1
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Zhang X, Pant SM, Ritch CC, Tang HY, Shao H, Dweep H, Gong YY, Brooks R, Brafford P, Wolpaw AJ, Lee Y, Weeraratna A, Sehgal A, Herlyn M, Kossenkov A, Speicher D, Sorger PK, Santagata S, Dang CV. Cell state dependent effects of Bmal1 on melanoma immunity and tumorigenicity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:633. [PMID: 38245503 PMCID: PMC10799901 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44778-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock regulator Bmal1 modulates tumorigenesis, but its reported effects are inconsistent. Here, we show that Bmal1 has a context-dependent role in mouse melanoma tumor growth. Loss of Bmal1 in YUMM2.1 or B16-F10 melanoma cells eliminates clock function and diminishes hypoxic gene expression and tumorigenesis, which could be rescued by ectopic expression of HIF1α in YUMM2.1 cells. By contrast, over-expressed wild-type or a transcriptionally inactive mutant Bmal1 non-canonically sequester myosin heavy chain 9 (Myh9) to increase MRTF-SRF activity and AP-1 transcriptional signature, and shift YUMM2.1 cells from a Sox10high to a Sox9high immune resistant, mesenchymal cell state that is found in human melanomas. Our work describes a link between Bmal1, Myh9, mouse melanoma cell plasticity, and tumor immunity. This connection may underlie cancer therapeutic resistance and underpin the link between the circadian clock, MRTF-SRF and the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY, USA.
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Shishir M Pant
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cecily C Ritch
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yao-Yu Gong
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebekah Brooks
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patricia Brafford
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam J Wolpaw
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Childhood Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yool Lee
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Ashani Weeraratna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amita Sehgal
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Peter K Sorger
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandro Santagata
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chi V Dang
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY, USA.
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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2
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Gau D, Chawla P, Eder I, Roy P. Myocardin-related transcription factor's interaction with serum-response factor is critical for outgrowth initiation, progression, and metastatic colonization of breast cancer cells. FASEB Bioadv 2022; 4:509-523. [PMID: 35949508 PMCID: PMC9353439 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC)-related mortality primarily results from metastatic colonization of disseminated cells. Actin polymerization plays an important role in driving post-extravasation metastatic outgrowth of tumor cells. This study examines the role of myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF)/serum-response (SRF), a transcription system well known for regulation of cytoskeletal genes, in metastatic colonization of BC cells. We demonstrated that co-depletion of MRTF isoforms (MRTF-A and MRTF-B) dramatically impairs single-cell outgrowth ability of BC cells as well as retards growth progression of pre-established BC cell colonies in three-dimensional (3D) cultures. Conversely, overexpression of MRTF-A promotes initiation and progression of tumor-cell outgrowth in vitro, primary tumor formation, and metastatic outgrowth of seeded BC cells in vivo, and these changes can be dramatically blocked by molecular disruption of MRTF-A's interaction with SRF. Correlated with the outgrowth phenotypes, we further demonstrate MRTF's ability to augment the intrinsic cellular ability to polymerize actin and formation of F-actin-based protrusive structures requiring SRF's interaction. Pharmacological proof-of-concept studies show that small molecules capable of interfering with MRTF/SRF signaling robustly suppresses single-cell outgrowth and progression of pre-established outgrowth of BC cells in vitro as well as experimental metastatic burden of BC cells in vivo. Based on these data, we conclude that MRTF activity potentiates metastatic colonization of BC cells and therefore, targeting MRTF may be a promising strategy to diminish metastatic burden in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gau
- Department of BioengineeringPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Pooja Chawla
- Department of BioengineeringPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Ian Eder
- Department of BioengineeringPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Partha Roy
- Department of BioengineeringPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA,Department of Pathology at the University of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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3
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Nagasaki A, Katoh K, Hoshi M, Doi M, Nakamura C, Uyeda TQP. Characterization of phalloidin-negative nuclear actin filaments in U2OS cells expressing cytoplasmic actin-EGFP. Genes Cells 2022; 27:317-330. [PMID: 35194888 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Actin is a major structural component of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells including fungi, plants and animals, and exists not only in the cytoplasm as cytoskeleton but also in the nucleus. Recently, we developed a novel actin probe, β-actin-EGFP fusion protein, which exhibited similar monomeric to filamentous ratio as that of endogenous actin, in contrast to the widely used EGFP-β-actin fusion protein that over-assembles in cells. Unexpectedly, this novel probe visualized an interconnected meshwork of slightly curved beam-like bundles of actin filaments in the nucleus of U2OS cells. These structures were not labeled with rhodamine phalloidin, Lifeact-EGFP or anti-actin antibodies. In addition, immunofluorescence staining and expression of cofilin-EGFP revealed that this nuclear actin structures contained cofilin. We named these actin filaments as phalloidin negative intranuclear (PHANIN) actin filaments. Since PHANIN actin filaments could not be detected by general detection methods for actin filaments, we propose that PHANIN actin filaments are different from previously reported nuclear actin structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nagasaki
