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Kim YS, Kim D, Park J, Chung YJ. Single-cell RNA sequencing of a poorly metastatic melanoma cell line and its subclones with high lung and brain metastasis potential reveals gene expression signature of metastasis with prognostic implication. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:1774-1784. [PMID: 37534569 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying melanoma metastasis remain poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to delineate the mechanisms underlying gene expression alterations during metastatic potential acquisition and characterize the metastatic subclones within primary cell lines. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing of a poorly metastatic melanoma cell line (WM239A) and its subclones with high metastatic potential to the lung (113/6-4L) and the brain (131/4-5B1 and 131/4-5B2). Unsupervised clustering of 8173 melanoma cells identified three distinct clusters according to cell type ('Primary', 'Lung' and 'Brain' clusters) with differential expression of MITF and AXL pathways and putative cancer and cell cycle drivers, with the lung cluster expressing intermediate but distinct gene profiles between primary and brain clusters. Principal component (PC) analysis revealed that PC2 (the second PC), which was positively associated with MITF expression and negatively with AXL pathways, primarily segregated cell types, in addition to PC1 of the cell cycle pathway. Pseudotime trajectory and RNA velocity analyses suggested the existence of cellular subsets with metastatic potential in the Primary cluster and an association between PC2 signature alteration and metastasis potential acquisition. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas melanoma samples by clustering into PC2-high and -low clusters by quartiles of PC2 signature expression revealed that the PC2-high cluster was an independent significant factor for poor prognosis (p-value = 0.003) with distinct genomic and transcriptomic characteristics, compared to the PC2-low cluster. In conclusion, we identified signatures of melanoma metastasis with prognostic significance and putative pro-metastatic subclones within a primary cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Seob Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyeong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, IRCGP, Precision Medicine Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junseong Park
- Department of Microbiology, IRCGP, Precision Medicine Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeun-Jun Chung
- Department of Microbiology, IRCGP, Precision Medicine Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Howell R, Davies J, Clarke MA, Appios A, Mesquita I, Jayal Y, Ringham-Terry B, Boned Del Rio I, Fisher J, Bennett CL. Localized immune surveillance of primary melanoma in the skin deciphered through executable modeling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd1992. [PMID: 37043573 PMCID: PMC10096595 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
While skin is a site of active immune surveillance, primary melanomas often escape detection. Here, we have developed an in silico model to determine the local cross-talk between melanomas and Langerhans cells (LCs), the primary antigen-presenting cells at the site of melanoma development. The model predicts that melanomas fail to activate LC migration to lymph nodes until tumors reach a critical size, which is determined by a positive TNF-α feedback loop within melanomas, in line with our observations of murine tumors. In silico drug screening, supported by subsequent experimental testing, shows that treatment of primary tumors with MAPK pathway inhibitors may further prevent LC migration. In addition, our in silico model predicts treatment combinations that bypass LC dysfunction. In conclusion, our combined approach of in silico and in vivo studies suggests a molecular mechanism that explains how early melanomas develop under the radar of immune surveillance by LC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew A. Clarke
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Anna Appios
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Inês Mesquita
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Yashoda Jayal
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Ben Ringham-Terry
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Isabel Boned Del Rio
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
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Dreier MR, de la Serna IL. SWI/SNF Chromatin Remodeling Enzymes in Melanoma. EPIGENOMES 2022; 6:epigenomes6010010. [PMID: 35323214 PMCID: PMC8947417 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes6010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive malignancy that arises from the transformation of melanocytes on the skin, mucosal membranes, and uvea of the eye. SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling enzymes are multi-subunit complexes that play important roles in the development of the melanocyte lineage and in the response to ultraviolet radiation, a key environmental risk factor for developing cutaneous melanoma. Exome sequencing has revealed frequent loss of function mutations in genes encoding SWI/SNF subunits in melanoma. However, some SWI/SNF subunits have also been demonstrated to have pro-tumorigenic roles in melanoma and to affect sensitivity to therapeutics. This review summarizes studies that have implicated SWI/SNF components in melanomagenesis and have evaluated how SWI/SNF subunits modulate the response to current therapeutics.
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Amphiregulin Regulates Melanocytic Senescence. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020326. [PMID: 33562468 PMCID: PMC7914549 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) is a decisive process to suppress tumor development, but the molecular details of OIS are still under investigation. Using an established OIS model of primary melanocytes transduced with BRAF V600E and compared to control cells, amphiregulin (AREG) was shown to be induced. In addition, AREG expression was observed in nevi, which by definition, are senescent cell clusters, compared to melanocytes. Interestingly, treatment of melanocytes with recombinant AREG did induce senescence. This led to the assumption that extracellular AREG has an important function in this process. Inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) using Gefitinib identified AREG as one of EGFR ligands responsible for senescence. Furthermore, depletion of AREG expression in senescent BRAF V600E melanocytes resulted in a significant reduction of senescent melanocytes. This study reveals AREG as an essential molecular component of signaling pathways leading to senescence in melanocytes.
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5
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Roupakia E, Markopoulos GS, Kolettas E. Genes and pathways involved in senescence bypass identified by functional genetic screens. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 194:111432. [PMID: 33422562 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a state of stable and irreversible cell cycle arrest with active metabolism, that normal cells undergo after a finite number of divisions (Hayflick limit). Senescence can be triggered by intrinsic and/or extrinsic stimuli including telomere shortening at the end of a cell's lifespan (telomere-initiated senescence) and in response to oxidative, genotoxic or oncogenic stresses (stress-induced premature senescence). Several effector mechanisms have been proposed to explain senescence programmes in diploid cells, including the induction of DNA damage responses, a senescence-associated secretory phenotype and epigenetic changes. Senescent cells display senescence-associated-β-galactosidase activity and undergo chromatin remodeling resulting in heterochromatinisation. Senescence is established by the pRb and p53 tumour suppressor networks. Senescence has been detected in in vitro cellular settings and in premalignant, but not malignant lesions in mice and humans expressing mutant oncogenes. Despite oncogene-induced senescence, which is believed to be a cancer initiating barrier and other tumour suppressive mechanisms, benign cancers may still develop into malignancies by bypassing senescence. Here, we summarise the functional genetic screens that have identified genes, uncovered pathways and characterised mechanisms involved in senescence evasion. These include cell cycle regulators and tumour suppressor pathways, DNA damage response pathways, epigenetic regulators, SASP components and noncoding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Roupakia
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45100, Greece; Biomedical Research Division, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Georgios S Markopoulos
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45100, Greece; Biomedical Research Division, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Evangelos Kolettas
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45100, Greece; Biomedical Research Division, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Ioannina, 45110, Greece.
