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Wang Z, Su C, Zhang Y, Shangguan S, Wang R, Su J. Key enzymes involved in the utilization of fatty acids by Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a review. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1294182. [PMID: 38274755 PMCID: PMC10808364 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1294182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a eukaryotic organism with a clear genetic background and mature gene operating system; in addition, it exhibits environmental tolerance. Therefore, S. cerevisiae is one of the most commonly used organisms for the synthesis of biological chemicals. The investigation of fatty acid catabolism in S. cerevisiae is crucial for the synthesis and accumulation of fatty acids and their derivatives, with β-oxidation being the predominant pathway responsible for fatty acid metabolism in this organism, occurring primarily within peroxisomes. The latest research has revealed distinct variations in β-oxidation among different fatty acids, primarily attributed to substrate preferences and disparities in the metabolic regulation of key enzymes involved in the S. cerevisiae fatty acid metabolic pathway. The synthesis of lipids, on the other hand, represents another crucial metabolic pathway for fatty acids. The present paper provides a comprehensive review of recent research on the key factors influencing the efficiency of fatty acid utilization, encompassing β-oxidation and lipid synthesis pathways. Additionally, we discuss various approaches for modifying β-oxidation to enhance the synthesis of fatty acids and their derivatives in S. cerevisiae, aiming to offer theoretical support and serve as a valuable reference for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chunli Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yisang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Sifan Shangguan
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ruiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, China
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Jiang H, Nair V, Sun Y, Ding C. The diverse roles of peroxisomes in the interplay between viruses and mammalian cells. Antiviral Res 2024; 221:105780. [PMID: 38092324 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles found in eukaryotic cells that play a critical role in the oxidative metabolism of lipids and detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recently, the role of peroxisomes in viral infections has been extensively studied. Although several studies have reported that peroxisomes exert antiviral activity, evidence indicates that viruses have also evolved diverse strategies to evade peroxisomal antiviral signals. In this review, we summarize the multiple roles of peroxisomes in the interplay between viruses and mammalian cells. Focus is given on the peroxisomal regulation of innate immune response, lipid metabolism, ROS production, and viral regulation of peroxisomal biosynthesis and degradation. Understanding the interactions between peroxisomes and viruses provides novel insights for the development of new antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Venugopal Nair
- Avian Oncogenic Viruses Group, UK-China Centre of Excellence in Avian Disease Research, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China.
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3
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Carmichael RE, Schrader M. Determinants of Peroxisome Membrane Dynamics. Front Physiol 2022; 13:834411. [PMID: 35185625 PMCID: PMC8853631 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.834411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organelles within the cell are highly dynamic entities, requiring dramatic morphological changes to support their function and maintenance. As a result, organelle membranes are also highly dynamic, adapting to a range of topologies as the organelle changes shape. In particular, peroxisomes—small, ubiquitous organelles involved in lipid metabolism and reactive oxygen species homeostasis—display a striking plasticity, for example, during the growth and division process by which they proliferate. During this process, the membrane of an existing peroxisome elongates to form a tubule, which then constricts and ultimately undergoes scission to generate new peroxisomes. Dysfunction of this plasticity leads to diseases with developmental and neurological phenotypes, highlighting the importance of peroxisome dynamics for healthy cell function. What controls the dynamics of peroxisomal membranes, and how this influences the dynamics of the peroxisomes themselves, is just beginning to be understood. In this review, we consider how the composition, biophysical properties, and protein-lipid interactions of peroxisomal membranes impacts on their dynamics, and in turn on the biogenesis and function of peroxisomes. In particular, we focus on the effect of the peroxin PEX11 on the peroxisome membrane, and its function as a major regulator of growth and division. Understanding the roles and regulation of peroxisomal membrane dynamics necessitates a multidisciplinary approach, encompassing knowledge across a range of model species and a number of fields including lipid biochemistry, biophysics and computational biology. Here, we present an integrated overview of our current understanding of the determinants of peroxisome membrane dynamics, and reflect on the outstanding questions still remaining to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Carmichael
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Schrader
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Meng X, Fang Y, Ding M, Zhang Y, Jia K, Li Z, Collemare J, Liu W. Developing fungal heterologous expression platforms to explore and improve the production of natural products from fungal biodiversity. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107866. [PMID: 34780934 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural products from fungi represent an important source of biologically active metabolites notably for therapeutic agent development. Genome sequencing revealed that the number of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) in fungi is much larger than expected. Unfortunately, most of them are silent or barely expressed under laboratory culture conditions. Moreover, many fungi in nature are uncultivable or cannot be genetically manipulated, restricting the extraction and identification of bioactive metabolites from these species. Rapid exploration of the tremendous number of cryptic fungal BGCs necessitates the development of heterologous expression platforms, which will facilitate the efficient production of natural products in fungal cell factories. Host selection, BGC assembly methods, promoters used for heterologous gene expression, metabolic engineering strategies and compartmentalization of biosynthetic pathways are key aspects for consideration to develop such a microbial platform. In the present review, we summarize current progress on the above challenges to promote research effort in the relevant fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Yu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Mingyang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Yanyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Kaili Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Zhongye Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Jérôme Collemare
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Weifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
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Terabayashi T, Menezes LF, Zhou F, Cai H, Walter PJ, Garraffo HM, Germino GG. Pkd1 Mutation Has No Apparent Effects on Peroxisome Structure or Lipid Metabolism. KIDNEY360 2021; 2:1576-1591. [PMID: 35372986 PMCID: PMC8785796 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000962021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Multiple studies of tissue and cell samples from patients and preclinical models of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease report abnormal mitochondrial function and morphology and suggest metabolic reprogramming is an intrinsic feature of this disease. Peroxisomes interact with mitochondria physically and functionally, and congenital peroxisome biogenesis disorders can cause various phenotypes, including mitochondrial defects, metabolic abnormalities, and renal cysts. We hypothesized that a peroxisomal defect might contribute to the metabolic and mitochondrial impairments observed in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Methods Using control and Pkd1-/- kidney epithelial cells, we investigated peroxisome abundance, biogenesis, and morphology by immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, and live cell imaging of peroxisome-related proteins and assayed peroxisomal specific β-oxidation. We further analyzed fatty acid composition by mass spectrometry in kidneys of Pkd1fl/fl;Ksp-Cre mice. We also evaluated peroxisome lipid metabolism in published metabolomics datasets of Pkd1 mutant cells and kidneys. Lastly, we investigated if the C terminus or full-length polycystin-1 colocalize with peroxisome markers by imaging studies. Results Peroxisome abundance, morphology, and peroxisome-related protein expression in Pkd1-/- cells were normal, suggesting preserved peroxisome biogenesis. Peroxisomal β-oxidation was not impaired in Pkd1-/- cells, and there was no obvious accumulation of very-long-chain fatty acids in kidneys of mutant mice. Reanalysis of published datasets provide little evidence of peroxisomal abnormalities in independent sets of Pkd1 mutant cells and cystic kidneys, and provide further evidence of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation defects. Imaging studies with either full-length polycystin-1 or its C terminus, a fragment previously shown to go to the mitochondria, showed minimal colocalization with peroxisome markers restricted to putative mitochondrion-peroxisome contact sites. Conclusions Our studies showed that loss of Pkd1 does not disrupt peroxisome biogenesis nor peroxisome-dependent fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Terabayashi