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kaoru Katoh
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masamichi Hoshi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motomichi Doi
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Chikashi Nakamura
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Q P Uyeda
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Hurst V, Challa K, Shimada K, Gasser SM. Cytoskeleton integrity influences XRCC1 and PCNA dynamics at DNA damage. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:br6. [PMID: 34379448 PMCID: PMC8684753 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-10-0680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
On induction of DNA damage with 405-nm laser light, proteins involved in base excision repair (BER) are recruited to DNA lesions. We find that the dynamics of factors typical of either short-patch (XRCC1) or long-patch (PCNA) BER are altered by chemicals that perturb actin or tubulin polymerization in human cells. Whereas the destabilization of actin filaments by latrunculin B, cytochalasin B, or Jasplakinolide decreases BER factor accumulation at laser-induced damage, inhibition of tubulin polymerization by nocodazole increases it. We detect no recruitment of actin to sites of laser-induced DNA damage, yet the depolymerization of cytoplasmic actin filaments elevates both actin and tubulin signals in the nucleus. While published evidence suggested a positive role for F-actin in double-strand break repair in mammals, the enrichment of actin in budding yeast nuclei interferes with BER, augmenting sensitivity to Zeocin. Our quantitative imaging results suggest that the depolymerization of cytoplasmic actin may compromise BER efficiency in mammals not only due to elevated levels of nuclear actin but also of tubulin, linking cytoskeletal integrity to BER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Hurst
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 90, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kiran Challa
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kenji Shimada
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susan M Gasser
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 90, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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5
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Venit T, El Said NH, Mahmood SR, Percipalle P. A dynamic actin-dependent nucleoskeleton and cell identity. J Biochem 2021; 169:243-257. [PMID: 33351909 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin is an essential regulator of cellular functions. In the eukaryotic cell nucleus, actin regulates chromatin as a bona fide component of chromatin remodelling complexes, it associates with nuclear RNA polymerases to regulate transcription and is involved in co-transcriptional assembly of nascent RNAs into ribonucleoprotein complexes. Actin dynamics are, therefore, emerging as a major regulatory factor affecting diverse cellular processes. Importantly, the involvement of actin dynamics in nuclear functions is redefining the concept of nucleoskeleton from a rigid scaffold to a dynamic entity that is likely linked to the three-dimensional organization of the nuclear genome. In this review, we discuss how nuclear actin, by regulating chromatin structure through phase separation may contribute to the architecture of the nuclear genome during cell differentiation and facilitate the expression of specific gene programs. We focus specifically on mitochondrial genes and how their dysregulation in the absence of actin raises important questions about the role of cytoskeletal proteins in regulating chromatin structure. The discovery of a novel pool of mitochondrial actin that serves as 'mitoskeleton' to facilitate organization of mtDNA supports a general role for actin in genome architecture and a possible function of distinct actin pools in the communication between nucleus and mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Venit
- Science Division, Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Nadine Hosny El Said
- Science Division, Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Syed Raza Mahmood
- Science Division, Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates.,Department of Biology, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, 1009 Silver Center, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Piergiorgio Percipalle
- Science Division, Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Cook AW, Gough RE, Toseland CP. Nuclear myosins - roles for molecular transporters and anchors. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/11/jcs242420. [PMID: 32499319 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.242420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The myosin family of molecular motors are well-characterised cytoskeletal proteins. However, myosins are also present in the nucleus, where they have been shown to have roles in transcription, DNA repair and viral infections. Despite their involvement in these fundamental cellular processes, our understanding of these functions and their regulation remains limited. Recently, research on nuclear myosins has been gathering pace, and this Review will evaluate the current state of the field. Here, we will focus on the variation in structure of nuclear myosins, their nuclear import and their roles within transcription, DNA damage, chromatin organisation and viral infections. We will also consider both the biochemical and biophysical properties and restraints that are placed on these multifunctional motors, and how they link to their cytoplasmic counterparts. By highlighting these properties and processes, we show just how integral nuclear myosins are for cellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Cook