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Ruiz-Vega R, Chen CF, Razzak E, Vasudeva P, Krasieva TB, Shiu J, Caldwell MG, Yan H, Lowengrub J, Ganesan AK, Lander AD. Dynamics of nevus development implicate cell cooperation in the growth arrest of transformed melanocytes. eLife 2020; 9:e61026. [PMID: 33047672 PMCID: PMC7553774 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutational activation of the BRAF proto-oncogene in melanocytes reliably produces benign nevi (pigmented 'moles'), yet the same change is the most common driver mutation in melanoma. The reason nevi stop growing, and do not progress to melanoma, is widely attributed to a cell-autonomous process of 'oncogene-induced senescence'. Using a mouse model of Braf-driven nevus formation, analyzing both proliferative dynamics and single-cell gene expression, we found no evidence that nevus cells are senescent, either compared with other skin cells, or other melanocytes. We also found that nevus size distributions could not be fit by any simple cell-autonomous model of growth arrest, yet were easily fit by models based on collective cell behavior, for example in which arresting cells release an arrest-promoting factor. We suggest that nevus growth arrest is more likely related to the cell interactions that mediate size control in normal tissues, than to any cell-autonomous, 'oncogene-induced' program of senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Ruiz-Vega
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Chi-Fen Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Emaad Razzak
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Priya Vasudeva
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Tatiana B Krasieva
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Jessica Shiu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Michael G Caldwell
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Huaming Yan
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - John Lowengrub
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Anand K Ganesan
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Arthur D Lander
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
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7
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Jin L, Shen F, Weinfeld M, Sergi C. Insulin Growth Factor Binding Protein 7 (IGFBP7)-Related Cancer and IGFBP3 and IGFBP7 Crosstalk. Front Oncol 2020; 10:727. [PMID: 32500027 PMCID: PMC7242731 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin/insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) have crucial tasks in the growth, differentiation, and proliferation of healthy and pernicious cells. They are involved in coordinated complexes, including receptors, ligands, binding proteins, and proteases. However, the systems can become dysregulated in tumorigenesis. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) is a protein belonging to the IGFBP superfamily (also termed GFBP-related proteins). Numerous studies have provided evidence that IGFBP3 and IGFBP7 are involved in a variety of cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), breast cancer, gastroesophageal cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, among many others. Still, very few suggest an interaction between these two molecules. In studying several cancer types in our laboratories, we found that both proteins share some crucial signaling pathways. The objective of this review is to present a comprehensive overview of the relationship between IGFBP7 and cancer, as well as highlighting IGFBP3 crosstalk with IGFBP7 reported in recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shiyan Taihe Hospital, College of Biomedical Engineering, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Fan Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michael Weinfeld
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Consolato Sergi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Orthopedics, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.,Stollery Children's Hospital, University Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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8
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Bellei B, Picardo M. Premature cell senescence in human skin: Dual face in chronic acquired pigmentary disorders. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 57:100981. [PMID: 31733332 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although senescence was originally described as an in vitro acquired cellular characteristic, it was recently recognized that senescence is physiologically and pathologically involved in aging and age-related diseases in vivo. The definition of cellular senescence has expanded to include the growth arrest caused by various cellular stresses, including DNA damage, inadequate mitochondria function, activated oncogene or tumor suppressor genes and oxidative stress. While senescence in normal aging involves various tissues over time and contributes to a decline in tissue function even with healthy aging, disease-induced premature senescence may be restricted to one or a few organs triggering a prolonged and more intense rate of accumulation of senescent cells than in normal aging. Organ-specific high senescence rate could lead to chronic diseases, especially in post-mitotic rich tissue. Recently, two opposite acquired pathological conditions related to skin pigmentation were described to be associated with premature senescence: vitiligo and melasma. In both cases, it was demonstrated that pathological dysfunctions are not restricted to melanocytes, the cell type responsible for melanin production and transport to surrounding keratinocytes. Similar to physiological melanogenesis, dermal and epidermal cells contribute directly and indirectly to deregulate skin pigmentation as a result of complex intercellular communication. Thus, despite senescence usually being reported as a uniform phenotype sharing the expression of characteristic markers, skin senescence involving mainly the dermal compartment and its paracrine function could be associated with the disappearance of melanocytes in vitiligo lesions and with the exacerbated activity of melanocytes in the hyperpigmentation spots of melasma. This suggests that the difference may arise in melanocyte intrinsic differences and/or in highly defined microenvironment peculiarities poorly explored at the current state of the art. A similar dualistic phenotype has been attributed to intratumoral stromal cells as cancer-associated fibroblasts presenting a senescent-like phenotype which influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. Here, we present a framework dissecting senescent-related molecular alterations shared by vitiligo and melasma patients and we also discuss disease-specific differences representing new challenges for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bellei
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center for Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center for Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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9
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Wen Z, Jiang R, Huang Y, Wen Z, Rui D, Liao X, Ling Z. Inhibition of lung cancer cells and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signal transduction by ectonucleoside triphosphate phosphohydrolase-7 (ENTPD7). Respir Res 2019; 20:194. [PMID: 31443651 PMCID: PMC6708200 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1165-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate the effects and mechanisms of ectonucleoside triphosphate phosphohydrolase-7 (ENTPD7) on lung cancer cells. Methods The expression characteristics of ENTPD7 and its effect on the survival of lung cancer patients were analyzed by referring to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Streptavidin-peroxidase (SP) staining was performed to detect the ENTPD7 protein in tumor tissues and adjacent tissues. Plasmid transfection technology was also applied to silence ENTPD7 gene. Crystal violet staining and flow cytometry were performed to determine cell proliferation and apoptosis. Tumor-bearing nude mice model was established to investigate the effect of sh-ENTPD7 on tumors. Results The results showed that patients with low levels of ENTPD7 had higher survival rates. ENTPD7 was up-regulated in lung cancer tissues and cells. Down-regulation of the expression of ENTPD7 inhibited proliferation but promoted apoptosis of lung cancer cell. Silencing ENTPD7 also inhibited the expression levels of Ras and Raf proteins and the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Tumor-bearing nude mice experiments showed that silencing ENTPD7 had an inhibitory effect on lung cancer cells. Conclusions ENTPD7 was overexpressed in lung cancer cells. Down-regulating ENTPD7 could inhibit lung cancer cell proliferation and promote apoptosis via inhibiting the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Wen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 1 Liushi Road, Liuzhou, 545005, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Rongfang Jiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 1 Liushi Road, Liuzhou, 545005, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 1 Liushi Road, Liuzhou, 545005, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Zhineng Wen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 1 Liushi Road, Liuzhou, 545005, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Dong Rui
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 1 Liushi Road, Liuzhou, 545005, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Liao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 1 Liushi Road, Liuzhou, 545005, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Zhougui Ling
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 1 Liushi Road, Liuzhou, 545005, Guangxi Province, China.
