence: a population-based study in Ireland. Br J Dermatol 2011; 164:822-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
The incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer is increasing every year. Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are the two major types of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Among other factors, understanding the potential role of nutrients in the development, progression, and treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer is critical. This contribution provides a review of the nutrients that have been more extensively investigated in the literature with regard to nonmelanoma skin cancer, including dietary fats, retinol, carotenoids, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, selenium, copper, iron, zinc, green tea, and black tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Payette
- Department of Dermatology, MC-6230, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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Manda K, Kriesen S, Hildebrandt G, Fietkau R, Klautke G. Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation in Cancer Therapy. Strahlenther Onkol 2011; 187:127-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00066-010-2166-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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van der Pols JC, Xu C, Boyle GM, Hughes MC, Carr SJ, Parsons PG, Green AC. Serum Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids and Cutaneous p53 Expression in an Australian Population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20:530-6. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Food intake and risk of basal cell carcinoma in an 11-year prospective study of Australian adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010; 65:39-46. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cheon EC, Strouch MJ, Barron MR, Ding Y, Melstrom LG, Krantz SB, Mullapudi B, Adrian K, Rao S, Adrian TE, Bentrem DJ, Grippo PJ. Alteration of strain background and a high omega-6 fat diet induces earlier onset of pancreatic neoplasia in EL-Kras transgenic mice. Int J Cancer 2010; 128:2783-92. [PMID: 20725998 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diets containing omega-6 (ω-6) fat have been associated with increased tumor development in carcinogen-induced pancreatic cancer models. However, the effects of ω-6 fatty acids and background strain on the development of genetically-induced pancreatic neoplasia is unknown. We assessed the effects of a diet rich in ω-6 fat on the development of pancreatic neoplasia in elastase (EL)-Kras(G12D) (EL-Kras) mice in two different backgrounds. EL-Kras FVB mice were crossed to C57BL/6 (B6) mice to produce EL-Kras FVB6 F1 (or EL-Kras F1) and EL-Kras B6 congenic mice. Age-matched EL-Kras mice from each strain were compared to one another on a standard chow. Two cohorts of EL-Kras FVB and EL-Kras F1 mice were fed a 23% corn oil diet and compared to age-matched mice fed a standard chow. Pancreata were scored for incidence, frequency, and size of neoplastic lesions, and stained for the presence of mast cells to evaluate changes in the inflammatory milieu secondary to a high fat diet. EL-Kras F1 mice had increased incidence, frequency, and size of pancreatic neoplasia compared to EL-Kras FVB mice. The frequency and size of neoplastic lesions and the weight and pancreatic mast cell densities in EL-Kras F1 mice were increased in mice fed a high ω-6 fatty acid diet compared to mice fed a standard chow. We herein introduce the EL-Kras B6 mouse model which presents with increased frequency of pancreatic neoplasia compared to EL-Kras F1 mice. The phenotype in EL-Kras F1 and FVB mice is promoted by a diet rich in ω-6 fatty acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Cheon
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and maintenance of normal cardiac function (ID 504, 506, 516, 527, 538, 703, 1128, 1317, 1324, 1325),. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Current research and development of chemotherapeutic agents for melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:397-419. [PMID: 24281076 PMCID: PMC3835084 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous malignant melanoma is the most lethal form of skin cancer and an increasingly common disease worldwide. It remains one of the most treatment-refractory malignancies. The current treatment options for patients with metastatic melanoma are limited and in most cases non-curative. This review focuses on conventional chemotherapeutic drugs for melanoma treatment, by a single or combinational agent approach, but also summarizes some potential novel phytoagents discovered from dietary vegetables or traditional herbal medicines as alternative options or future medicine for melanoma prevention. We explore the mode of actions of these natural phytoagents against metastatic melanoma.