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Rosemarie E Gough
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
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7
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Tsopoulidis N, Kaw S, Laketa V, Kutscheidt S, Baarlink C, Stolp B, Grosse R, Fackler OT. T cell receptor-triggered nuclear actin network formation drives CD4 + T cell effector functions. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/31/eaav1987. [PMID: 30610013 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aav1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling triggers selective cytokine expression to drive T cell proliferation and differentiation required for immune defense and surveillance. The nuclear signaling events responsible for specificity in cytokine gene expression upon T cell activation are largely unknown. Here, we uncover formation of a dynamic actin filament network in the nucleus that regulates cytokine expression for effector functions of CD4+ T lymphocytes. TCR engagement triggers the rapid and transient formation of a nuclear actin filament network via nuclear Arp2/3 complex, induced by elevated nuclear Ca2+ levels and regulated via N-Wasp and NIK. Specific interference with TCR-induced formation of nuclear actin filaments impairs production of effector cytokines and prevents generation of antigen-specific antibodies but does not interfere with immune synapse formation and cell proliferation. Ca2+-regulated actin polymerization in the nucleus allows CD4+ T cells the rapid conversion of TCR signals into effector functions required for T cell help.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tsopoulidis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, CIID, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Hartmut Hoffmann-Berling International Graduate School of Molecular and Cellular Biology (HBIGS), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Kaw
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, CIID, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - V Laketa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, CIID, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Kutscheidt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, CIID, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Baarlink
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - B Stolp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, CIID, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Grosse
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - O T Fackler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, CIID, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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8
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Gau D, Roy P. SRF'ing and SAP'ing - the role of MRTF proteins in cell migration. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/19/jcs218222. [PMID: 30309957 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.218222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin-based cell migration is a fundamental cellular activity that plays a crucial role in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. An essential feature of the remodeling of actin cytoskeleton during cell motility is the de novo synthesis of factors involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and cell adhesion in response to growth-factor signaling, and this aspect of cell migration is critically regulated by serum-response factor (SRF)-mediated gene transcription. Myocardin-related transcription factors (MRTFs) are key coactivators of SRF that link actin dynamics to SRF-mediated gene transcription. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the role of MRTF in both normal and cancer cell migration by discussing its canonical SRF-dependent as well as its recently emerged SRF-independent functions, exerted through its SAP domain, in the context of cell migration. We conclude by highlighting outstanding questions for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gau
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Partha Roy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA .,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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9
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Infection and Transport of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Neurons: Role of the Cytoskeleton. Viruses 2018; 10:v10020092. [PMID: 29473915 PMCID: PMC5850399 DOI: 10.3390/v10020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a neuroinvasive human pathogen that has the ability to infect and replicate within epithelial cells and neurons and establish a life-long latent infection in sensory neurons. HSV-1 depends on the host cellular cytoskeleton for entry, replication, and exit. Therefore, HSV-1 has adapted mechanisms to promote its survival by exploiting the microtubule and actin cytoskeletons to direct its active transport, infection, and spread between neurons and epithelial cells during primary and recurrent infections. This review will focus on the currently known mechanisms utilized by HSV-1 to harness the neuronal cytoskeleton, molecular motors, and the secretory and exocytic pathways for efficient virus entry, axonal transport, replication, assembly, and exit from the distinct functional compartments (cell body and axon) of the highly polarized sensory neurons.