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10
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Warnier M, Flaman JM, Chouabe C, Wiel C, Gras B, Griveau A, Blanc E, Foy JP, Mathot P, Saintigny P, Van Coppenolle F, Vindrieux D, Martin N, Bernard D. The SCN9A channel and plasma membrane depolarization promote cellular senescence through Rb pathway. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12736. [PMID: 29446526 PMCID: PMC5946064 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic signals lead to premature senescence in normal human cells causing a proliferation arrest and the elimination of these defective cells by immune cells. Oncogene‐induced senescence (OIS) prevents aberrant cell division and tumor initiation. In order to identify new regulators of OIS, we performed a loss‐of‐function genetic screen and identified that the loss of SCN9A allowed cells to escape from OIS. The expression of this sodium channel increased in senescent cells during OIS. This upregulation was mediated by NF‐κB transcription factors, which are well‐known regulators of senescence. Importantly, the induction of SCN9A by an oncogenic signal or by p53 activation led to plasma membrane depolarization, which in turn, was able to induce premature senescence. Computational and experimental analyses revealed that SCN9A and plasma membrane depolarization mediated the repression of mitotic genes through a calcium/Rb/E2F pathway to promote senescence. Taken together, our work delineates a new pathway, which involves the NF‐κB transcription factor, SCN9A expression, plasma membrane depolarization, increased calcium, the Rb/E2F pathway and mitotic gene repression in the regulation of senescence. This work thus provides new insight into the involvement of ion channels and plasma membrane potential in the control of senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Warnier
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR 5286; Université de Lyon & Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon; Lyon France
| | - Jean-Michel Flaman
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR 5286; Université de Lyon & Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon; Lyon France
| | - Christophe Chouabe
- Inserm UMR-U1060 CarMeN Laboratory; INRA U1235, INSA-Lyon; Facultés de médecine Rockefeller; University Lyon 1; Lyon France
| | - Clotilde Wiel
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR 5286; Université de Lyon & Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon; Lyon France
| | - Baptiste Gras
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR 5286; Université de Lyon & Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon; Lyon France
| | - Audrey Griveau
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR 5286; Université de Lyon & Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon; Lyon France
| | - Elena Blanc
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR 5286; Université de Lyon & Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon; Lyon France
| | - Jean-Philippe Foy
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR 5286; Université de Lyon & Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon; Lyon France
| | - Pauline Mathot
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR 5286; Université de Lyon & Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon; Lyon France
| | - Pierre Saintigny
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR 5286; Université de Lyon & Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon; Lyon France
| | - Fabien Van Coppenolle
- Inserm UMR-U1060 CarMeN Laboratory; INRA U1235, INSA-Lyon; Facultés de médecine Rockefeller; University Lyon 1; Lyon France
| | - David Vindrieux
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR 5286; Université de Lyon & Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon; Lyon France
| | - Nadine Martin
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR 5286; Université de Lyon & Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon; Lyon France
| | - David Bernard
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR 5286; Université de Lyon & Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon; Lyon France
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11
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Hoare M, Narita M. The Power Behind the Throne: Senescence and the Hallmarks of Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY 2018; 2:175-194. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030617-050352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a state of stable proliferative arrest triggered by various stimuli, including oncogenic and other cellular stress. Senescent cells are highly metabolically active and have diverse and profound nonautonomous effects through the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). It has become increasingly evident that senescent cells can have tumour suppressive or pro-oncogenic effects on adjacent cancer cells and other players in the tumor microenvironment such as the stroma, vasculature, and immune system. Thus, the last decade or so has witnessed a huge leap forward in our understanding of the biology of senescence, promoting it from an autonomous tumor suppressor to a complex, dynamic, and interactive phenotype. It is perhaps not a coincidence that the concept of the “hallmarks of cancer” has also evolved during this period, with the latest iteration ( Hanahan & Weinberg 2011 ) focusing more on the microenvironment. Here, we suggest that cellular senescence could underpin the biology of many of the hallmarks of cancer, making it the true power behind the throne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hoare
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom;,
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Masashi Narita
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom;,
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12
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Pathways from senescence to melanoma: focus on MITF sumoylation. Oncogene 2017; 36:6659-6667. [PMID: 28825724 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is a deadly skin cancer that originates from melanocytes. The development of cutaneous melanoma involves a complex interaction between environmental factors, mainly ultraviolet radiation from sunlight, and genetic alterations. Melanoma can also occur from a pre-existing nevus, a benign lesion formed from melanocytes harboring oncogenic mutations that trigger proliferative arrest and senescence entry. Senescence is a potent barrier against tumor progression. As such, the acquisition of mutations that suppress senescence and promote cell division is mandatory for cancer development. This topic appears central to melanoma development because, in humans, several somatic and germline mutations are related to the control of cellular senescence and proliferative activity. Consequently, primary melanoma can be viewed as a paradigm of senescence evasion. In support of this notion, a sumoylation-defective germline mutation in microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), a master regulator of melanocyte homeostasis, is associated with the development of melanoma. Interestingly, this MITF variant has also been recently reported to negatively impact the program of senescence. This article reviews the genetic alterations that have been shown to be involved in melanoma and that alter the process of senescence to favor melanoma development. Then, the transcription factor MITF and its sumoylation-defective mutant are described. How sumoylation misregulation can change MITF activity and impact the process of senescence is discussed. Finally, the contribution of such information to the development of anti-malignant melanoma strategies is evaluated.