- Kidney Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Luis F. Menezes
- Kidney Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Fang Zhou
- Kidney Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hongyi Cai
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Peter J. Walter
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hugo M. Garraffo
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gregory G. Germino
- Kidney Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Yu W, Lin M, Peng M, Yan H, Wang J, Zhou J, Lu G, Wang Z, Shim WB. Fusarium verticillioides FvPex8 Is a Key Component of the Peroxisomal Docking/Translocation Module That Serves Important Roles in Fumonisin Biosynthesis but Not in Virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:803-814. [PMID: 33749306 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-20-0273-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles in eukaryotes that fulfill various important metabolic functions. In this study, we investigated the role of docking/translocation module (DTM) peroxins, mainly FvPex8, FvPex13, FvPex14, and FvPex33, in Fusarium verticillioides development, virulence, and fumonisin B1 (FB1) biosynthesis. Protein interaction experiments suggested that FvPex13 serves as the central DTM subunit in F. verticillioides. Notably, FvPex8 and FvPex14 did not show direct interaction in our experiments. We generated gene-deletion mutants (ΔFvpex8, ΔFvpex13, ΔFvpex14, ΔFvpex33, ΔFvpex33/14) and further examined the functional role of these peroxins. Deletion mutants exhibited disparity in carbon nutrient utilization and defect in cell-wall integrity when stress agents were applied. Under nutrient starvation, mutants also showed higher levels of lipid droplet accumulation. Particularly, ΔFvpex8 mutant showed significant FB1 reduction and altered expression of key FB1 biosynthesis genes. However, FvPex13 was primarily responsible for asexual conidia reproduction and virulence, while the ΔFvpex33/14 double mutant also showed a virulence defect. In summary, our study suggests that FvPex13 is the central component of DTM, with direct physical interaction with other DTM peroxins, and regulates peroxisome membrane biogenesis as well as PTS1- and PTS2-mediated transmembrane cargo transportation. Importantly, we also characterized FvPex8 as a key component in F. verticillioides DTM that affects peroxisome function and FB1 biosynthesis.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education & Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Mei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education & Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Minghui Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Huijuan Yan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, U.S.A
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education & Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education & Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Guodong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Won Bo Shim
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, U.S.A
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7
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Gerke J, Frauendorf H, Schneider D, Wintergoller M, Hofmeister T, Poehlein A, Zebec Z, Takano E, Scrutton NS, Braus GH. Production of the Fragrance Geraniol in Peroxisomes of a Product-Tolerant Baker's Yeast. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:582052. [PMID: 33102464 PMCID: PMC7546902 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.582052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoterpenoids, such as the plant metabolite geraniol, are of high industrial relevance since they are important fragrance materials for perfumes, cosmetics, and household products. Chemical synthesis or extraction from plant material for industry purposes are complex, environmentally harmful or expensive and depend on seasonal variations. Heterologous microbial production offers a cost-efficient and sustainable alternative but suffers from low metabolic flux of the precursors and toxicity of the monoterpenoid to the cells. In this study, we evaluated two approaches to counteract both issues by compartmentalizing the biosynthetic enzymes for geraniol to the peroxisomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as production sites and by improving the geraniol tolerance of the yeast cells. The combination of both approaches led to an 80% increase in the geraniol titers. In the future, the inclusion of product tolerance and peroxisomal compartmentalization into the general chassis engineering toolbox for monoterpenoids or other host-damaging, industrially relevant metabolites may lead to an efficient, low-cost, and eco-friendly microbial production for industrial purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Gerke
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Holm Frauendorf
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dominik Schneider
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maxim Wintergoller
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Anja Poehlein
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ziga Zebec
- Molecular Enzymology, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Eriko Takano
- Synthetic Biology Research Centre, SYNBIOCHEM, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Molecular Enzymology, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Synthetic Biology Research Centre, SYNBIOCHEM, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Devarajan S, Meurer M, van Roermund CWT, Chen X, Hettema EH, Kemp S, Knop M, Williams C. Proteasome-dependent protein quality control of the peroxisomal membrane protein Pxa1p. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183342. [PMID: 32416190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are eukaryotic organelles that function in numerous metabolic pathways and defects in peroxisome function can cause serious developmental brain disorders such as adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). Peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs) play a crucial role in regulating peroxisome function. Therefore, PMP homeostasis is vital for peroxisome function. Recently, we established that certain PMPs are degraded by the Ubiquitin Proteasome System yet little is known about how faulty/non-functional PMPs undergo quality control. Here we have investigated the degradation of Pxa1p, a fatty acid transporter in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Pxa1p is a homologue of the human protein ALDP and mutations in ALDP result in the severe disorder ALD. By introducing two corresponding ALDP mutations into Pxa1p (Pxa1MUT), fused to mGFP, we show that Pxa1MUT-mGFP is rapidly degraded from peroxisomes in a proteasome-dependent manner, while wild type Pxa1-mGFP remains relatively stable. Furthermore, we identify a role for the ubiquitin ligase Ufd4p in Pxa1MUT-mGFP degradation. Finally, we establish that inhibiting Pxa1MUT-mGFP degradation results in a partial rescue of Pxa1p activity in cells. Together, our data demonstrate that faulty PMPs can undergo proteasome-dependent quality control. Furthermore, our observations may provide new insights into the role of ALDP degradation in ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Devarajan
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - M Meurer
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C W T van Roermund
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, the Netherlands
| | - X Chen
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - E H Hettema
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - S Kemp
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, the Netherlands
| | - M Knop
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany; Cell Morphogenesis and Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Williams
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.