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10
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Cuvertino S, Stuart HM, Chandler KE, Roberts NA, Armstrong R, Bernardini L, Bhaskar S, Callewaert B, Clayton-Smith J, Davalillo CH, Deshpande C, Devriendt K, Digilio MC, Dixit A, Edwards M, Friedman JM, Gonzalez-Meneses A, Joss S, Kerr B, Lampe AK, Langlois S, Lennon R, Loget P, Ma DY, McGowan R, Des Medt M, O’Sullivan J, Odent S, Parker MJ, Pebrel-Richard C, Petit F, Stark Z, Stockler-Ipsiroglu S, Tinschert S, Vasudevan P, Villa O, White SM, Zahir FR, Woolf AS, Banka S, Banka S. ACTB Loss-of-Function Mutations Result in a Pleiotropic Developmental Disorder. Am J Hum Genet 2017; 101:1021-1033. [PMID: 29220674 PMCID: PMC5812896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
ACTB encodes β-actin, an abundant cytoskeletal housekeeping protein. In humans, postulated gain-of-function missense mutations cause Baraitser-Winter syndrome (BRWS), characterized by intellectual disability, cortical malformations, coloboma, sensorineural deafness, and typical facial features. To date, the consequences of loss-of-function ACTB mutations have not been proven conclusively. We describe heterozygous ACTB deletions and nonsense and frameshift mutations in 33 individuals with developmental delay, apparent intellectual disability, increased frequency of internal organ malformations (including those of the heart and the renal tract), growth retardation, and a recognizable facial gestalt (interrupted wavy eyebrows, dense eyelashes, wide nose, wide mouth, and a prominent chin) that is distinct from characteristics of individuals with BRWS. Strikingly, this spectrum overlaps with that of several chromatin-remodeling developmental disorders. In wild-type mouse embryos, β-actin expression was prominent in the kidney, heart, and brain. ACTB mRNA expression levels in lymphoblastic lines and fibroblasts derived from affected individuals were decreased in comparison to those in control cells. Fibroblasts derived from an affected individual and ACTB siRNA knockdown in wild-type fibroblasts showed altered cell shape and migration, consistent with known roles of cytoplasmic β-actin. We also demonstrate that ACTB haploinsufficiency leads to reduced cell proliferation, altered expression of cell-cycle genes, and decreased amounts of nuclear, but not cytoplasmic, β-actin. In conclusion, we show that heterozygous loss-of-function ACTB mutations cause a distinct pleiotropic malformation syndrome with intellectual disability. Our biological studies suggest that a critically reduced amount of this protein alters cell shape, migration, proliferation, and gene expression to the detriment of brain, heart, and kidney development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Siddharth Banka
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, UK; Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University Foundation NHS Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, M13 9WL Manchester, UK.
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11
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Charó NL, Galigniana NM, Piwien-Pilipuk G. Heterochromatin protein (HP)1γ is not only in the nucleus but also in the cytoplasm interacting with actin in both cell compartments. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1865:432-443. [PMID: 29208528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Confocal and electron microscopy images, and WB analysis of cellular fractions revealed that HP1γ is in the nucleus but also in the cytoplasm of C2C12 myoblasts, myotubes, skeletal and cardiac muscles, N2a, HeLa and HEK293T cells. Signal specificity was tested with different antibodies and by HP1γ knockdown. Leptomycin B treatment of myoblasts increased nuclear HP1γ, suggesting that its nuclear export is Crm-1-dependent. HP1γ exhibited a filamentous pattern of staining partially co-localizing with actin in the cytoplasm of myotubes and myofibrils. Immunoelectron microscopic analysis showed high-density immunogold particles that correspond to HP1γ localized to the Z-disk and A-band of the sarcomere of skeletal muscle. HP1γ partially co-localized with actin in C2C12 myotubes and murine myofibrils. Importantly, actin co-immunoprecipitated with HP1γ in the nuclear and cytosolic fractions of myoblasts. Actin co-immunoprecipitated with HP1γ in myoblasts incubated in the absence or presence of the actin depolymerizing agent cytochalasin D, suggesting that HP1γ may interact with G-and F-actin. In the cytoplasm, HP1γ was associated to the perinuclear actin cap that controls nuclear shape and position. In the nucleus, re-ChIP assays showed that HP1γ-actin associates to the promoter and transcribed regions of the house keeping gene GAPDH, suggesting that HP1γ may function as a scaffold protein for the recruitment of actin to control gene expression. When HP1γ was knocked-down, myoblasts were unable to differentiate or originated thin myotubes. In summary, HP1γ is present in the nucleus and the cytoplasm interacting with actin, a protein complex that may exert different functions depending on its subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L Charó
