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Teixeira TM, Boeff DD, de Oliveira Carvalho L, Ritter MR, Konrath EL. The traditional use of native Brazilian plants for male sexual dysfunction: Evidence from ethnomedicinal applications, animal models, and possible mechanisms of action. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116876. [PMID: 37437795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sexual dysfunction is a multifactorial health condition characterized by distressing disturbances in the sexual response and libido, leading to an inability to maintain penile erection and achieve pleasure. Considering the huge Brazilian biodiversity, many plants are traditionally used for aphrodisiac purposes. However, the use of native medicinal plants as sexual boosters in Brazil has been poorly studied. AIM OF THE STUDY This review focuses on the composition, pharmacology, and results of experimental trials of the main native plants used in Brazilian folk medicine with alleged aphrodisiac effects. We aimed to provide a state-of-the-art reference for research on herbs for the treatment of male sexual dysfunction by summarizing and discussing the main studies found. MATERIALS AND METHODS The relevant information was collected by searching keywords (aphrodisiac, sexual tonic, sexual stimulant, sexual vigor stimulant, sexual impotency, erectile dysfunction, etc.) from books containing primary surveys conducted in the original communities and bibliographic surveys prepared by authors linked to the national academic and scientific environment edited in Brazil. Preclinical and clinical studies of the compiled plant species were performed using scientific databases (Scopus, PubMed, SciELO, and SciFinder). RESULTS Seventy-four plant species belonging to 44 families used in Brazil to treat sexual dysfunction were compiled from ethnopharmacological literature. Fourteen plants, including Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen, Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco Schltdl., Anemopaegma arvense (Vell.) Stellfeld ex de Souza, Mimosa pudica L., Heteropterys tomentosa A. Juss., Trichilia catigua A. Juss., and Turnera diffusa Willd. ex Schult. were pharmacologically studied to confirm these therapeutic properties. Probable modes of action include antioxidant and androgenic activities, inhibition of the PDE5 enzyme, increase in NO levels, and activation of dopaminergic and noradrenergic pathways. In addition, several different species popularly known as "catuaba" were identified, leading to adulterations and controversial effects. CONCLUSION The overall results of the present review of Brazilian folk literature reveal that Brazil has a long tradition of using plants with potential aphrodisiac effects. However, further research is required to identify, characterize, and standardize the active ingredients and herbal preparations used in aphrodisiacs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tárik Matthes Teixeira
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Daiana Daniele Boeff
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil; Pos-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Letícia de Oliveira Carvalho
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil; Pos-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Mara Rejane Ritter
- Department of Botany, Biosciences Institute, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Eduardo Luis Konrath
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil; Pos-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil.
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Lin L, Li H, Zheng Q, Hu J, Wu W. Research Progress on the Regulation of Autophagy and Apoptosis in Insects by Sterol Hormone 20-Hydroxyecdysone. INSECTS 2023; 14:871. [PMID: 37999070 PMCID: PMC10672190 DOI: 10.3390/insects14110871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
20E (20-Hydroxyecdysone) is a central steroid hormone that orchestrates developmental changes and metamorphosis in arthropods. While its molecular mechanisms have been recognized for some time, detailed elucidation has primarily emerged in the past decade. PCD (Programmed cell death), including apoptosis, necrosis, efferocytosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy, plays a crucial role in regulated cell elimination, which is vital for cells' development and tissue homeostasis. This review summarizes recent findings on 20E signaling regulated autophagy and apoptosis in insects, including Drosophila melanogaster, Bombyx mori, Helicoverpa armigera, and other species. Firstly, we comprehensively explore the biosynthesis of the sterol hormone 20E and its subsequent signal transduction in various species. Then, we focus on the involvement of 20E in regulating autophagy and apoptosis, elucidating its roles in both developmental contexts and bacterial infection scenarios. Furthermore, our discussion unfolds as a panoramic exposition, where we delve into the fundamental questions with our findings, anchoring them within the grander scheme of our study in insects. Deepening the understanding of 20E-autophagy/apoptosis axis not only underscores the intricate tapestry of endocrine networks, but also offers fresh perspectives on the adaptive mechanisms that have evolved in the face of environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luobin Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Drug Candidates, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Huaqin Li
- School of Health Sciences, Guangzhou Xinhua University, 19 Huamei Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510520, China;
| | - Qinzhou Zheng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Drug Candidates, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Jiaxuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;
| | - Wenmei Wu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Drug Candidates, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (Q.Z.)