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Rakers S, Gebert M, Uppalapati S, Meyer W, Maderson P, Sell AF, Kruse C, Paus R. ‘Fish matters’: the relevance of fish skin biology to investigative dermatology. Exp Dermatol 2010; 19:313-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.01059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Ibiebele TI, van der Pols JC, Hughes MC, Marks GC, Green AC. Dietary fat intake and risk of skin cancer: a prospective study in Australian adults. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:1678-84. [PMID: 19462452 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Although intakes of dietary fat have been associated with both basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin, the evidence is sparse and inconsistent. This study prospectively investigated the association between total dietary fat; saturated, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids; and percent energy from fat in relation to BCC and SCC of the skin. At baseline in 1992, total fat intake and intake of fatty acids were assessed in an Australian community-based longitudinal study, using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire in 1,057 adult residents (aged 25-75 years) in Nambour, Queensland. Information on demography, sun-sensitivity history and sun exposure factors were obtained using self-administered questionnaires. Associations with BCC and SCC in terms of persons newly affected and of tumor counts were assessed using Poisson and negative binomial regression models, respectively, based on incident, histologically-confirmed tumors occurring between 1992 and 2002. No significant linear trends were observed in overall risk of BCC or SCC of the skin with increasing total fat intake. However, in participants with a history of skin cancer, total fat intake (multivariable adjusted RR = 2.42, 95% CI = 1.20-4.88; p for trend = 0.01) was associated with increased numbers of SCC tumors comparing the highest to lowest tertile. In conclusion, SCC tumor risk increased as total fat intake increased in people with a history of skin cancer. Dietary fats were not associated with BCC occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torukiri I Ibiebele
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Clive Berghofer Cancer Research Centre, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
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Strouch MJ, Ding Y, Salabat MR, Melstrom LG, Adrian K, Quinn C, Pelham C, Rao S, Adrian TE, Bentrem DJ, Grippo PJ. A high omega-3 fatty acid diet mitigates murine pancreatic precancer development. J Surg Res 2009; 165:75-81. [PMID: 19631339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diets containing omega-3 (ω-3) fat have been associated with decreased tumor development in the colon, breast, and prostate. We assessed the effects of a diet rich in ω-3 fat on the development of pancreatic precancer in elastase (EL)-Kras transgenic mice and examined the effect of an ω-3 fatty acid on pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two cohorts of EL-Kras mice were fed a high ω-3 fat diet (23% menhaden oil) for 8 and 11 mo and compared with age-matched EL-Kras mice fed standard chow (5% fat). Pancreata from all mice were scored for incidence and frequency of precancerous lesions. Immunohistochemistry was performed for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) to assess proliferative index in lesions of mice fed either a high ω-3 or standard diet. In vitro, the effect of the ω-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on two pancreatic cancer cell lines was assessed. Cancer cell proliferation was assessed with an MTT assay; cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry; and apoptosis was assessed with annexin/PI staining. RESULTS The incidence, frequency, and proliferative index of pancreatic precancer in EL-Kras mice was reduced in mice fed a high ω-3 fat diet compared with mice fed a standard chow. In vitro, DHA treatment resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease in proliferation through both G1/G0 cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS A high ω-3 fat diet mitigates pancreatic precancer by inhibition of cellular proliferation through induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Strouch
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
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Hughes MCB, Williams GM, Fourtanier A, Green AC. Food intake, dietary patterns, and actinic keratoses of the skin: a longitudinal study. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89:1246-55. [PMID: 19244366 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Actinic keratoses (AKs) are premalignant actinic tumors of the skin. Evaluation of the role of diet in their development is lacking. OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine whether intake of certain food groups or dietary patterns retard the occurrence of AKs over a 4.5-y period. DESIGN In a community-based study of skin cancer in Queensland, Australia, food intake of 1119 adults was assessed in 1992, 1994, and 1996 by using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Dermatologists counted prevalent AKs during full-body skin examinations in 1992 and 1996. The relative ratio (RR) of AK counts in 1996 relative to 1992 was compared across increasing intakes of 26 food groups, and for 3 dietary patterns identified by principal components analysis, with the use of generalized linear models with negative binomial distribution, allowing for repeated measures. All analyses were adjusted for confounding factors, including skin color and sun exposure indexes. RESULTS AK acquisition decreased by 28% (RR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.55, 0.95) among the highest consumers of oily fish (average of one serving every 5 d) compared with those with minimal intake. Similarly, the rate of acquisition of AKs was reduced by 27% (RR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.54, 0.99) in those with the highest consumption of wine (average of half a glass a day in this study population). There was no consistent association of dietary pattern with AK acquisition. CONCLUSION Moderate intake of oily fish and of wine may decrease the acquisition of AKs and thus complement sun protection measures in the control of actinic skin tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Celia B Hughes
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Abstract
Ingestion of selected nutrients modulates dermal properties. In the present study, two groups of women ingested flaxseed or borage oil for 12 weeks. The control group received a placebo containing medium-chain fatty acids. Dose was 2·2 g total fatty acids/d with α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid as major constituents in the flaxseed oil group; in the borage oil group linoleic and γ-linolenic acid were predominant. In the flaxseed oil group, the contribution of α-linolenic acid to total fatty acids in plasma was significantly increased on weeks 6 and 12, whereas there was an increase in γ-linolenic acid in the borage oil group (P < 0·05). Skin irritation was performed by nicotinate treatment, and changes in skin reddening and blood flow were monitored. Compared to week 0, skin reddening was diminished in both groups; blood flow was also lowered. Skin hydration was significantly increased after 12 weeks of treatment compared to week 0, with flaxseed or borage oil (P < 0·05). Transepidermal water loss was decreased in both oil groups by about 10 % after 6 weeks of supplementation. A further decrease was determined after 12 weeks in the flaxseed oil group. Surface evaluation of living skin revealed that roughness and scaling of the skin were significantly decreased with flaxseed and borage oil comparing week 0 and week 12 (P < 0·05). Except for hydration, none of the parameters was affected in the placebo group. The present data provide evidence that skin properties can be modulated by an intervention with dietary lipids.
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Manna S, Chakraborty T, Ghosh B, Chatterjee M, Panda A, Srivastava S, Rana A, Chatterjee M. Dietary fish oil associated with increased apoptosis and modulated expression of Bax and Bcl-2 during 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2008; 79:5-14. [PMID: 18614344 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the chemopreventive effect of dietary fish oil (Maxepa), rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on induction of apoptosis in mammary carcinogenesis model. Mammary carcinogenesis was initiated by a single, tail vein injection of 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene (DMBA) (0.5mg/0.2ml corn oil/100g body weight) at 7 weeks of animal age. Ninety female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two parts: part one was used for histology and immunohistochemical study and part two for morphological analysis. Each part consists of three experimental groups having 15 animals, i.e., Group A (DMBA control), Group B (DMBA+fish oil) and Group C (DMBA+corn oil). Rats were fed either fish oil or corn oil (0.5ml/day/rat) by oral gavage, 2 weeks prior to DMBA injection. Treatment was continued 25 weeks, studying histopathology, expression of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins by immunohistochemistry and apoptosis by TUNEL assay and morphological study at 36 weeks. Results showed that the fish oil-treated group exhibited a substantial increase in Bax (p<0.05) immunolabelling and a reduction of Bcl-2 immunopositivity (p<0.05), and increased TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells (p<0.05); however, corn oil treatment did not show these beneficial effects toward mammary preneoplasia. We conclude that fish oil has the potential to play a significant role in limiting mammary tumourigenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Manna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, P.O. Box 17028, Kolkata 700032, India