- Laboratory of Nuclear Architecture, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME) - CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia M Galigniana
- Laboratory of Nuclear Architecture, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME) - CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela Piwien-Pilipuk
- Laboratory of Nuclear Architecture, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME) - CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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12
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Spichal M, Fabre E. The Emerging Role of the Cytoskeleton in Chromosome Dynamics. Front Genet 2017; 8:60. [PMID: 28580009 PMCID: PMC5437106 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomes underlie a dynamic organization that fulfills functional roles in processes like transcription, DNA repair, nuclear envelope stability, and cell division. Chromosome dynamics depend on chromosome structure and cannot freely diffuse. Furthermore, chromosomes interact closely with their surrounding nuclear environment, which further constrains chromosome dynamics. Recently, several studies enlighten that cytoskeletal proteins regulate dynamic chromosome organization. Cytoskeletal polymers that include actin filaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments can connect to the nuclear envelope via Linker of the Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC) complexes and transfer forces onto chromosomes inside the nucleus. Monomers of these cytoplasmic polymers and related proteins can also enter the nucleus and play different roles in the interior of the nucleus than they do in the cytoplasm. Nuclear cytoskeletal proteins can act as chromatin remodelers alone or in complexes with other nuclear proteins. They can also act as transcription factors. Many of these mechanisms have been conserved during evolution, indicating that the cytoskeletal regulation of chromosome dynamics is an essential process. In this review, we discuss the different influences of cytoskeletal proteins on chromosome dynamics by focusing on the well-studied model organism budding yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Spichal
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel HillNC, United States
| | - Emmanuelle Fabre
- Equipe Biologie et Dynamique des Chromosomes, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, CNRS UMR 7212, INSERM U944, Hôpital St. Louis 1Paris, France
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13
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Mtss1 promotes maturation and maintenance of cerebellar neurons via splice variant-specific effects. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:2787-2805. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1372-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Vega-Cabrera LA, Pardo-López L. Membrane remodeling and organization: Elements common to prokaryotes and eukaryotes. IUBMB Life 2017; 69:55-62. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luz A. Vega-Cabrera
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Apdo. Postal 510-3 Cuernavaca Morelos México
| | - Liliana Pardo-López
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Apdo. Postal 510-3 Cuernavaca Morelos México
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15
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Abstract
We investigate the myosin XI-driven transport network in Arabidopsis using protein-protein interaction, subcellular localization, gene knockout, and bioinformatics analyses. The two major groups of nodes in this network are myosins XI and their membrane-anchored receptors (MyoB) that, together, drive endomembrane trafficking and cytoplasmic streaming in the plant cells. The network shows high node connectivity and is dominated by generalists, with a smaller fraction of more specialized myosins and receptors. We show that interaction with myosins and association with motile vesicles are common properties of the MyoB family receptors. We identify previously uncharacterized myosin-binding proteins, putative myosin adaptors that belong to two unrelated families, with four members each (MadA and MadB). Surprisingly, MadA1 localizes to the nucleus and is rapidly transported to the cytoplasm, suggesting the existence of myosin XI-driven nucleocytoplasmic trafficking. In contrast, MadA2 and MadA3, as well as MadB1, partition between the cytosolic pools of motile endomembrane vesicles that colocalize with myosin XI-K and diffuse material that does not. Gene knockout analysis shows that MadB1-4 contribute to polarized root hair growth, phenocopying myosins, whereas MadA1-4 are redundant for this process. Phylogenetic analysis reveals congruent evolutionary histories of the myosin XI, MyoB, MadA, and MadB families. All these gene families emerged in green algae and show concurrent expansions via serial duplication in flowering plants. Thus, the myosin XI transport network increased in complexity and robustness concomitantly with the land colonization by flowering plants and, by inference, could have been a major contributor to this process.