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Su Z, Zhao C, Huang X, Lv J, Zhao Z, Zheng K, Sun X, Qin S, Wang X, Jin BR, Wu Y. Bombyx mori Ecdysone Receptor B1 May Inhibit BmNPV Infection by Triggering Apoptosis. INSECTS 2023; 14:505. [PMID: 37367321 DOI: 10.3390/insects14060505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is a serious threat to sericulture. Nevertheless, no effective control strategy is currently available. The innate immunity of silkworm is critical in the antiviral process. Exploring its molecular mechanism provides theoretical support for the prevention and treatment of BmNPV. Insect hormone receptors play an essential role in regulating host immunity. We found a correlation between Bombyx mori ecdysone receptor B1 (BmEcR-B1) and BmNPV infection, whereas the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, the expression patterns and sequence characteristics of BmEcR-B1 and its isoform, BmEcR-A, were initially analyzed. BmEcR-B1 was found to be more critical than BmEcR-A in silkworm development and responses to BmNPV. Moreover, RNAi and an overexpression in BmN cells showed BmEcR-B1 had antiviral effects in the presence of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E); Otherwise, it had no antiviral activity. Furthermore, BmEcR-B1 was required for 20E-induced apoptosis, which significantly suppressed virus infection. Finally, feeding 20E had no significant negative impacts on larval growth and the cocoon shell, suggesting the regulation of this pathway has practical value in controlling BmNPV in sericulture. The findings of this study provide important theoretical support for understanding the mechanism of the silkworm innate immune system in response to BmNPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Chunxiao Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Xinming Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Junli Lv
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Ziqin Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Kaiyi Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Xia Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Sheng Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Xueyang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Byung-Rae Jin
- College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Yangchun Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212100, China
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Baev AY, Charishnikova OS, Khasanov FA, Nebesnaya KS, Makhmudov AR, Rakhmedova MT, Khushbaktova ZA, Syrov VN, Levitskaya YV. Ecdysterone prevents negative effect of acute immobilization stress on energy metabolism of rat liver mitochondria. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 219:106066. [PMID: 35104603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ecdysterone is a naturally occurring steroid hormone, which presents in arthropods and in a number of plants as an insect defence tool. There are many studies showing that application of ecdysterone can alter mitochondrial functions of mammalian cells, however it is not clear whether its effects are direct or mediated by activation of other cellular processes. In our study, we have shown how ecdysterone acts at the mitochondrial level in normal conditions and in certain pathology. We have demonstrated that application of immobilization stress to male rats causes uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, the preliminary application of ecdysterone prevents negative effect of immobilization stress on mitochondria. In-vitro experiments with isolated mitochondria have shown that ecdysterone can increase mitochondrial coupling and hyperpolarise mitochondria but without a noticeable effect on ADP/O ratio. Molecular docking experiments revealed that ecdysterone has high binding energy with mitochondrial FOF1 ATP synthase, but further biochemical analysis have not revealed either stimulatory or inhibitory effect of ecdysterone on FOF1 ATPase activity of the enzyme. Thus, ecdysterone can directly affect mitochondrial bioenergetics, though we assume that its preventive effect on mitochondria during immobilization stress is also coupled with the activation of some other cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artyom Y Baev
- Laboratory of Experimental Biophysics, Centre for Advanced Technologies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
| | - Oksana S Charishnikova
- Laboratory of Experimental Biophysics, Centre for Advanced Technologies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Feruzbek A Khasanov
- Laboratory of Experimental Biophysics, Centre for Advanced Technologies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Kamila S Nebesnaya
- Laboratory of Experimental Biophysics, Centre for Advanced Technologies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Albert R Makhmudov
- Laboratory of Experimental Biophysics, Centre for Advanced Technologies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Faculty of Chemistry, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Mannona T Rakhmedova
- Laboratory of Experimental Biophysics, Centre for Advanced Technologies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Zainab A Khushbaktova
- S. Yu. Yunusov Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Vladimir N Syrov
- S. Yu. Yunusov Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Yuliya V Levitskaya
- Laboratory of Experimental Biophysics, Centre for Advanced Technologies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