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13
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Melanocytic nevi and melanoma: unraveling a complex relationship. Oncogene 2017; 36:5771-5792. [PMID: 28604751 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 33% of melanomas are derived directly from benign, melanocytic nevi. Despite this, the vast majority of melanocytic nevi, which typically form as a result of BRAFV600E-activating mutations, will never progress to melanoma. Herein, we synthesize basic scientific insights and data from mouse models with common observations from clinical practice to comprehensively review melanocytic nevus biology. In particular, we focus on the mechanisms by which growth arrest is established after BRAFV600E mutation. Means by which growth arrest can be overcome and how melanocytic nevi relate to melanoma are also considered. Finally, we present a new conceptual paradigm for understanding the growth arrest of melanocytic nevi in vivo termed stable clonal expansion. This review builds upon the canonical hypothesis of oncogene-induced senescence in growth arrest and tumor suppression in melanocytic nevi and melanoma.
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14
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Toutfaire M, Bauwens E, Debacq-Chainiaux F. The impact of cellular senescence in skin ageing: A notion of mosaic and therapeutic strategies. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 142:1-12. [PMID: 28408343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is now recognized as one of the nine hallmarks of ageing. Recent data show the involvement of senescent cells in tissue ageing and some age-related diseases. Skin represents an ideal model for the study of ageing. Indeed, skin ageing varies between individuals depending on their chronological age but also on their exposure to various exogenous factors (mainly ultraviolet rays). If senescence traits can be detected with ageing in the skin, the senescent phenotype varies among the various skin cell types. Moreover, the origin of cellular senescence in the skin is still unknown, and multiple origins are possible. This reflects the mosaic of skin ageing. Senescent cells can interfere with their microenvironment, either via the direct secretion of factors (the senescence-associated secretory phenotype) or via other methods of communication, such as extracellular vesicles. Knowledge regarding the impact of cellular senescence on skin ageing could be integrated into dermatology research, especially to limit the appearance of senescent cells after photo(chemo)therapy or in age-related skin diseases. Therapeutic approaches include the clearance of senescent cells via the use of senolytics or via the cooperation with the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Toutfaire
- URBC, NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Emilie Bauwens
- URBC, NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
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15
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Yang R, Wu L, Chen J, Chen W, Zhang L, Zhang L, You R, Yin L, Li CH, Guan YQ. Effects of Differentiation and Antisenescence from BMSCs to Hepatocy-Like Cells of the PAAm-IGF-1/TNF-α Biomaterial. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:26638-26647. [PMID: 27668443 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b10377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aiming at the cells' differentiation phenomenon and senescence problem in liver tissue engineering, this work is designed to synthesize three different chargeable polymers (polypropylene acid (PAAc), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and polypropylene amine (PAAm)) coimmobilized by the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). We explore the hepatocyte differentiation effect and the antisenecence effect of PSt-PAAm-IGF-1/TNF-α biomaterial which was selected from the three different chargeable polymers in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Our work will establish a model for studying the biochemical molecular regulation mechanism and signal transduction pathway of cell senescence in liver tissue engineering, which provide a molecular basis for developing biomaterials for liver tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runcai Yang
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Lifang Wu
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jiehong Chen
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Wuya Chen
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Rong You
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Liang Yin
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Chu-Hua Li
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yan-Qing Guan
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631, China
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16
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Kato S, Lippman SM, Flaherty KT, Kurzrock R. The Conundrum of Genetic "Drivers" in Benign Conditions. J Natl Cancer Inst 2016; 108:djw036. [PMID: 27059373 PMCID: PMC5017937 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djw036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in deep genomic sequencing have identified a spectrum of cancer-specific passenger and driver aberrations. Clones with driver anomalies are believed to be positively selected during carcinogenesis. Accumulating evidence, however, shows that genomic alterations, such as those in BRAF, RAS, EGFR, HER2, FGFR3, PIK3CA, TP53, CDKN2A, and NF1/2, all of which are considered hallmark drivers of specific cancers, can also be identified in benign and premalignant conditions, occasionally at frequencies higher than in their malignant counterparts. Targeting these genomic drivers can produce dramatic responses in advanced cancer, but the effects on their benign counterparts are less clear. This benign-malignant phenomenon is well illustrated in studies of BRAF V600E mutations, which are paradoxically more frequent in benign nevi (∼80%) than in dysplastic nevi (∼60%) or melanoma (∼40%-45%). Similarly, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 is more commonly overexpressed in ductal carcinoma in situ (∼27%-56%) when compared with invasive breast cancer (∼11%-20%). FGFR3 mutations in bladder cancer also decrease with tumor grade (low-grade tumors, ∼61%; high-grade, ∼11%). “Driver” mutations also occur in nonmalignant settings: TP53 mutations in synovial tissue from rheumatoid arthritis and FGFR3 mutations in seborrheic keratosis. The latter observations suggest that the oncogenicity of these alterations may be tissue context–dependent. The conversion of benign conditions to premalignant disease may involve other genetic events and/or epigenetic reprogramming. Putative driver mutations can also be germline and associated with increased cancer risk (eg, germline RAS or TP53 alterations), but germline FGFR3 or NF2 abnormalities do not predispose to malignancy. We discuss the enigma of genetic “drivers” in benign and premalignant conditions and the implications for prevention strategies and theories of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Kato
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (SK); Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA (SML, RK); Henri and Belinda Termeer Center for Targeted Therapies, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA (KTF)
| | - Scott M Lippman
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (SK); Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA (SML, RK); Henri and Belinda Termeer Center for Targeted Therapies, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA (KTF)
| | - Keith T Flaherty
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (SK); Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA (SML, RK); Henri and Belinda Termeer Center for Targeted Therapies, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA (KTF)
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (SK); Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA (SML, RK); Henri and Belinda Termeer Center for Targeted Therapies, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA (KTF)
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17