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Zhang M, Song Z, Wang D, Cheng L, Jin W, Zhang P, Huo Y, Ma Z. The Anti-tumor Effect of the Light Petroleum Extract from Pulsatilla Chinensis (Bunge) Regel. Nat Prod Commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0800300527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The crude ethanol extract of Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel roots was extracted successively with light petroleum, dichloromethane and n-butanol. The light petroleum fraction (PEF) exhibited potent anti-proliferation activity on HL60 cells with an IC50 value of 14 μg/mL. As a result, ICR mice transplanted with tumor strain S180 were employed for testing the effectiveness of drug administration of PEF. The tumor inhibitory rate was 36.7% at a dose of 20 mg/kg/d, which was higher than the positive control, which produced 31.5% inhibition. However, an unusual phenomenon was observed in that the tumor inhibitory response was reverse dose-dependent since tumor inhibition was only 19.5% at a dose of 180 mg/kg/d. GC-MS revealed that the main components of the PEF were C-19 and C-22 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Previous studies had revealed that polyunsaturated fatty acids exhibit either anti-tumor or tumor promoting activities, and so it is proposed that the effects of PEF on tumor growth is dependent on dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Informatics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhihang Song
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Informatics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Zhejiang Institute for Drug Control, Hangzhou 310004, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Informatics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenrong Jin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Informatics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Informatics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yang Huo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Informatics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhongjun Ma
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Informatics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Abstract
Photoageing is the superposition of chronic ultraviolet (UV)-induced damage on intrinsic ageing and accounts for most age-associated changes in skin appearance. It is triggered by receptor-initiated signalling, mitochondrial damage, protein oxidation and telomere-based DNA damage responses. Photodamaged skin displays variable epidermal thickness, dermal elastosis, decreased/fragmented collagen, increased matrix-degrading metalloproteinases, inflammatory infiltrates and vessel ectasia. The development of cosmetically pleasing sunscreens that protect against both UVA and UVB irradiation as well as products such as tretinoin that antagonize the UV signalling pathways leading to photoageing are major steps forward in preventing and reversing photoageing. Improved understanding of the skin's innate UV protective mechanisms has also given rise to several novel treatment concepts that promise to revolutionize this field within the coming decade. Such advances should not only allow for the improved appearance of skin in middle age and beyond, but also greatly reduce the accompanying burden of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yaar
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, 609 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118-2394, USA
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Ibiebele TI, van der Pols JC, Hughes MC, Marks GC, Williams GM, Green AC. Dietary pattern in association with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: a prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85:1401-8. [PMID: 17490979 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.5.1401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of diet in the development of skin cancer is inconclusive, and the effect of the combined consumption of foods has never been reported. OBJECTIVE We prospectively investigated the association between dietary patterns and cutaneous basal cell (BCC) and squamous cell (SCC) carcinoma. DESIGN Principal components analysis of 38 food groups was used to identify dietary patterns in 1360 adults aged 25-75 y who participated in a community-based skin cancer study in Nambour, Australia, between 1992 and 2002. We obtained baseline information about diet, skin color, and sun exposure factors. Multivariate-adjusted relative risks (RRs) for BCC and SCC tumors were estimated by using negative binomial regression modeling. RESULTS Two major dietary patterns were identified: a meat and fat pattern and a vegetable and fruit pattern. The meat and fat pattern was positively associated with development of SCC tumors (RR=1.83; 95% CI: 1.00, 3.37; P for trend=0.05) after adjustment for confounders and even more strongly associated in participants with a skin cancer history (RR=3.77; 95% CI: 1.65, 8.63; P for trend = 0.002) when the third and first tertiles were compared. A higher consumption of the vegetable and fruit dietary pattern appeared to decrease SCC tumor risk by 54% (P for trend = 0.02), but this protective effect was mostly explained by the association with green leafy vegetables. There was no association between the dietary patterns and BCC tumors. CONCLUSION A dietary pattern characterized by high meat and fat intakes increases SCC tumor risk, particularly in persons with a skin cancer history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torukiri I Ibiebele
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia.
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