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Targeting the T-type calcium channel Cav3.2 in GABAergic arcuate nucleus neurons to treat obesity. Mol Metab 2021; 54:101391. [PMID: 34767997 PMCID: PMC8640109 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cav3.2, a T-type low voltage-activated calcium channel widely expressed throughout the central nervous system, plays a vital role in neuronal excitability and various physiological functions. However, the effects of Cav3.2 on energy homeostasis remain unclear. Here, we examined the role of Cav3.2 expressed by hypothalamic GABAergic neurons in the regulation of food intake and body weight in mice and explored the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Male congenital Cana1h (the gene coding for Cav3.2) global knockout (Cav3.2KO) mice and their wild type (WT) littermates were first used for metabolic phenotyping studies. By using the CRISPR-Cas9 technique, Cav3.2 was selectively deleted from GABAergic neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) by specifically overexpressing Cas9 protein and Cav3.2-targeting sgRNAs in ARH Vgat (VgatARH) neurons. These male mutants (Cav3.2KO-VgatARH) were used to determine whether Cav3.2 expressed by VgatARH neurons is required for the proper regulation of energy balance. Subsequently, we used an electrophysiological patch-clamp recording in ex vivo brain slices to explore the impact of Cav3.2KO on the cellular excitability of VgatARH neurons. RESULTS Male Cav3.2KO mice had significantly lower food intake than their WT littermate controls when fed with either a normal chow diet (NCD) or a high-fat diet (HFD). This hypophagia phenotype was associated with increased energy expenditure and decreased fat mass, lean mass, and total body weight. Selective deletion of Cav3.2 in VgatARH neurons resulted in similar feeding inhibition and lean phenotype without changing energy expenditure. These data provides an intrinsic mechanism to support the previous finding on ARH non-AgRP GABA neurons in regulating diet-induced obesity. Lastly, we found that naringenin extract, a predominant flavanone found in various fruits and herbs and known to act on Cav3.2, decreased the firing activity of VgatARH neurons and reduced food intake and body weight. These naringenin-induced inhibitions were fully blocked in Cav3.2KO-VgatARH mice. CONCLUSION Our results identified Cav3.2 expressed by VgatARH neurons as an essential intrinsic modulator for food intake and energy homeostasis, which is a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of obesity.
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A Comparative Perspective on Functionally-Related, Intracellular Calcium Channels: The Insect Ryanodine and Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11071031. [PMID: 34356655 PMCID: PMC8301844 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis is vital for insect development and metabolism, and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a major intracellular reservoir for Ca2+. The inositol 1,4,5- triphosphate receptor (IP3R) and ryanodine receptor (RyR) are large homotetrameric channels associated with the ER and serve as two major actors in ER-derived Ca2+ supply. Most of the knowledge on these receptors derives from mammalian systems that possess three genes for each receptor. These studies have inspired work on synonymous receptors in insects, which encode a single IP3R and RyR. In the current review, we focus on a fundamental, common question: “why do insect cells possess two Ca2+ channel receptors in the ER?”. Through a comparative approach, this review covers the discovery of RyRs and IP3Rs, examines their structures/functions, the pathways that they interact with, and their potential as target sites in pest control. Although insects RyRs and IP3Rs share structural similarities, they are phylogenetically distinct, have their own structural organization, regulatory mechanisms, and expression patterns, which explains their functional distinction. Nevertheless, both have great potential as target sites in pest control, with RyRs currently being targeted by commercial insecticide, the diamides.
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Liu N, Wang Y, Li T, Feng X. G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs): Signaling Pathways, Characterization, and Functions in Insect Physiology and Toxicology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105260. [PMID: 34067660 PMCID: PMC8156084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are known to play central roles in the physiology of many organisms. Members of this seven α-helical transmembrane protein family transduce the extracellular signals and regulate intracellular second messengers through coupling to heterotrimeric G-proteins, adenylate cyclase, cAMPs, and protein kinases. As a result of the critical function of GPCRs in cell physiology and biochemistry, they not only play important roles in cell biology and the medicines used to treat a wide range of human diseases but also in insects’ physiological functions. Recent studies have revealed the expression and function of GPCRs in insecticide resistance, improving our understanding of the molecular complexes governing the development of insecticide resistance. This article focuses on the review of G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathways in insect physiology, including insects’ reproduction, growth and development, stress responses, feeding, behaviors, and other physiological processes. Hormones and polypeptides that are involved in insect GPCR regulatory pathways are reviewed. The review also gives a brief introduction of GPCR pathways in organisms in general. At the end of the review, it provides the recent studies on the function of GPCRs in the development of insecticide resistance, focusing in particular on our current knowledge of the expression and function of GPCRs and their downstream regulation pathways and their roles in insecticide resistance and the regulation of resistance P450 gene expression. The latest insights into the exciting technological advances and new techniques for gene expression and functional characterization of the GPCRs in insects are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (Y.W.); (T.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-334-844-5076
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (Y.W.); (T.L.)