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Zhu G, Yi X, Haferkamp S, Hesbacher S, Li C, Goebeler M, Gao T, Houben R, Schrama D. Combination with γ-secretase inhibitor prolongs treatment efficacy of BRAF inhibitor in BRAF-mutated melanoma cells. Cancer Lett 2016; 376:43-52. [PMID: 27000992 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic triggering of the MAPK pathway in melanocytes results in senescence, and senescence escape is considered as one critical step for melanocytic transformation. In melanoma, induction of a senescent-like state by BRAF-inhibitors (BRAFi) in a fraction of treated cells - instead of killing - contributes to the repression of tumor growth, but may also provide a source for relapse. Here, we demonstrate that NOTCH activation in melanocytes is not only growth-promoting but it also protects these cells against oncogene-induced senescence. In turn, treatment of melanoma cells with an inhibitor of the NOTCH-activating enzyme γ-secretase led to induction of a senescent-like status in a fraction of the cells but overall achieved only a moderate inhibition of melanoma cell growth. However, combination of γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI) with BRAFi markedly increased the treatment efficacy particularly in long-term culture. Moreover, even melanoma cells starting to regrow after continuous BRAFi treatment - the major problem of BRAFi therapy in patients - can still be affected by the combination treatment. Thus, combining GSI with BRAFi increases the therapeutic efficacy by, at least partially, prolonging the senescent-like state of treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guannan Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Xiuli Yi
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Sonja Hesbacher
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chunying Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Matthias Goebeler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tianwen Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Roland Houben
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Schrama
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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18
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Jiang MS, Yang X, Esposito D, Nelson E, Yuan J, Hopkins RF, Broadt T, Xiao Z, Colantonio S, Prieto DA, Welch AR, Creekmore SP, Mitra G, Zhu J. Mammalian cell transient expression, non-affinity purification, and characterization of human recombinant IGFBP7, an IGF-1 targeting therapeutic protein. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:476-487. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Wiel C, Gras B, Vindrieux D, Warnier M, Gitenay D, Le Calvé B, Ferrand M, Augert A, Bernard D. Multidrug resistance protein 3 loss promotes tumor formation by inducing senescence escape. Oncogene 2015; 35:1596-601. [PMID: 26073088 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic-stress-induced senescence (OIS) is a stress response allowing normal cells, when receiving oncogenic signals, to stably arrest their proliferation. OIS thus acts to prevent aberrant cell proliferation and tumor formation. To identify novel tumor suppressive pathways, we have recently completed a loss-of-function genetic screen to identify novel genes promoting escape from OIS and thus, potentially, tumor formation when their functions are lost. Using this approach, we unexpectedly found that loss of function of the multidrug resistance protein 3 (MRP3 or ABCC3) promotes escape from OIS in human epithelial cells. Importantly, ABCC3 expression is reduced in human skin tumors, and ABCC3-knockout mice display increased sensitivity to RAS-induced skin carcinogenesis, concomitantly with decreased OIS. ABCC3 participates in resistance to chemotherapy via its transporter activity. Our data show that this transporter activity is involved in ABCC3-induced senescence, demonstrating that this protein has a complex role in cancer, since its loss of function may promote escape from OIS and tumor formation whereas its gain of function promotes resistance to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wiel
- Senescence Escape Mechanisms Laboratory, Tumoral Escape Department, Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - B Gras
- Senescence Escape Mechanisms Laboratory, Tumoral Escape Department, Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - D Vindrieux
- Senescence Escape Mechanisms Laboratory, Tumoral Escape Department, Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - M Warnier
- Senescence Escape Mechanisms Laboratory, Tumoral Escape Department, Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - D Gitenay
- Senescence Escape Mechanisms Laboratory, Tumoral Escape Department, Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - B Le Calvé
- Senescence Escape Mechanisms Laboratory, Tumoral Escape Department, Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - M Ferrand
- Senescence Escape Mechanisms Laboratory, Tumoral Escape Department, Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - A Augert
- Senescence Escape Mechanisms Laboratory, Tumoral Escape Department, Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - D Bernard
- Senescence Escape Mechanisms Laboratory, Tumoral Escape Department, Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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20
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Oikonomou E, Koustas E, Goulielmaki M, Pintzas A. BRAF vs RAS oncogenes: are mutations of the same pathway equal? Differential signalling and therapeutic implications. Oncotarget 2014; 5:11752-77. [PMID: 25361007 PMCID: PMC4322985 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As the increased knowledge of tumour heterogeneity and genetic alterations progresses, it exemplifies the need for further personalized medicine in modern cancer management. Here, the similarities but also the differential effects of RAS and BRAF oncogenic signalling are examined and further implications in personalized cancer diagnosis and therapy are discussed. Redundant mechanisms mediated by the two oncogenes as well as differential regulation of signalling pathways and gene expression by RAS as compared to BRAF are addressed. The implications of RAS vs BRAF differential functions, in relevant tumour types including colorectal cancer, melanoma, lung cancer are discussed. Current therapeutic findings and future viewpoints concerning the exploitation of RAS-BRAF-pathway alterations for the development of novel therapeutics and efficient rational combinations, as well as companion tests for relevant markers of response will be evaluated. The concept that drug-resistant cells may also display drug dependency, such that altered dosing may prevent the emergence of lethal drug resistance posed a major therapy hindrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eftychia Oikonomou
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, 11635, Greece
| | - Evangelos Koustas
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, 11635, Greece
| | - Maria Goulielmaki
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, 11635, Greece
| | - Alexander Pintzas
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, 11635, Greece
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21
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Abstract
The core aspect of the senescent phenotype is a stable state of cell cycle arrest. However, this is a disguise that conceals a highly active metabolic cell state with diverse functionality. Both the cell-autonomous and the non-cell-autonomous activities of senescent cells create spatiotemporally dynamic and context-dependent tissue reactions. For example, the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) provokes not only tumour-suppressive but also tumour-promoting responses. Senescence is now increasingly considered to be an integrated and widespread component that is potentially important for tumour development, tumour suppression and the response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Pérez-Mancera
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Andrew R J Young
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Masashi Narita
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
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22