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9
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Abe Y, Tamura S, Honsho M, Fujiki Y. A Mouse Model System to Study Peroxisomal Roles in Neurodegeneration of Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1299:119-143. [PMID: 33417212 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-60204-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fourteen PEX genes are currently identified as genes responsible for peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs). Patients with PBDs manifest as neurodegenerative symptoms such as neuronal migration defect and malformation of the cerebellum. To address molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of PBDs, mouse models for the PBDs have been generated by targeted disruption of Pex genes. Pathological phenotypes and metabolic abnormalities in Pex-knockout mice well resemble those of the patients with PBDs. The mice with tissue- or cell type-specific inactivation of Pex genes have also been established by using a Cre-loxP system. The genetically modified mice reveal that pathological phenotypes of PBDs are mediated by interorgan and intercellular communications. Despite the illustrations of detailed pathological phenotypes in the mutant mice, mechanistic insights into pathogenesis of PBDs are still underway. In this chapter, we overview the phenotypes of Pex-inactivated mice and the current understanding of the pathogenesis underlying PBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Abe
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Yukio Fujiki
- Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, Fukuoka, Japan. .,Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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10
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Thomas AS, Krikken AM, de Boer R, Williams C. Hansenula polymorpha Aat2p is targeted to peroxisomes via a novel Pex20p-dependent pathway. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2466-2475. [PMID: 29924881 PMCID: PMC6099311 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Aat2p contains a peroxisomal targeting signal type‐1 and localizes to peroxisomes in oleate‐grown cells, but not in glucose‐grown cells. Here, we have investigated Aat2p from the yeast Hansenula polymorpha, which lacks a recognizable peroxisomal targeting signal. Aat2p tagged with GFP at its C terminus displays a dual cytosol‐peroxisome localization in ethanol‐grown cells. The partial peroxisomal localization of Aat2p persisted in the absence of the classical cycling receptors Pex5p and Pex7p but Aat2p targeting to peroxisomes was reduced in cells deleted for the matrix protein import factors PEX1, PEX2 and PEX13. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Aat2p targeting to peroxisomes requires Pex20p. Together, our data identify a Pex20p‐dependent pathway for targeting Aat2p to peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann S Thomas
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen M Krikken
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rinse de Boer
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Williams
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Li L, Wang J, Chen H, Chai R, Zhang Z, Mao X, Qiu H, Jiang H, Wang Y, Sun G. Pex14/17, a filamentous fungus-specific peroxin, is required for the import of peroxisomal matrix proteins and full virulence of Magnaporthe oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:1238-1252. [PMID: 27571711 PMCID: PMC6638247 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles in eukaryotic cells that fulfil a variety of biochemical functions. The biogenesis of peroxisomes requires a variety of proteins, named peroxins, which are encoded by PEX genes. Pex14/17 is a putative recently identified peroxin, specifically present in filamentous fungal species. Its function in peroxisomal biogenesis is still obscure and its roles in fungal pathogenicity have not yet been documented. Here, we demonstrate the contributions of Pex14/17 in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (Mopex14/17) to peroxisomal biogenesis and fungal pathogenicity by targeting gene replacement strategies. Mopex14/17 has properties of both Pex14 and Pex17 with regard to its protein sequence. Mopex14/17 is distributed at the peroxisomal membrane and is essential for efficient peroxisomal targeting of proteins containing peroxisomal targeting signal 1. MoPEX19 deletion leads to the cytoplasmic distribution of Mopex14/17, indicating that the peroxisomal import of Pex14/17 is dependent on Pex19. The knockout mutants of MoPEX14/17 show reduced fatty acid utilization, reactive oxygen species (ROS) degradation and cell wall integrity. Moreover, Δmopex14/17 mutants show delayed conidial generation and appressorial formation, and a reduction in appressorial turgor accumulation and penetration ability in host plants. These defects result in a significant reduction in the virulence of the mutant. These data indicate that MoPEX14/17 plays a crucial role in peroxisome biogenesis and contributes to fungal development and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlInstitute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
- School of Agricultural and Food SciencesZhejiang Agriculture and Forest UniversityHangzhou311300China
| | - Jiaoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlInstitute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Haili Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlInstitute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Rongyao Chai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlInstitute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlInstitute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Xueqin Mao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlInstitute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Haiping Qiu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlInstitute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Hua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlInstitute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Yanli Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlInstitute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Guochang Sun
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlInstitute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
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12
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Peroxisomes are organelles present in most eukaryotic cells. The organs with the highest density of peroxisomes are the liver and kidneys. Peroxisomes possess more than fifty enzymes and fulfill a multitude of biological tasks. They actively participate in apoptosis, innate immunity, and inflammation. In recent years, a considerable amount of evidence has been collected to support the involvement of peroxisomes in the pathogenesis of kidney injury. RECENT ADVANCES The nature of the two most important peroxisomal tasks, beta-oxidation of fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide turnover, functionally relates peroxisomes to mitochondria. Further support for their communication and cooperation is furnished by the evidence that both organelles share the components of their division machinery. Until recently, the majority of studies on the molecular mechanisms of kidney injury focused primarily on mitochondria and neglected peroxisomes. CRITICAL ISSUES The aim of this concise review is to introduce the reader to the field of peroxisome biology and to provide an overview of the evidence about the contribution of peroxisomes to the development and progression of kidney injury. The topics of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, endotoxin-induced kidney injury, diabetic nephropathy, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis, as well as the potential therapeutic implications of peroxisome activation, are addressed in this review. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Despite recent progress, further studies are needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms induced by dysfunctional peroxisomes and the role of the dysregulated mitochondria-peroxisome axis in the pathogenesis of renal injury. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 217-231.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radovan Vasko
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen, Germany
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13
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Chen Y, Yu Q, Wang H, Dong Y, Jia C, Zhang B, Xiao C, Zhang B, Xing L, Li M. The malfunction of peroxisome has an impact on the oxidative stress sensitivity in Candida albicans. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 95:1-12. [PMID: 27473887 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome plays an essential role in eukaryotic cellular metabolism, including β-oxidation of fatty acids and detoxification of hydrogen peroxide. However, its functions in the important fungal pathogen, C. albicans, remain to be investigated. In this study, we identified a homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae peroxisomal protein Pex1 in this pathogen, and explored its functions in stress tolerance. Fluorescence observation revealed that C. albicans Pex1 was localized in the peroxisomes, and its loss led to the defect in peroxisome formation. Interestingly, the pex1Δ/Δ mutant had increased tolerance to oxidative stress, which was neither associated with the Cap1 pathway, nor related to the altered distribution of catalase. However, under oxidative stress, the pex1Δ/Δ mutant showed increased expression of autophagy-related genes, with enhanced cytoplasm-to-vacuole transport and degradation of the autophagy markers Atg8 and Lap41. Moreover, the double mutants pex1Δ/Δatg8Δ/Δ and pex1Δ/Δatg1Δ/Δ, both of which were defective in autophagy and peroxisome formation, showed remarkable attenuated tolerance to oxidative stress. These results indicated that autophagy is involved in resistance to oxidative stress in pex1Δ/Δ mutant. Taken together, this study provides evidence that the peroxisomal protein Pex1 regulates oxidative stress tolerance in an autophagy-dependent manner in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qilin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Honggang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yijie Dong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Chang Jia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Chenpeng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Laijun Xing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Mingchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China.