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16
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Abstract
Chromosomes underlie a dynamic organization that fulfills functional roles in processes like transcription, DNA repair, nuclear envelope stability, and cell division. Chromosome dynamics depend on chromosome structure and cannot freely diffuse. Furthermore, chromosomes interact closely with their surrounding nuclear environment, which further constrains chromosome dynamics. Recently, several studies enlighten that cytoskeletal proteins regulate dynamic chromosome organization. Cytoskeletal polymers that include actin filaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments can connect to the nuclear envelope via Linker of the Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC) complexes and transfer forces onto chromosomes inside the nucleus. Monomers of these cytoplasmic polymers and related proteins can also enter the nucleus and play different roles in the interior of the nucleus than they do in the cytoplasm. Nuclear cytoskeletal proteins can act as chromatin remodelers alone or in complexes with other nuclear proteins. They can also act as transcription factors. Many of these mechanisms have been conserved during evolution, indicating that the cytoskeletal regulation of chromosome dynamics is an essential process. In this review, we discuss the different influences of cytoskeletal proteins on chromosome dynamics by focusing on the well-studied model organism budding yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Spichal
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel HillNC, United States
| | - Emmanuelle Fabre
- Equipe Biologie et Dynamique des Chromosomes, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, CNRS UMR 7212, INSERM U944, Hôpital St. Louis 1Paris, France
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17
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Kelpsch DJ, Groen CM, Fagan TN, Sudhir S, Tootle TL. Fascin regulates nuclear actin during Drosophila oogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:2965-79. [PMID: 27535426 PMCID: PMC5042582 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-09-0634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Study of Drosophila oogenesis reveals that the nuclear localization of actin is controlled by both development and Fascin. Fascin regulates both endogenous nuclear actin and ectopic nuclear actin rod formation by controlling Cofilin. Drosophila oogenesis provides a developmental system with which to study nuclear actin. During Stages 5–9, nuclear actin levels are high in the oocyte and exhibit variation within the nurse cells. Cofilin and Profilin, which regulate the nuclear import and export of actin, also localize to the nuclei. Expression of GFP-tagged Actin results in nuclear actin rod formation. These findings indicate that nuclear actin must be tightly regulated during oogenesis. One factor mediating this regulation is Fascin. Overexpression of Fascin enhances nuclear GFP-Actin rod formation, and Fascin colocalizes with the rods. Loss of Fascin reduces, whereas overexpression of Fascin increases, the frequency of nurse cells with high levels of nuclear actin, but neither alters the overall nuclear level of actin within the ovary. These data suggest that Fascin regulates the ability of specific cells to accumulate nuclear actin. Evidence indicates that Fascin positively regulates nuclear actin through Cofilin. Loss of Fascin results in decreased nuclear Cofilin. In addition, Fascin and Cofilin genetically interact, as double heterozygotes exhibit a reduction in the number of nurse cells with high nuclear actin levels. These findings are likely applicable beyond Drosophila follicle development, as the localization and functions of Fascin and the mechanisms regulating nuclear actin are widely conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Kelpsch
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Christopher M Groen
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Tiffany N Fagan
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Sweta Sudhir
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Tina L Tootle
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
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18
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Activation of the cAMP Pathway Induces RACK1-Dependent Binding of β-Actin to BDNF Promoter. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160948. [PMID: 27505161 PMCID: PMC4978483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RACK1 is a scaffolding protein that contributes to the specificity and propagation of several signaling cascades including the cAMP pathway. As such, RACK1 participates in numerous cellular functions ranging from cell migration and morphology to gene transcription. To obtain further insights on the mechanisms whereby RACK1 regulates cAMP-dependent processes, we set out to identify new binding partners of RACK1 during activation of the cAMP signaling using a proteomics strategy. We identified β-actin as a direct RACK1 binding partner and found that the association between β-actin and RACK1 is increased in response to the activation of the cAMP pathway. Furthermore, we show that cAMP-dependent increase in BDNF expression requires filamentous actin. We further report that β-actin associates with the BDNF promoter IV upon the activation of the cAMP pathway and present data to suggest that the association of β-actin with BDNF promoter IV is RACK1-dependent. Taken together, our data suggest that β-actin is a new RACK1 binding partner and that the RACK1 and β-actin association participate in the cAMP-dependent regulation of BDNF transcription.