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Fernández-Barral A, Orgaz JL, Baquero P, Ali Z, Moreno A, Tiana M, Gómez V, Riveiro-Falkenbach E, Cañadas C, Zazo S, Bertolotto C, Davidson I, Rodríguez-Peralto JL, Palmero I, Rojo F, Jensen LD, del Peso L, Jiménez B. Regulatory and functional connection of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and anti-metastatic pigment epithelium derived factor in melanoma. Neoplasia 2014; 16:529-42. [PMID: 25030625 PMCID: PMC4198745 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a member of the serine protease inhibitor superfamily, has potent anti-metastatic effects in cutaneous melanoma through its direct actions on endothelial and melanoma cells. Here we show that PEDF expression positively correlates with microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) in melanoma cell lines and human samples. High PEDF and MITF expression is characteristic of low aggressive melanomas classified according to molecular and pathological criteria, whereas both factors are decreased in senescent melanocytes and naevi. Importantly, MITF silencing down-regulates PEDF expression in melanoma cell lines and primary melanocytes, suggesting that the correlation in the expression reflects a causal relationship. In agreement, analysis of Chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to high throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) data sets revealed three MITF binding regions within the first intron of SERPINF1, and reporter assays demonstrated that the binding of MITF to these regions is sufficient to drive transcription. Finally, we demonstrate that exogenous PEDF expression efficiently halts in vitro migration and invasion, as well as in vivo dissemination of melanoma cells induced by MITF silencing. In summary, these results identify PEDF as a novel transcriptional target of MITF and support a relevant functional role for the MITF-PEDF axis in the biology of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asunción Fernández-Barral
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Orgaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM Madrid, Spain; Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Baquero
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM Madrid, Spain; Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Zaheer Ali
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Alberto Moreno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM Madrid, Spain; Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, College of Life Sciences, Universtity of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - María Tiana
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM Madrid, Spain
| | - Valentí Gómez
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM Madrid, Spain; Tumor Suppressor Signaling Networks Laboratory, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, United Kingdom
| | - Erica Riveiro-Falkenbach
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación I+12, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Cañadas
- Department of Pathology, Capio-Fundación Jimenez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Zazo
- Department of Pathology, Capio-Fundación Jimenez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Irwin Davidson
- Institute de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Jose Luis Rodríguez-Peralto
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación I+12, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Palmero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Rojo
- Department of Pathology, Capio-Fundación Jimenez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lasse Dahl Jensen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Luis del Peso
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM Madrid, Spain
| | - Benilde Jiménez
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación I+12, Madrid, Spain.
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23
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Wiel C, Lallet-Daher H, Gitenay D, Gras B, Le Calvé B, Augert A, Ferrand M, Prevarskaya N, Simonnet H, Vindrieux D, Bernard D. Endoplasmic reticulum calcium release through ITPR2 channels leads to mitochondrial calcium accumulation and senescence. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3792. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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24
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Zhu S, Xu F, Zhang J, Ruan W, Lai M. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related protein 1 and cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 431:23-32. [PMID: 24513543 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related protein 1 (IGFBP-rP1) belongs to the IGFBP family whose members have a conserved structural homology. It has a low affinity for IGFs and a high affinity for insulin, suggesting that IGFBP-rP1 may have a biological function distinct from other members of the family. IGFBP-rP1 is ubiquitously expressed in normal human tissues and has diverse biological functions, regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis and senescence; it may also have a key role in vascular biology. Increasing evidence suggests that IGFBP-rP1 acts as a tumor suppressor. It elicits its biological effects by both insulin/IGF-dependent and -independent mechanisms. This paper provides a brief overview of the structure and regulation of IGFBP-rP1 and its various biological functions in cancer, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Fangying Xu
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang, China.
| | - Wenjing Ruan
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 Qingchundong Road, Hangzhou 310016, China.
| | - Maode Lai
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang, China.
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25
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Agis-Balboa RC, Fischer A. Generating new neurons to circumvent your fears: the role of IGF signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:21-42. [PMID: 23543251 PMCID: PMC11113432 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extinction of fear memory is a particular form of cognitive function that is of special interest because of its involvement in the treatment of anxiety and mood disorders. Based on recent literature and our previous findings (EMBO J 30(19):4071-4083, 2011), we propose a new hypothesis that implies a tight relationship among IGF signaling, adult hippocampal neurogenesis and fear extinction. Our proposed model suggests that fear extinction-induced IGF2/IGFBP7 signaling promotes the survival of neurons at 2-4 weeks old that would participate in the discrimination between the original fear memory trace and the new safety memory generated during fear extinction. This is also called "pattern separation", or the ability to distinguish similar but different cues (e.g., context). To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying fear extinction is therefore of great clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Agis-Balboa
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Grisebach Str. 5, 37077, Göttingen, Germany,
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IGF-1R inhibition enhances radiosensitivity and delays double-strand break repair by both non-homologous end-joining and homologous recombination. Oncogene 2013; 33:5262-73. [PMID: 24186206 PMCID: PMC3997348 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) enhances tumor cell sensitivity to ionizing radiation. It is not clear how this effect is mediated, nor whether this approach can be applied effectively in the clinic. We previously showed that IGF-1R depletion delays repair of radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), unlikely to be explained entirely by reduction in homologous recombination (HR) repair. The current study tested the hypothesis that IGF-1R inhibition induces a repair defect that involves non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). IGF-1R inhibitor AZ12253801 blocked cell survival and radiosensitized IGF-1R-overexpressing murine fibroblasts but not isogenic IGF-1R-null cells, supporting specificity for IGF-1R. IGF-1R inhibition enhanced radiosensitivity in DU145, PC3 and 22Rv1 prostate cancer cells, comparable to effects of Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated inhibition. AZ12253801-treated DU145 cells showed delayed resolution of γH2AX foci, apparent within 1 h of irradiation and persisting for 24 h. In contrast, IGF-1R inhibition did not influence radiosensitivity or γH2AX focus resolution in LNCaP-LN3 cells, suggesting that radiosensitization tracks with the ability of IGF-1R to influence DSB repair. To differentiate effects on repair from growth and cell-survival responses, we tested AZ12253801 in DU145 cells at sub-SF50 concentrations that had no early (⩽48 h) effects on cell cycle distribution or apoptosis induction. Irradiated cultures contained abnormal mitoses, and after 5 days IGF-1R-inhibited cells showed enhanced radiation-induced polyploidy and nuclear fragmentation, consistent with the consequences of entry into mitosis with incompletely repaired DNA. AZ12253801 radiosensitized DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK)-proficient but not DNA-PK-deficient glioblastoma cells, and did not radiosensitize DNA-PK-inhibited DU145 cells, suggesting that in the context of DSB repair, IGF-1R functions in the same pathway as DNA-PK. Finally, IGF-1R inhibition attenuated repair by both NHEJ and HR in HEK293 reporter assays. These data indicate that IGF-1R influences DSB repair by both major DSB repair pathways, findings that may inform clinical application of this approach.