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14
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Cui S, Hayashi Y, Otomo M, Mano S, Oikawa K, Hayashi M, Nishimura M. Sucrose Production Mediated by Lipid Metabolism Suppresses the Physical Interaction of Peroxisomes and Oil Bodies during Germination of Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:19734-45. [PMID: 27466365 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.748814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical interaction between organelles is a flexible event and essential for cells to adapt rapidly to environmental stimuli. Germinating plants utilize oil bodies and peroxisomes to mobilize storage lipids for the generation of sucrose as the main energy source. Although membrane interaction between oil bodies and peroxisomes has been widely observed, its underlying molecular mechanism is largely unknown. Here we present genetic evidence for control of the physical interaction between oil bodies and peroxisomes. We identified alleles of the sdp1 mutant altered in oil body morphology. This mutant accumulates bigger and more oil body aggregates compared with the wild type and showed defects in lipid mobilization during germination. SUGAR DEPENDENT 1 (SDP1) encodes major triacylglycerol lipase in Arabidopsis Interestingly, sdp1 seedlings show enhanced physical interaction between oil bodies and peroxisomes compared with the wild type, whereas exogenous sucrose supplementation greatly suppresses the interaction. The same phenomenon occurs in the peroxisomal defective 1 (ped1) mutant, defective in lipid mobilization because of impaired peroxisomal β-oxidation, indicating that sucrose production is a key factor for oil body-peroxisomal dissociation. Peroxisomal dissociation and subsequent release from oil bodies is dependent on actin filaments. We also show that a peroxisomal ATP binding cassette transporter, PED3, is the potential anchor protein to the membranes of these organelles. Our results provide novel components linking lipid metabolism and oil body-peroxisome interaction whereby sucrose may act as a negative signal for the interaction of oil bodies and peroxisomes to fine-tune lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songkui Cui
- From the Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan, the Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan, the RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan, the Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan, and
| | - Yasuko Hayashi
- the Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi, Ninotyou, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Otomo
- the Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi, Ninotyou, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Shoji Mano
- From the Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan, the Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan, the Laboratory of Biological Diversity, Department of Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kazusato Oikawa
- the Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- the Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura-Cho, Nagahama 526-0829, Japan
| | - Mikio Nishimura
- From the Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan,
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15
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Motley AM, Galvin PC, Ekal L, Nuttall JM, Hettema EH. Reevaluation of the role of Pex1 and dynamin-related proteins in peroxisome membrane biogenesis. J Cell Biol 2016; 211:1041-56. [PMID: 26644516 PMCID: PMC4674274 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201412066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of Pex1 and dynamin-related protein function indicates peroxisomes multiply mainly by growth and division in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, whereas no evidence was found for the previously proposed role for Pex1 in peroxisome formation by fusion of ER-derived preperoxisomal vesicles. A recent model for peroxisome biogenesis postulates that peroxisomes form de novo continuously in wild-type cells by heterotypic fusion of endoplasmic reticulum–derived vesicles containing distinct sets of peroxisomal membrane proteins. This model proposes a role in vesicle fusion for the Pex1/Pex6 complex, which has an established role in matrix protein import. The growth and division model proposes that peroxisomes derive from existing peroxisomes. We tested these models by reexamining the role of Pex1/Pex6 and dynamin-related proteins in peroxisome biogenesis. We found that induced depletion of Pex1 blocks the import of matrix proteins but does not affect membrane protein delivery to peroxisomes; markers for the previously reported distinct vesicles colocalize in pex1 and pex6 cells; peroxisomes undergo continued growth if fission is blocked. Our data are compatible with the established primary role of the Pex1/Pex6 complex in matrix protein import and show that peroxisomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae multiply mainly by growth and division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Motley
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, England, UK
| | - Paul C Galvin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, England, UK
| | - Lakhan Ekal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, England, UK
| | - James M Nuttall
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, England, UK
| | - Ewald H Hettema
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, England, UK
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16
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Esmaeili M, Ghaedi K, Shoaraye Nejati A, Nematollahi M, Shiralyian H, Nasr-Esfahani MH. Pioglitazone significantly prevented decreased rate of neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells which was reduced by Pex11β knock-down. Neuroscience 2015; 312:35-47. [PMID: 26562432 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes constitute special cellular organelles which display a variety of metabolic functions including fatty acid oxidation and free radical elimination. Abundance of these flexible organelles varies in response to different environmental stimuli. It has been demonstrated that PEX11β, a peroxisomal membrane elongation factor, is involved in the regulation of size, shape and number of peroxisomes. To investigate the role of PEX11β in neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), we generated a stably transduced mESCs line that derives the expression of a short hairpin RNA against Pex11β gene following doxycycline (Dox) induction. Knock-down of Pex11β, during neural differentiation, significantly reduced the expression of neural progenitor cells and mature neuronal markers (p<0.05) indicating that decreased expression of PEX11β suppresses neuronal maturation. Additionally, mRNA levels of other peroxisome-related genes such as PMP70, Pex11α, Catalase, Pex19 and Pex5 were also significantly reduced by Pex11β knock-down (p<0.05). Interestingly, pretreatment of transduced mESCs with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist (pioglitazone (Pio)) ameliorated the inhibitory effects of Pex11β knock down on neural differentiation. Pio also significantly (p<0.05) increased the expression of neural progenitor and mature neuronal markers besides the expression of peroxisomal genes in transduced mESC. Results elucidated the importance of Pex11β expression in neural differentiation of mESCs, thereby highlighting the essential role of peroxisomes in mammalian neural differentiation. The observation that Pio recovered peroxisomal function and improved neural differentiation of Pex11β knocked-down mESCs, proposes a potential new pharmacological implication of Pio for neurogenesis in patients with peroxisomal defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Esmaeili
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - K Ghaedi
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran; Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - A Shoaraye Nejati
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - M Nematollahi
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - H Shiralyian
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - M H Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran.
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17
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Giannopoulou EA, Emmanouilidis L, Sattler M, Dodt G, Wilmanns M. Towards the molecular mechanism of the integration of peroxisomal membrane proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:863-9. [PMID: 26434995 PMCID: PMC4819957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The correct topogenesis of peroxisomal membrane proteins is a crucial step for the formation of functioning peroxisomes. Although this process has been widely studied, the exact mechanism with which it occurs has not yet been fully characterized. Nevertheless, it is generally accepted that peroxisomes employ three proteins – Pex3, Pex19 and Pex16 in mammals – for the insertion of peroxisomal membrane proteins into the peroxisomal membrane. Structural biology approaches have been utilized for the elucidation of the mechanistic questions of peroxisome biogenesis, mainly by providing information on the architecture of the proteins significant for this process. This review aims to summarize, compare and put into perspective the structural knowledge that has been generated mainly for Pex3 and Pex19 and their interaction partners in recent years. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Peroxisomes edited by Ralf Erdmann. Structures of the PMP insertion factors Pex3 and Pex19 and their interactions with other protein ligands Structural insights provide a mechanistic understanding of the PMP functional network. Functional implications of structural order/disorder transitions
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonidas Emmanouilidis
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) at Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Sattler
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) at Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Gabriele Dodt
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wilmanns
- EMBL Hamburg, c/o DESY, Building 25A, Notkestraße 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany; University of Hamburg Clinical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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18