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (Y.W.); (T.L.)
| | - Xuechun Feng
- Department of Biology Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
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Wang Y, Zhang H, Luo L, Zhou Y, Cao J, Xuan X, Suzuki H, Zhou J. ATG5 is instrumental in the transition from autophagy to apoptosis during the degeneration of tick salivary glands. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009074. [PMID: 33513141 PMCID: PMC7875341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Female tick salivary glands undergo rapid degeneration several days post engorgement. This degeneration may be caused by the increased concentration of ecdysone in the hemolymph during the fast feeding period and both autophagy and apoptosis occur. In this work, we first proved autophagy-related gene (ATG) and caspase gene expression peaks during degeneration of the tick salivary glands. We explored the regulatory role of Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides autophagy-related 5 (RhATG5) in the degeneration of tick salivary glands. During the fast feeding phase, RhATG5 was cleaved and both calcium concentration and the transcription of Rhcalpains increased in the salivary glands. Recombinant RhATG5 was cleaved by μ-calpain only in the presence of calcium; the mutant RhATG5191-199Δ was not cleaved. Treatment with 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) led to programmed cell death in the salivary glands of unfed ticks in vitro, RhATG8-phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was upregulated in ticks treated with low concentration of 20E. Conversely, RhATG8-PE decreased and Rhcaspase-7 increased in ticks treated with a high concentration of 20E and transformed autophagy to apoptosis. High concentrations of 20E led to the cleavage of RhATG5. Calcium concentration and expression of Rhcalpains were also upregulated in the tick salivary glands. RNA interference (RNAi) of RhATG5 in vitro inhibited both autophagy and apoptosis of the tick salivary glands. RNAi of RhATG5 in vivo significantly inhibited the normal feeding process. These results demonstrated that high concentrations of 20E led to the cleavage of RhATG5 by increasing the concentration of calcium and stimulated the transition from autophagy to apoptosis. Ticks are well-known pathogen vectors which transmitted virus, bacterial and protozoan. They are considered to be second only to mosquitoes as global vectors of human diseases. Most tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) are transmitted to hosts through tick bites assisted by saliva. Control of ticks has been achieved primarily by the application of acaricides, a method that has drawbacks such as environmental contamination and selection of pesticide-resistant ticks. Understanding the tick physiological characteristics is the key step for this objective; however, there are knowledge gap remained in tick physiology. Tick salivary glands rapidly degenerate and disappear within 4 days post engorgement. In this research, we are focused on tick salivary glands rapidly degeneration within 4 days post engorgement, and made several highlights findings: The first work demonstrated that 20E promotes both autophagy and apoptosis during tick salivary gland degeneration; RhATG5 is the first reported ATG5 homologue in ticks; RhATG5 play an important role in both autophagy and apoptosis during the degeneration of tick salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Houshuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongzhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Jinlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Zhao XF. G protein-coupled receptors function as cell membrane receptors for the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:146. [PMID: 32907599 PMCID: PMC7488307 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00620-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are cell membrane receptors for various ligands. Recent studies have suggested that GPCRs transmit animal steroid hormone signals. Certain GPCRs have been shown to bind steroid hormones, for example, G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) binds estrogen in humans, and Drosophila dopamine/ecdysteroid receptor (DopEcR) binds the molting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) in insects. This review summarizes the research progress on GPCRs as animal steroid hormone cell membrane receptors, including the nuclear and cell membrane receptors of steroid hormones in mammals and insects, the 20E signaling cascade via GPCRs, termination of 20E signaling, and the relationship between genomic action and the nongenomic action of 20E. Studies indicate that 20E induces a signal via GPCRs to regulate rapid cellular responses, including rapid Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum and influx from the extracellular medium, as well as rapid protein phosphorylation and subcellular translocation. 20E via the GPCR/Ca2+/PKC/signaling axis and the GPCR/cAMP/PKA-signaling axis regulates gene transcription by adjusting transcription complex formation and DNA binding activity. GPCRs can bind 20E in the cell membrane and after being isolated, suggesting GPCRs as cell membrane receptors of 20E. This review deepens our understanding of GPCRs as steroid hormone cell membrane receptors and the GPCR-mediated signaling pathway of 20E (20E-GPCR pathway), which will promote further study of steroid hormone signaling via GPCRs, and presents GPCRs as targets to explore new pharmaceutical materials to treat steroid hormone-related diseases or control pest insects. Video abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fan Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Sun Q, Guo H, Xia Q, Jiang L, Zhao P. Transcriptome analysis of the immune response of silkworm at the early stage of Bombyx mori bidensovirus infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:103601. [PMID: 31899306 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx mori bidensovirus (BmBDV) infects silkworm midgut and causes chronic flacherie disease; however, the interaction between BmBDV and silkworm is unclear. Twenty-four hours after BmBDV infection, the midgut was extracted for RNA-seq to analyze the factors associated with BmBDV-invasion and the early antiviral immune response in silkworms. The total reads from each sample were more than 16100000 and the number of expressed genes exceeded 8200. There were 334 upregulated and 272 downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene ontology analysis of DEGs showed that structural constituents of cuticle, antioxidant, and immune system processes were upregulated. Further analysis revealed BmBDV-mediated induction of BmorCPR23 and BmorCPR44, suggesting possible involvement in viral invasion. Antioxidant genes that protect host cells from virus-induced oxidative stress, were significantly upregulated after BmBDV infection. Several genes related to peroxisomes, apoptosis, and autophagy-which may be involved in antiviral immunity-were induced by BmBDV. These results provide insights into the mechanism of BmBDV infection and host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Huizhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Liang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Chen CH, Di YQ, Shen QY, Wang JX, Zhao XF. The steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone induces phosphorylation and aggregation of stromal interacting molecule 1 for store-operated calcium entry. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14922-14936. [PMID: 31413111 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligomerization of stromal interacting molecule 1 (STIM1) promotes store-operated calcium entry (SOCE); however, the mechanism of STIM1 aggregation is unclear. Here, using the lepidopteran insect and agricultural pest cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) as a model and immunoblotting, RT-qPCR, RNA interference (RNAi), and ChIP assays, we found that the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) up-regulates STIM1 expression via G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and the 20E nuclear receptor (EcRB1). We also identified an ecdysone-response element (EcRE) in the 5'-upstream region of the STIM1 gene and also noted that STIM1 is located in the larval midgut during metamorphosis. STIM1 knockdown in larvae delayed pupation time, prevented midgut remodeling, and decreased 20E-induced gene transcription. STIM1 knockdown in a H. armigera epidermal cell line, HaEpi, repressed 20E-induced calcium ion influx and apoptosis. Moreover, 20E-induced STIM1 clustering to puncta and translocation toward the cell membrane. Inhibitors of GPCRs, phospholipase C (PLC), and inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) repressed 20E-induced STIM1 phosphorylation, and we found that two GPCRs are involved in 20E-induced STIM1 phosphorylation. 20E-induced STIM1 phosphorylation on Ser-485 through protein kinase C (PKC), and we observed that Ser-485 phosphorylation is critical for STIM1 clustering, interaction with calcium release-activated calcium channel modulator 1 (Orai1), calcium ion influx, and 20E-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that 20E up-regulates STIM1 phosphorylation for aggregation via GPCRs, followed by interaction with Orai1 to induce SOCE, thereby promoting apoptosis in the midgut during insect metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Hua Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.,Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yu-Qin Di
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Qin-Yong Shen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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Pan J, Di YQ, Li YB, Chen CH, Wang JX, Zhao XF. Insulin and 20-hydroxyecdysone oppose each other in the regulation of phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 expression during insect pupation. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:18613-18623. [PMID: 30305395 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin promotes larval growth of insects by stimulating the synthesis of the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), which induces pupation and apoptosis. However, the mechanism underlying the coordinate regulation of insect pupation and apoptosis by these two functionally opposing hormones is still unclear. Here, using the lepidopteran insect and serious agricultural pest Helicoverpa armigera (cotton bollworm) as a model, we report that phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1) and forkhead box O (FoxO) play key roles in these processes. We found that the transcript levels of the PDK1 gene are increased during the larval feeding stages. Moreover, PDK1 expression was increased by insulin, but repressed by 20E. dsRNA-mediated PDK1 knockdown in the H. armigera larvae delayed pupation and resulted in small pupae and also decreased Akt/protein kinase B expression and increased FoxO expression. Furthermore, the PDK1 knockdown blocked midgut remodeling and decreased 20E levels in the larvae. Of note, injecting larvae with 20E overcame the effect of the PDK1 knockdown and restored midgut remodeling. FoxO overexpression in an H. armigera epidermal cell line (HaEpi) did not induce apoptosis, but promoted autophagy and repressed cell proliferation. These results reveal cross-talk between insulin and 20E and that both hormones oppose each other's activities in the regulation of insect pupation and apoptosis by controlling PDK1 expression and, in turn, FoxO expression. We conclude that sufficiently high 20E levels are a key factor for inducing apoptosis during insect pupation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pan
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Yu-Qin Di
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Yong-Bo Li
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Cai-Hua Chen
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
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