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19
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HSPC280, a winged helix protein expressed in the subventricular zone of the developing ganglionic eminences, inhibits neuronal differentiation. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 145:175-84. [PMID: 26537243 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1380-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Winged helix proteins have critical roles in a variety of developmental processes. During a screening for genes expressed in the developing forebrain, we identified HSPC280, a non-typical winged helix protein, which shares similarity with a protein-protein interaction domain found in the proteins of the actin-binding Rho-activating protein family. In this work, we analyzed HSPC280 expression during mouse development as well as during neuronal differentiation of mouse Neuro2a cells. HSPC280 expression is tightly regulated; during mouse development, it was detected predominantly in the ganglionic eminences of the ventral telencephalon, from their appearance at E11.5 to P0, with the highest levels between E13.5 and E15.5, a period that correlates with the peak of neurogenesis in these structures. Comparative expression analysis of HSPC280 with Dlx2, cyclinD2 and Lhx6 revealed that, within the ganglionic eminences, HSPC280 was restricted in the proliferating cell population of the subventricular zone, in a pattern similar to that of cyclinD2. Finally, we showed that HSPC280 is a nuclear protein which, when overexpressed in Neuro2a cells, it inhibited neuronal differentiation in vitro, suggesting its involvement in the mechanisms controlling neural progenitor cells proliferation.
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20
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Alonso A, Greenlee M, Matts J, Kline J, Davis KJ, Miller RK. Emerging roles of sumoylation in the regulation of actin, microtubules, intermediate filaments, and septins. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2015; 72:305-39. [PMID: 26033929 PMCID: PMC5049490 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sumoylation is a powerful regulatory system that controls many of the critical processes in the cell, including DNA repair, transcriptional regulation, nuclear transport, and DNA replication. Recently, new functions for SUMO have begun to emerge. SUMO is covalently attached to components of each of the four major cytoskeletal networks, including microtubule-associated proteins, septins, and intermediate filaments, in addition to nuclear actin and actin-regulatory proteins. However, knowledge of the mechanisms by which this signal transduction system controls the cytoskeleton is still in its infancy. One story that is beginning to unfold is that SUMO may regulate the microtubule motor protein dynein by modification of its adaptor Lis1. In other instances, cytoskeletal elements can both bind to SUMO non-covalently and also be conjugated by it. The molecular mechanisms for many of these new functions are not yet clear, but are under active investigation. One emerging model links the function of MAP sumoylation to protein degradation through SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligases, also known as STUbL enzymes. Other possible functions for cytoskeletal sumoylation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Alonso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Matt Greenlee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Jessica Matts
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Jake Kline
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Kayla J. Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Rita K. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
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21
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Plessner M, Melak M, Chinchilla P, Baarlink C, Grosse R. Nuclear F-actin formation and reorganization upon cell spreading. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:11209-16. [PMID: 25759381 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.627166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently discovered signal-regulated nuclear actin network assembly. However, in contrast to cytoplasmic actin regulation, polymeric nuclear actin structures and functions remain only poorly understood. Here we describe a novel molecular tool to visualize real-time nuclear actin dynamics by targeting the Actin-Chromobody-TagGFP to the nucleus, thus establishing a nuclear Actin-Chromobody. Interestingly, we observe nuclear actin polymerization into dynamic filaments upon cell spreading and fibronectin stimulation, both of which appear to be triggered by integrin signaling. Furthermore, we show that nucleoskeletal proteins such as the LINC (linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) complex and components of the nuclear lamina couple cell spreading or integrin activation by fibronectin to nuclear actin polymerization. Spreading-induced nuclear actin polymerization results in serum response factor (SRF)-mediated transcription through nuclear retention of myocardin-related transcription factor A (MRTF-A). Our results reveal a signaling pathway, which links integrin activation by extracellular matrix interaction to nuclear actin polymerization through the LINC complex, and therefore suggest a role for nuclear actin polymerization in the context of cellular adhesion and mechanosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Plessner
- From the Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center (BPC), University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 1, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Melak
- From the Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center (BPC), University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 1, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Pilar Chinchilla
- From the Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center (BPC), University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 1, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Christian Baarlink
- From the Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center (BPC), University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 1, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Robert Grosse
- From the Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center (BPC), University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 1, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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