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Chen Y, Pieuchot L, Loh RA, Yang J, Kari TMA, Wong JY, Jedd G. Hydrophobic handoff for direct delivery of peroxisome tail-anchored proteins. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5790. [PMID: 25517356 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tail-anchored (TA) proteins are inserted into membranes post-translationally through a C-terminal transmembrane domain (TMD). The PEX19 protein binds peroxisome TA proteins in the cytoplasm and delivers them to the membrane through the PEX3 receptor protein. An amphipathic segment in PEX19 promotes docking on PEX3. However, how this leads to substrate insertion is unknown. Here we reconstitute peroxisome TA protein biogenesis into two sequential steps of substrate TMD engagement and membrane insertion. We identify a series of previously uncharacterized amphipathic segments in PEX19 and identify one whose hydrophobicity is required for membrane insertion, but not TMD chaperone activity or PEX3 binding. A membrane-proximal hydrophobic surface of PEX3 promotes an unconventional form of membrane intercalation, and is also required for TMD insertion. Together, these data support a mechanism in which hydrophobic moieties in the TMD chaperone and its membrane-associated receptor act in a concerted manner to prompt TMD release and membrane insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinxiao Chen
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Laurent Pieuchot
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Rachel Ann Loh
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Jing Yang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Teuku Mahfuzh Aufar Kari
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Jie Yun Wong
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Gregory Jedd
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
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19
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Titorenko VI, Rachubinski RA. Origin and spatiotemporal dynamics of the peroxisomal endomembrane system. Front Physiol 2014; 5:493. [PMID: 25566090 PMCID: PMC4267184 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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20
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Stehlik T, Sandrock B, Ast J, Freitag J. Fungal peroxisomes as biosynthetic organelles. Curr Opin Microbiol 2014; 22:8-14. [PMID: 25305532 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are nearly ubiquitous single-membrane organelles harboring multiple metabolic pathways beside their prominent role in the β-oxidation of fatty acids. Here we review the diverse metabolic functions of peroxisomes in fungi. A variety of fungal metabolites are at least partially synthesized inside peroxisomes. These include the essential co-factor biotin but also different types of secondary metabolites. Peroxisomal metabolites are often derived from acyl-CoA esters for example β-oxidation intermediates. In several ascomycetes a subtype of peroxisomes has been identified that is metabolically inactive but is required to plug the septal pores of wounded hyphae. Thus, peroxisomes are versatile organelles that can adapt their function to the life style of an organism. This remarkable variability suggests that the full extent of the biosynthetic capacity of peroxisomes is still elusive. Moreover, in fungi peroxisomes are non-essential under laboratory conditions making them attractive organelles for biotechnological approaches and the design of novel metabolic pathways in customized peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Stehlik
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, Marburg, Germany; LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Hans-Meerwein Str., Marburg, Germany
| | - Björn Sandrock
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, Marburg, Germany
| | - Julia Ast
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, Marburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Freitag
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, Marburg, Germany; Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, LOEWE Cluster for Integrative Fungal Research, Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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21
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Aranovich A, Hua R, Rutenberg AD, Kim PK. PEX16 contributes to peroxisome maintenance by constantly trafficking PEX3 via the ER. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:3675-86. [PMID: 25002403 PMCID: PMC4172262 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.146282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is required for the de novo biogenesis of peroxisomes in mammalian cells. However, its role in peroxisome maintenance is unclear. To explore ER involvement in the maintenance of peroxisomes, we redirect a peroxisomal membrane protein (PMP), PEX3, to directly target to the ER using the N-terminal ER signal sequence from preprolactin. Using biochemical techniques and fluorescent imaging, we find that ER-targeting PEX3 (ssPEX3) is continuously imported into pre-existing peroxisomes. This suggests that the ER constitutively provides membrane proteins and associated lipids to pre-existing peroxisomes. Using quantitative time-lapse live-cell fluorescence microscopy applied to cells that were either depleted of or exogenously expressing PEX16, we find that PEX16 mediates the peroxisomal trafficking of two distinct peroxisomal membrane proteins, PEX3 and PMP34, via the ER. These results not only provide insight into peroxisome maintenance and PMP trafficking in mammalian cells but also highlight important similarities and differences in the mechanisms of PMP import between the mammalian and yeast systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Aranovich
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Rong Hua
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Andrew D Rutenberg
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1Z9, Canada
| | - Peter K Kim
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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22
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Güther MS, Urbaniak MD, Tavendale A, Prescott A, Ferguson MAJ. High-confidence glycosome proteome for procyclic form Trypanosoma brucei by epitope-tag organelle enrichment and SILAC proteomics. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:2796-806. [PMID: 24792668 PMCID: PMC4052807 DOI: 10.1021/pr401209w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The glycosome of the pathogenic African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei is a specialized peroxisome that contains most of the enzymes of glycolysis and several other metabolic and catabolic pathways. The contents and transporters of this membrane-bounded organelle are of considerable interest as potential drug targets. Here we use epitope tagging, magnetic bead enrichment, and SILAC quantitative proteomics to determine a high-confidence glycosome proteome for the procyclic life cycle stage of the parasite using isotope ratios to discriminate glycosomal from mitochondrial and other contaminating proteins. The data confirm the presence of several previously demonstrated and suggested pathways in the organelle and identify previously unanticipated activities, such as protein phosphatases. The implications of the findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria
Lucia S. Güther
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery and Centre for Advanced Scientific
Technologies, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D. Urbaniak
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery and Centre for Advanced Scientific
Technologies, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Tavendale
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery and Centre for Advanced Scientific
Technologies, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Prescott
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery and Centre for Advanced Scientific
Technologies, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A. J. Ferguson
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery and Centre for Advanced Scientific
Technologies, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
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23
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Li L, Wang J, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Liu M, Jiang H, Chai R, Mao X, Qiu H, Liu F, Sun G. MoPex19, which is essential for maintenance of peroxisomal structure and woronin bodies, is required for metabolism and development in the rice blast fungus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85252. [PMID: 24454828 PMCID: PMC3891873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are present ubiquitously and make important contributions to cellular metabolism in eukaryotes. They play crucial roles in pathogenicity of plant fungal pathogens. The peroxisomal matrix proteins and peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs) are synthesized in the cytosol and imported post-translationally. Although the peroxisomal import machineries are generally conserved, some species-specific features were found in different types of organisms. In phytopathogenic fungi, the pathways of the matrix proteins have been elucidated, while the import machinery of PMPs remains obscure. Here, we report that MoPEX19, an ortholog of ScPEX19, was required for PMPs import and peroxisomal maintenance, and played crucial roles in metabolism and pathogenicity of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. MoPEX19 was expressed in a low level and Mopex19p was distributed in the cytoplasm and newly formed peroxisomes. MoPEX19 deletion led to mislocalization of peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs), as well peroxisomal matrix proteins. Peroxisomal structures were totally absent in Δmopex19 mutants and woronin bodies also vanished. Δmopex19 exhibited metabolic deficiency typical in peroxisomal disorders and also abnormality in glyoxylate cycle which was undetected in the known mopex mutants. The Δmopex19 mutants performed multiple disorders in fungal development and pathogenicity-related morphogenesis, and lost completely the pathogenicity on its hosts. These data demonstrate that MoPEX19 plays crucial roles in maintenance of peroxisomal and peroxisome-derived structures and makes more contributions to fungal development and pathogenicity than the known MoPEX genes in the rice blast fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Maoxin Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rongyao Chai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueqin Mao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiping Qiu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (FL); (GS)
