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Li W, Lückstädt W, Wöhner B, Bub S, Schulz A, Socher E, Arnold P. Structural and functional properties of meprin β metalloproteinase with regard to cell signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1869:119136. [PMID: 34626678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The metalloproteinase meprin β plays an important role during collagen I deposition in the skin, mucus detachment in the small intestine and also regulates the abundance of different cell surface proteins such as the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R), the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), the cluster of differentiation 99 (CD99), the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the cluster of differentiation 109 (CD109). With that, regulatory mechanisms that control meprin β activity and regulate its release from the cell surface to enable access to distant substrates are increasingly important. Here, we will summarize factors that alternate meprin β activity and thereby regulate its proteolytic activity on the cell surface or in the supernatant. We will also discuss cleavage of the IL-6R and TREM2 on the cell surface and compare it to CD109. CD109, as a substrate of meprin β, is cleaved within the protein core, thereby releasing defined fragments from the cell surface. At last, we will also summarize the role of proteases in general and meprin β in particular in substrate release on extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Li
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Lückstädt
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Kiel, Germany
| | - Birte Wöhner
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Kiel, Germany
| | - Simon Bub
- Department of Molecular-Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Antonia Schulz
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Kiel, Germany
| | - Eileen Socher
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Arnold
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
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Bunk J, Prieto Huarcaya S, Drobny A, Dobert JP, Walther L, Rose-John S, Arnold P, Zunke F. Cathepsin D Variants Associated With Neurodegenerative Diseases Show Dysregulated Functionality and Modified α-Synuclein Degradation Properties. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:581805. [PMID: 33681191 PMCID: PMC7928348 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.581805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin D (CTSD) is a lysosomal protease important for the degradation of various substrates, including disease-associated proteins like α-synuclein (a-syn), amyloid precursor protein (APP) and tau, all of which tend to aggregate if not efficiently degraded. Hence, it is not surprising that genetic variants within the CTSD gene have been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease (PD, AD), as well as the lysosomal storage disorder neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type-10 (NCL10). Although recent studies have shown the molecular dependence of substrate degradation via CTSD within autophagic pathways, only little is known about the precise role of lysosomal CTSD function in disease development. We here performed biochemical, cellular and structural analyses of eleven disease-causing CTSD point mutations found in genomic sequencing data of patients to understand their role in neurodegeneration. These CTSD variants were analyzed for cellular localization, maturation and enzymatic activity in overexpression analyses. Moreover, for PD-associated mutants, intracellular degradation of a-syn was monitored. In summary, our results suggest that NCL10-associated CTSD variants are significantly impaired in lysosomal maturation and enzymatic activity, whereas the AD- and PD-associated variants seemed rather unaffected, indicating normal maturation, and lysosomal presence. Interestingly, a PD-associated CTSD variant (A239V) exhibited increased enzymatic activity accompanied by enhanced a-syn degradation. By structural analyses of this mutant utilizing molecular dynamics simulation (MDS), we identified a structural change within a loop adjacent to the catalytic center leading to a higher flexibility and potentially accelerated substrate exchange rates. Our data sheds light onto the role of CTSD in disease development and helps to understand the structural regulation of enzymatic function, which could be utilized for targeted CTSD activation. Because of the degradative function of CTSD, this enzyme is especially interesting for therapeutic strategies tackling protein aggregates in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josina Bunk
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susy Prieto Huarcaya
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alice Drobny
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Philipp Dobert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lina Walther
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Philipp Arnold
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friederike Zunke
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Zigrino P, Sengle G. Fibrillin microfibrils and proteases, key integrators of fibrotic pathways. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 146:3-16. [PMID: 29709492 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular networks composed of multi-domain ECM proteins represent intricate cellular microenvironments which are required to balance tissue homeostasis and direct remodeling. Structural deficiency in ECM proteins results in imbalances in ECM-cell communication resulting often times in fibrotic reactions. To understand how individual components of the ECM integrate communication with the cell surface by presenting growth factors or providing fine-tuned biomechanical properties is mandatory for gaining a better understanding of disease mechanisms in the quest for new therapeutic approaches. Here we provide an overview about what we can learn from inherited connective tissue disorders caused primarily by mutations in fibrillin-1 and binding partners as well as by altered ECM processing leading to defined structural changes and similar functional knock-in mouse models. We will utilize this knowledge to propose new molecular hypotheses which should be tested in future studies.
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The SNP rs4252548 (R112H) which is associated with reduced human height compromises the stability of IL-11. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:496-506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Meprin metalloproteases: Molecular regulation and function in inflammation and fibrosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:2096-2104. [PMID: 28502593 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The zinc-endopeptidases meprin α and meprin β are extracellular proteases involved in connective tissue homeostasis, intestinal barrier function and immunological processes. Meprins are unique among other extracellular proteases with regard to cleavage specificity and structure. Meprin α and meprin β have a strong preference for negatively charged amino acids around the scissile bond, reflected by cleavage sites identified in procollagen I, the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R). In this review we report on recent findings that summarize the complex molecular regulation of meprins, particular folding, activation and shedding. Dysregulation of meprin α and meprin β is often associated with pathological conditions such as neurodegeneration, inflammatory bowel disease and fibrosis. Based on mouse models and patient data we suggest meprins as possible key regulators in the onset and progression of fibrotic disorders, leading to severe diseases such as pulmonary hypertension. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis as a Regulatory Event in Pathophysiology edited by Stefan Rose-John.
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