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Wiel C, Augert A, Vincent DF, Gitenay D, Vindrieux D, Le Calvé B, Arfi V, Lallet-Daher H, Reynaud C, Treilleux I, Bartholin L, Lelievre E, Bernard D. Lysyl oxidase activity regulates oncogenic stress response and tumorigenesis. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e855. [PMID: 24113189 PMCID: PMC3824691 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence, a stable proliferation arrest, is induced in response to various stresses. Oncogenic stress-induced senescence (OIS) results in blocked proliferation and constitutes a fail-safe program counteracting tumorigenesis. The events that enable a tumor in a benign senescent state to escape from OIS and become malignant are largely unknown. We show that lysyl oxidase activity contributes to the decision to maintain senescence. Indeed, in human epithelial cell the constitutive expression of the LOX or LOXL2 protein favored OIS escape, whereas inhibition of lysyl oxidase activity was found to stabilize OIS. The relevance of these in vitro observations is supported by in vivo findings: in a transgenic mouse model of aggressive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), increasing lysyl oxidase activity accelerates senescence escape, whereas inhibition of lysyl oxidase activity was found to stabilize senescence, delay tumorigenesis, and increase survival. Mechanistically, we show that lysyl oxidase activity favors the escape of senescence by regulating the focal-adhesion kinase. Altogether, our results demonstrate that lysyl oxidase activity participates in primary tumor growth by directly impacting the senescence stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wiel
- 1] Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon [2] CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon [3] Centre Léon Bérard [4] Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Oncogenic activation of MEK/ERK primes melanoma cells for adaptation to endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:488-497. [PMID: 23921951 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells commonly undergo chronic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, to which the cells have to adapt for survival and proliferation. We report here that in melanoma cells intrinsic activation of the ER stress response/unfolded protein response (UPR) is, at least in part, caused by increased outputs of protein synthesis driven by oncogenic activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK/ERK) and promotes proliferation and protects against apoptosis induced by acute ER stress. Inhibition of oncogenic BRAF(V600E) or MEK-attenuated activation of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) signaling of the UPR in melanoma cells. This was associated with decreased phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and nascent protein synthesis and was recapitulated by knockdown of eIF4E. In line with this, introduction of BRAF(V600E) into melanocytes led to increases in eIF4E phosphorylation and protein production and triggered activation of the UPR. Similar to knockdown of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), inhibition of XBP1 decelerated melanoma cell proliferation and enhanced apoptosis induced by the pharmacological ER stress inducers tunicamycin and thapasigargin. Collectively, these results reveal that potentiation of adaptation to chronic ER stress is another mechanism by which oncogenic activation of the MEK/ERK pathway promotes the pathogenesis of melanoma.
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Tschandl P, Berghoff AS, Preusser M, Burgstaller-Muehlbacher S, Pehamberger H, Okamoto I, Kittler H. NRAS and BRAF mutations in melanoma-associated nevi and uninvolved nevi. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69639. [PMID: 23861977 PMCID: PMC3704624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the prevailing multistep model of melanoma development, oncogenic BRAF or NRAS mutations are crucial initial events in melanoma development. It is not known whether melanocytic nevi that are found in association with a melanoma are more likely to carry BRAF or NRAS mutations than uninvolved nevi. By laser microdissection we were able to selectively dissect and genotype cells either from the nevus or from the melanoma part of 46 melanomas that developed in association with a nevus. In 25 cases we also genotyped a control nevus of the same patients. Available tissue was also immunostained using the BRAFV600E-mutation specific antibody VE1. The BRAFV600E mutation was found in 63.0% of melanomas, 65.2% of associated nevi and 50.0% of control nevi. No significant differences in the distribution of BRAF or NRAS mutations could be found between melanoma and associated nevi or between melanoma associated nevi and control nevi. In concordant cases immunohistochemistry showed a higher expression (intensity of immunohistochemistry) of the mutated BRAFV600E-protein in melanomas compared to their associated nevi. In this series the presence of a BRAF- or NRAS mutation in a nevus was not associated with the risk of malignant transformation. Our findings do not support the current traditional model of stepwise tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Tschandl
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Sophie Berghoff
- Institute of Neurology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Preusser
- Institute of Neurology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Hubert Pehamberger
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ichiro Okamoto
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Kittler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Lallet-Daher H, Wiel C, Gitenay D, Navaratnam N, Augert A, Le Calvé B, Verbeke S, Carling D, Aubert S, Vindrieux D, Bernard D. Potassium Channel KCNA1 Modulates Oncogene-Induced Senescence and Transformation. Cancer Res 2013; 73:5253-65. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Carlino MS, Gowrishankar K, Saunders CAB, Pupo GM, Snoyman S, Zhang XD, Saw R, Becker TM, Kefford RF, Long GV, Rizos H. Antiproliferative effects of continued mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway inhibition following acquired resistance to BRAF and/or MEK inhibition in melanoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:1332-42. [PMID: 23645591 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), BRAF, and MAP-ERK kinase (MEK) induce tumor regression in the majority of patients with BRAF-mutant metastatic melanoma. The clinical benefit of MAPK inhibitors is restricted by the development of acquired resistance with half of those who benefit having progressed by 6 to 7 months and long-term responders uncommon. There remains no agreed treatment strategy on disease progression in these patients. Without published evidence, fears of accelerated disease progression on inhibitor withdrawal have led to the continuation of drugs beyond formal disease progression. We now show that treatment with MAPK inhibitors beyond disease progression can provide significant clinical benefit, and the withdrawal of these inhibitors led to a marked increase in the rate of disease progression in two patients. We also show that MAPK inhibitors retain partial activity in acquired resistant melanoma by examining drug-resistant clones generated to dabrafenib, trametinib, or the combination of these drugs. All resistant sublines displayed a markedly slower rate of proliferation when exposed to MAPK inhibitors, and this coincided with a reduction in MAPK signaling, decrease in bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, and S-phase inhibition. This cytostatic effect was also associated with diminished levels of cyclin D1 and p-pRb. Two short-term melanoma cultures generated from resistant tumor biopsies also responded to MAPK inhibition, with comparable inhibitory changes in proliferation and MAPK signaling. These data provide a rationale for the continuation of BRAF and MEK inhibitors after disease progression and support the development of clinical trials to examine this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo S Carlino