| | - Guochang Sun
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (FL); (GS)
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24
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Neuhaus A, Kooshapur H, Wolf J, Meyer NH, Madl T, Saidowsky J, Hambruch E, Lazam A, Jung M, Sattler M, Schliebs W, Erdmann R. A novel Pex14 protein-interacting site of human Pex5 is critical for matrix protein import into peroxisomes. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:437-48. [PMID: 24235149 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.499707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein import into peroxisomes relies on the import receptor Pex5, which recognizes proteins with a peroxisomal targeting signal 1 (PTS1) in the cytosol and directs them to a docking complex at the peroxisomal membrane. Receptor-cargo docking occurs at the membrane-associated protein Pex14. In human cells, this interaction is mediated by seven conserved diaromatic penta-peptide motifs (WXXX(F/Y) motifs) in the N-terminal half of Pex5 and the N-terminal domain of Pex14. A systematic screening of a Pex5 peptide library by ligand blot analysis revealed a novel Pex5-Pex14 interaction site of Pex5. The novel motif composes the sequence LVAEF with the evolutionarily conserved consensus sequence LVXEF. Replacement of the amino acid LVAEF sequence by alanines strongly affects matrix protein import into peroxisomes in vivo. The NMR structure of a complex of Pex5-(57-71) with the Pex14-N-terminal domain showed that the novel motif binds in a similar α-helical orientation as the WXXX(F/Y) motif but that the tryptophan pocket is now occupied by a leucine residue. Surface plasmon resonance analyses revealed 33 times faster dissociation rates for the LVXEF ligand when compared with a WXXX(F/Y) motif. Surprisingly, substitution of the novel motif with the higher affinity WXXX(F/Y) motif impairs protein import into peroxisomes. These data indicate that the distinct kinetic properties of the novel Pex14-binding site in Pex5 are important for processing of the peroxisomal targeting signal 1 receptor at the peroxisomal membrane. The novel Pex14-binding site may represent the initial tethering site of Pex5 from which the cargo-loaded receptor is further processed in a sequential manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Neuhaus
- From the Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Systembiochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum
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25
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El Magraoui F, Brinkmeier R, Schrötter A, Girzalsky W, Müller T, Marcus K, Meyer HE, Erdmann R, Platta HW. Distinct Ubiquitination Cascades Act on the Peroxisomal Targeting Signal Type 2 Co-receptor Pex18p. Traffic 2013; 14:1290-301. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fouzi El Magraoui
- Biochemie Intrazellulärer Transportprozesse; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Bochum 44780 Germany
- Systembiochemie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Bochum 44780 Germany
- Medizinische Proteomik/Bioanalytik, AG Neuro Proteomics; Medizinisches Proteom-Center; Bochum 44801 Germany
| | - Rebecca Brinkmeier
- Biochemie Intrazellulärer Transportprozesse; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Bochum 44780 Germany
| | - Andreas Schrötter
- Medizinische Proteomik/Bioanalytik, AG Neuro Proteomics; Medizinisches Proteom-Center; Bochum 44801 Germany
| | | | - Thorsten Müller
- Funktionelle Proteomik; Medizinisches Proteom-Center; Bochum 44801 Germany
| | - Katrin Marcus
- Funktionelle Proteomik; Medizinisches Proteom-Center; Bochum 44801 Germany
| | - Helmut E. Meyer
- Medizinische Proteomik/Bioanalytik; Medizinisches Proteom-Center; Bochum 44801 Germany
| | - Ralf Erdmann
- Systembiochemie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Bochum 44780 Germany
| | - Harald W. Platta
- Biochemie Intrazellulärer Transportprozesse; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Bochum 44780 Germany
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26
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Lefevre SD, Roermund CW, Wanders RJA, Veenhuis M, Klei IJ. The significance of peroxisome function in chronological aging of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Aging Cell 2013; 12:784-93. [PMID: 23755917 PMCID: PMC3824234 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the chronological lifespan of glucose-grown Saccharomyces cerevisiae in relation to the function of intact peroxisomes. We analyzed four different peroxisome-deficient (pex) phenotypes. These included Δpex3 cells that lack peroxisomal membranes and in which all peroxisomal proteins are mislocalized together with Δpex6 in which all matrix proteins are mislocalized to the cytosol, whereas membrane proteins are still correctly sorted to peroxisomal ghosts. In addition, we analyzed two mutants in which the peroxisomal location of the β-oxidation machinery is in part disturbed. We analyzed Δpex7 cells that contain virtually normal peroxisomes, except that all matrix proteins that contain a peroxisomal targeting signal type 2 (PTS2, also including thiolase), are mislocalized to the cytosol. In Δpex5 cells, peroxisomes only contain matrix proteins with a PTS2 in conjunction with all proteins containing a peroxisomal targeting signal type 1 (PTS1, including all β-oxidation enzymes except thiolase) are mislocalized to the cytosol. We show that intact peroxisomes are an important factor in yeast chronological aging because all pex mutants showed a reduced chronological lifespan. The strongest reduction was observed in Δpex5 cells. Our data indicate that this is related to the complete inactivation of the peroxisomal β-oxidation pathway in these cells due to the mislocalization of thiolase. Our studies suggest that during chronological aging, peroxisomal β-oxidation contributes to energy generation by the oxidation of fatty acids that are released by degradation of storage materials and recycled cellular components during carbon starvation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie D. Lefevre
- Molecular Cell Biology Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB) University of Groningen P.O. Box 111039700CC Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Carlo W. Roermund
- Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases Academic Medical Centre University of Amsterdam 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ronald J. A. Wanders
- Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases Academic Medical Centre University of Amsterdam 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marten Veenhuis
- Molecular Cell Biology Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB) University of Groningen P.O. Box 111039700CC Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ida J. Klei
- Molecular Cell Biology Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB) University of Groningen P.O. Box 111039700CC Groningen The Netherlands
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27
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Fakieh MH, Drake PJM, Lacey J, Munck JM, Motley AM, Hettema EH. Intra-ER sorting of the peroxisomal membrane protein Pex3 relies on its luminal domain. Biol Open 2013; 2:829-37. [PMID: 23951409 PMCID: PMC3744075 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20134788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pex3 is an evolutionarily conserved type III peroxisomal membrane protein required for peroxisome formation. It is inserted into the ER membrane and sorted via an ER subdomain (the peroxisomal ER, or pER) to peroxisomes. By constructing chimeras between Pex3 and the type III ER membrane protein Sec66, we have been able to separate the signals that mediate insertion of Pex3 into the ER from those that mediate sorting within the ER to the pER subdomain. The N-terminal 17-amino acid segment of Pex3 contains two signals that are each sufficient for sorting to the pER: a chimeric protein containing the N-terminal domain of Pex3 fused to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic segments of Sec66 sorts to the pER in wild type cells, and does not colocalise with peroxisomes. Subsequent transport to existing peroxisomes requires the Pex3 transmembrane segment. When expressed in Drosophila S2R+ cells, ScPex3 targeting to peroxisomes is dependent on the intra-ER sorting signals in the N-terminal segment. The N-terminal segments of both human and Drosophila Pex3 contain intra-ER sorting information and can replace that of ScPex3. Our analysis has uncovered the signals within Pex3 required for the various steps of its transport to peroxisomes. Our generation of versions of Pex3 that are blocked at each stage along its transport pathway provides a tool to dissect the mechanism, as well as the molecular machinery required at each step of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Fakieh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield , Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN , UK
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28
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Braverman NE, D'Agostino MD, MacLean GE. Peroxisome biogenesis disorders: Biological, clinical and pathophysiological perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 17:187-96. [DOI: 10.1002/ddrr.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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29
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Abstract
PMPs (peroxisome membrane proteins) play essential roles in organelle biogenesis and in co-ordinating peroxisomal metabolism with pathways in other subcellular compartments through transport of metabolites and the operation of redox shuttles. Although the import of soluble proteins into the peroxisome matrix has been well studied, much less is known about the trafficking of PMPs. Pex3 and Pex19 (and Pex16 in mammals) were identified over a decade ago as critical components of PMP import; however, it has proved surprisingly difficult to produce a unified model for their function in PMP import and peroxisome biogenesis. It has become apparent that each of these peroxins has multiple functions and in the present review we focus on both the classical and the more recently identified roles of Pex19 and Pex3 as informed by structural, biochemical and live cell imaging studies. We consider the different models proposed for peroxisome biogenesis and the role of PMP import within them, and propose that the differences may be more perceived than real and may reflect the highly dynamic nature of peroxisomes.
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30
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Yagita Y, Hiromasa T, Fujiki Y. Tail-anchored PEX26 targets peroxisomes via a PEX19-dependent and TRC40-independent class I pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 200:651-66. [PMID: 23460677 PMCID: PMC3587837 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201211077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tail-anchored (TA) proteins are anchored into cellular membranes by a single transmembrane domain (TMD) close to the C terminus. Although the targeting of TA proteins to peroxisomes is dependent on PEX19, the mechanistic details of PEX19-dependent targeting and the signal that directs TA proteins to peroxisomes have remained elusive, particularly in mammals. The present study shows that PEX19 formed a complex with the peroxisomal TA protein PEX26 in the cytosol and translocated it directly to peroxisomes by interacting with the peroxisomal membrane protein PEX3. Unlike in yeast, the adenosine triphosphatase TRC40, which delivers TA proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum, was dispensable for the peroxisomal targeting of PEX26. Moreover, the basic amino acids within the luminal domain of PEX26 were essential for binding to PEX19 and thereby for peroxisomal targeting. Finally, our results suggest that a TMD that escapes capture by TRC40 and is followed by a highly basic luminal domain directs TA proteins to peroxisomes via the PEX19-dependent route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Yagita
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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31
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Kim DH, Hwang I. Direct targeting of proteins from the cytosol to organelles: the ER versus endosymbiotic organelles. Traffic 2013; 14:613-21. [PMID: 23331847 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells consisting of many different types of organelles, targeting of organellar proteins is one of the most fundamental cellular processes. Proteins belonging to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), chloroplasts and mitochondria are targeted individually from the cytosol to their cognate organelles. As the targeting to these organelles occurs in the cytosol during or after translation, the most crucial aspect is how specific targeting to these three organelles can be achieved without interfering with other targeting pathways. For these organelles, multiple mechanisms are used for targeting proteins, but the exact mechanism used depends on the type of protein and organelle, the location of targeting signals in the protein and the location of the protein in the organelle. In this review, we discuss the various mechanisms involved in protein targeting to the ER, chloroplasts and mitochondria, and how the targeting specificity is determined for these organelles in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Heon Kim
- Divisions of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
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32
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Bonekamp NA, Grille S, Cardoso MJ, Almeida M, Aroso M, Gomes S, Magalhaes AC, Ribeiro D, Islinger M, Schrader M. Self-interaction of human Pex11pβ during peroxisomal growth and division. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53424. [PMID: 23308220 PMCID: PMC3538539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pex11 proteins are involved in membrane elongation and division processes associated with the multiplication of peroxisomes. Human Pex11pβ has recently been linked to a new disorder affecting peroxisome morphology and dynamics. Here, we have analyzed the exact membrane topology of Pex11pβ. Studies with an epitope-specific antibody and protease protection assays show that Pex11pβ is an integral membrane protein with two transmembrane domains flanking an internal region exposed to the peroxisomal matrix and N- and C-termini facing the cytosol. A glycine-rich internal region within Pex11pβ is dispensable for peroxisome membrane elongation and division. However, we demonstrate that an amphipathic helix (Helix 2) within the first N-terminal 40 amino acids is crucial for membrane elongation and self-interaction of Pex11pβ. Interestingly, we find that Pex11pβ self-interaction strongly depends on the detergent used for solubilization. We also show that N-terminal cysteines are not essential for membrane elongation, and that putative N-terminal phosphorylation sites are dispensable for Pex11pβ function. We propose that self-interaction of Pex11pβ regulates its membrane deforming activity in conjunction with membrane lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina A. Bonekamp
- Centre for Cell Biology and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sandra Grille
- Centre for Cell Biology and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria Joao Cardoso
- Centre for Cell Biology and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Monica Almeida
- Centre for Cell Biology and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Miguel Aroso
- Centre for Cell Biology and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Silvia Gomes
- Centre for Cell Biology and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Magalhaes
- Centre for Cell Biology and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- Centre for Cell Biology and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Markus Islinger
- Centre for Cell Biology and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Michael Schrader
- Centre for Cell Biology and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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33
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Castro LFC, Lobo-da-Cunha A, Rocha MJ, Urbatzka R, Rocha E. Pex11α in brown trout (Salmo trutta f. fario): Expression dynamics during the reproductive cycle reveals sex-specific seasonal patterns. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 164:207-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous and versatile cell organelles. They consist of a single membrane that encloses a proteinaceous matrix. Conserved functions are fatty acid β-oxidation and hydrogen peroxide metabolism. In filamentous fungi, many other metabolic functions have been identified. Also, they contain highly specialized peroxisome-derived structures termed Woronin bodies, which have a structural function in plugging septal pores in order to prevent cytoplasmic bleeding of damaged hyphae.In filamentous fungi peroxisomes play key roles in the production of a range of secondary metabolites such as antibiotics. Most likely the atlas of fungal peroxisomal metabolic pathways is still far from complete. Relative recently discovered functions include their role in biotin biosynthesis as well as in the production of several toxins, among which polyketides. Finally, in filamentous fungi peroxisomes are important for development and pathogenesis.In this contribution we present an overview of our current knowledge on fungal peroxisome formation as well as on their functional diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida J van der Klei
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, 11103, 9700CC, Groningen, The Netherlands,
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35
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Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, the target for nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate drugs, is a peroxisomal enzyme in the model system Dictyostelium discoideum. Biochem J 2012; 447:353-61. [PMID: 22849378 PMCID: PMC3465988 DOI: 10.1042/bj20120750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
NBP (nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate) drugs protect against excessive osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. After binding to bone mineral, they are taken up selectively by the osteoclasts and inhibit the essential enzyme FDPS (farnesyl diphosphate synthase). NBPs inhibit also growth of amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum in which their target is again FDPS. A fusion protein between FDPS and GFP (green fluorescent protein) was found, in D. discoideum, to localize to peroxisomes and to confer resistance to the NBP alendronate. GFP was also directed to peroxisomes by a fragment of FDPS comprising amino acids 1–22. This contains a sequence of nine amino acids that closely resembles the nonapeptide PTS2 (peroxisomal targeting signal type 2): there is only a single amino acid mismatch between the two sequences. Mutation analysis confirmed that the atypical PTS2 directs FDPS into peroxisomes. Furthermore, expression of the D. discoideum FDPS–GFP fusion protein in strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae defective in peroxisomal protein import demonstrated that import of FDPS into peroxisomes was blocked in a strain lacking the PTS2-dependent import pathway. The peroxisomal location of FDPS in D. discoideum indicates that NBPs have to cross the peroxisomal membrane before they can bind to their target.
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36
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Abstract
In the 1970s, hydrocarbon or methanol utilizable yeasts were considered as a material for foods and ethanol production. During the course of studies into the physiology of yeasts, we found that these systems provide a suitable model for the biogenesis and ultrastructure research of microbodies (peroxisomes). Microbodies of hydrocarbon utilizing Candida tropicalis multiply profusely from the preexisting microbody. β oxidation enzymes in the microbody were determined by means of immunoelectron microscopy. We examined the ultrastructure of Candida boidinii microbodies grown on methanol, and found a composite crystalloid of two enzymes, alcohol oxidase and catalase, by analyzing using the optical diffraction and filtering technique and computer simulation. We established methods for preparing the protoplasts of Schizosaccharomyces pombe and conditions for the complete regeneration of the cell wall. The dynamic process of cell wall formation was clarified through our study of the protoplasts, using an improved ultra high resolution (UHR) FESEM S-900 and an S-900LV. It was found that β-1,3-glucan, β-1,6-glucan and α-1,3-glucan, as well as α-galactomannan, are ingredients of the cell wall. The process of septum formation during cell division was examined after cryo-fixation by high pressure freezing (HPF). It was also found that α-1,3- and β-1,3-glucans were located in the invaginating nascent septum, and later, highly branched β-1,6-glucan also appeared on the second septum. The micro-sampling method, using a focused ion beam (FIB), has been applied to our yeast cell wall research. A combination of FIB and scanning transmission electron microscopy is useful in constructing 3D images and analyzing the molecular architecture of cells, as well as for electron tomography of thick sections of biological specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Osumi
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy/Bio-imaging Center, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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37
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Abstract
Peroxisomes are remarkably versatile cell organelles whose size, shape, number, and protein content can vary greatly depending on the organism, the developmental stage of the organism’s life cycle, and the environment in which the organism lives. The main functions usually associated with peroxisomes include the metabolism of lipids and reactive oxygen species. However, in recent years, it has become clear that these organelles may also act as intracellular signaling platforms that mediate developmental decisions by modulating extraperoxisomal concentrations of several second messengers. To fulfill their functions, peroxisomes physically and functionally interact with other cell organelles, including mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. Defects in peroxisome dynamics can lead to organelle dysfunction and have been associated with various human disorders. The purpose of this paper is to thoroughly summarize and discuss the current concepts underlying peroxisome formation, multiplication, and degradation. In addition, this paper will briefly highlight what is known about the interplay between peroxisomes and other cell organelles and explore the physiological and pathological implications of this interorganellar crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Fransen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, P.O. Box 601, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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38
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Tehlivets O, Malanovic N, Visram M, Pavkov-Keller T, Keller W. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase and methylation disorders: yeast as a model system. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1832:204-15. [PMID: 23017368 PMCID: PMC3787734 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet)-dependent methylation is central to the regulation of many biological processes: more than 50 AdoMet-dependent methyltransferases methylate a broad spectrum of cellular compounds including nucleic acids, proteins and lipids. Common to all AdoMet-dependent methyltransferase reactions is the release of the strong product inhibitor S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (AdoHcy), as a by-product of the reaction. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase is the only eukaryotic enzyme capable of reversible AdoHcy hydrolysis to adenosine and homocysteine and, thus, relief from AdoHcy inhibition. Impaired S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase activity in humans results in AdoHcy accumulation and severe pathological consequences. Hyperhomocysteinemia, which is characterized by elevated levels of homocysteine in blood, also exhibits a similar phenotype of AdoHcy accumulation due to the reversal of the direction of the S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase reaction. Inhibition of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase is also linked to antiviral effects. In this review the advantages of yeast as an experimental system to understand pathologies associated with AdoHcy accumulation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Tehlivets
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Postfixation detergent treatment liberates the membrane modelling protein Pex11β from peroxisomal membranes. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 138:541-7. [PMID: 22875152 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-1010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Pex11 proteins are involved in membrane remodelling processes of peroxisomes, and are key components of peroxisomal division and proliferation. In mammals, three Pex11 isoforms, Pex11α, Pex11β, and Pex11γ exist. Here we demonstrate that Pex11β, but not Pex11α or Pex11γ, is almost exclusively extracted from peroxisomal membranes of paraformaldehyde-fixed cells by permeabilisation with the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100. This results in diminished detection of Myc-Pex11β in immunofluorescence preparations and appearance of the protein in the Triton X-100 extract. To our knowledge, Pex11β is the first peroxisomal membrane protein showing such a peculiar behaviour. Loss of Pex11β can be avoided by permeabilisation with digitonin, the addition of glutaraldehyde to the fixative, or the expression of a Pex11 fusion protein with a larger protein tag (e.g. YFP). Our observations further point to different functions and biochemical properties of the Pex11 isoforms within the peroxisomal membrane and during peroxisome proliferation.
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van der Zand A, Gent J, Braakman I, Tabak HF. Biochemically distinct vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum fuse to form peroxisomes. Cell 2012; 149:397-409. [PMID: 22500805 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As a rule, organelles in eukaryotic cells can derive only from pre-existing organelles. Peroxisomes are unique because they acquire their lipids and membrane proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), whereas they import their matrix proteins directly from the cytosol. We have discovered that peroxisomes are formed via heterotypic fusion of at least two biochemically distinct preperoxisomal vesicle pools that arise from the ER. These vesicles each carry half a peroxisomal translocon complex. Their fusion initiates assembly of the full peroxisomal translocon and subsequent uptake of enzymes from the cytosol. Our findings demonstrate a remarkable mechanism to maintain biochemical identity of organelles by transporting crucial components via different routes to their final destination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adabella van der Zand
- Cellular Protein Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Opaliński Ł, Bartoszewska M, Fekken S, Liu H, de Boer R, van der Klei I, Veenhuis M, Kiel JAKW. De novo peroxisome biogenesis in Penicillium chrysogenum is not dependent on the Pex11 family members or Pex16. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35490. [PMID: 22536392 PMCID: PMC3334907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have analyzed the role of the three members of the Pex11 protein family in peroxisome formation in the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. Two of these, Pex11 and Pex11C, are components of the peroxisomal membrane, while Pex11B is present at the endoplasmic reticulum. We show that Pex11 is a major factor involved in peroxisome proliferation. We also demonstrate that P. chrysogenum cells deleted for known peroxisome fission factors (all Pex11 family proteins and Vps1) still contain peroxisomes. Interestingly, we find that, unlike in mammals, Pex16 is not essential for peroxisome biogenesis in P. chrysogenum, as partially functional peroxisomes are present in a pex16 deletion strain. We also show that Pex16 is not involved in de novo biogenesis of peroxisomes, as peroxisomes were still present in quadruple Δpex11 Δpex11B Δpex11C Δpex16 mutant cells. By contrast, pex3 deletion in P. chrysogenum led to cells devoid of peroxisomes, suggesting that Pex3 may function independently of Pex16. Finally, we demonstrate that the presence of intact peroxisomes is important for the efficiency of ß-lactam antibiotics production by P. chrysogenum. Remarkably, distinct from earlier results with low penicillin producing laboratory strains, upregulation of peroxisome numbers in a high producing P. chrysogenum strain had no significant effect on penicillin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Opaliński
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Magdalena Bartoszewska
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Susan Fekken
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Haiyin Liu
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rinse de Boer
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ida van der Klei
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marten Veenhuis
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan A. K. W. Kiel
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, AG Groningen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Islinger M, Grille S, Fahimi HD, Schrader M. The peroxisome: an update on mysteries. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 137:547-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-0941-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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