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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Hochberg M, Gilead L, Markel G, Nemlich Y, Feiler Y, Enk CD, Denichenko P, Karni R, Ingber A. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-7 (IGFBP7) transcript: A-to-I editing events in normal and cancerous human keratinocytes. Arch Dermatol Res 2013; 305:519-28. [PMID: 23543219 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-013-1338-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) are the most common malignancies in caucasians worldwide. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-7 (IGFBP7) was suggested to function as a tumor suppressor gene in several cancers, and to play a role in the proliferation of keratinocytes. A-to-I RNA editing is a post-transcriptional mechanism frequently used to expand and diversify transcriptome and proteome repertoire in eukaryotic cells. A-to-I RNA editing can alter codons, substitute amino acids and affect protein sequence, structure, and function. Two editing sites were identified within the IGFBP7 transcript. To evaluate the expression and editing of IGFBP7 mRNA in NMSC compared to normal epidermis. We examined the expression and mRNA editing level of IGFBP7 in 22 basal cell carcinoma (BCC), 15 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and 18 normal epidermis samples that were surgically removed from patients by the Mohs Micrographic Surgery procedure. We studied the effect of IGFBP7 editing on an immortalized HaCaT keratinocyte cell model. IGFBP7 mRNA is over expressed in BCC and SCC compared to normal epidermis. Moreover, the IGFBP7 transcript is highly edited in normal epidermis, but its editing is significantly reduced in BCC and SCC. The edited form of IGFBP7 can inhibit proliferation and induce senescence in cultured keratinocytes. This study describes for the first time A-to-I editing in the coding sequence of a tumor suppressor gene in humans, and suggests that IGFBP7 editing serves as a fine-tuning mechanism to maintain the equilibrium between proliferation and senescence in normal skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malka Hochberg
- Department of Dermatology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, P.O.Box 12000, 91010, Jerusalem, Israel.
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33
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Mutant B-RAF-Mcl-1 survival signaling depends on the STAT3 transcription factor. Oncogene 2013; 33:1158-66. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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34
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Fung C, Pupo GM, Scolyer RA, Kefford RF, Rizos H. p16INK4adeficiency promotes DNA hyper-replication and genetic instability in melanocytes. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26:236-46. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Fung
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research; The University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital; Westmead; NSW; Australia
| | - Gulietta M. Pupo
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research; The University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital; Westmead; NSW; Australia
| | | | | | - Helen Rizos
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research; The University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital; Westmead; NSW; Australia
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35
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Boyd SC, Mijatov B, Pupo GM, Tran SL, Gowrishankar K, Shaw HM, Goding CR, Scolyer RA, Mann GJ, Kefford RF, Rizos H, Becker TM. Oncogenic B-RAF(V600E) signaling induces the T-Box3 transcriptional repressor to repress E-cadherin and enhance melanoma cell invasion. J Invest Dermatol 2012. [PMID: 23190890 PMCID: PMC3788590 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 50% of melanomas require oncogenic B-RAFV600E signaling for proliferation, survival and metastasis, and the use of highly selective B-RAF inhibitors has yielded remarkable, albeit short term, clinical responses. Re-activation of signaling downstream of B-RAF is frequently associated with acquired resistance to B-RAF inhibitors, and the identification of B-RAF targets may therefore provide new strategies for managing melanoma. In this report, we applied whole genome expression analyses to reveal that oncogenic B-RAFV600E regulates genes associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition in normal cutaneous human melanocytes. Most prominent was the B-RAF-mediated transcriptional repression of E-cadherin, a keratinocyte-melanoma adhesion molecule whose loss is intimately associated with melanoma invasion and metastasis. Here we identify a link between oncogenic B-RAF, the transcriptional repressor Tbx3 and E-cadherin. We show that B-RAFV600E induces the expression of Tbx3, which potently represses E-cadherin expression in melanocytes and melanoma cells. Tbx3 expression is normally restricted to developmental embryonic tissues, promoting cell motility but is also aberrantly increased in various cancers and has been linked to tumor cell invasion and metastasis. We propose that this B-RAF/Tbx3/E-cadherin pathway plays a critical role in promoting the metastasis of B-RAF mutant melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanah C Boyd
- University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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36
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Tran SL, Haferkamp S, Scurr LL, Gowrishankar K, Becker TM, Desilva C, Thompson JF, Scolyer RA, Kefford RF, Rizos H. Absence of distinguishing senescence traits in human melanocytic nevi. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:2226-34. [PMID: 22513787 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence permanently restricts the replicative capacity of cells in response to various stress signals, including aberrant activation of oncogenes. The presence of predictive senescence markers in human premalignant lesions suggests that senescence may function as a genuine tumor suppressor. These markers are not exclusive to the senescence program, however, and it is possible that their expression in vivo does not discriminate irreversible from reversible forms of proliferative arrest. In this study, we aimed to clarify whether human nevus cells can be distinguished from primary and transformed melanocytes by examining the expression of eight senescence markers, including those previously purported to define nevi as senescent tumors. Specifically, we analyzed effectors of senescence, including p16(INK4a), p53, and DNA damage (γ-H2AX), as well as predictive markers of senescence including Ki67, PML, senescence-associated β-galactosidase, heterochromatic foci (H3K9Me, 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), and nuclear size. We found that these commonly accepted senescence markers do not in fact distinguish nevi from precursor/normal and transformed/malignant melanocytes. We conclude that on the basis of current evidence it cannot be reasonably inferred that nevi are permanently growth arrested via senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sieu L Tran
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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Gowrishankar K, Snoyman S, Pupo GM, Becker TM, Kefford RF, Rizos H. Acquired resistance to BRAF inhibition can confer cross-resistance to combined BRAF/MEK inhibition. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:1850-9. [PMID: 22437314 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the BRAF kinase occurs in ∼60% of melanomas, and although BRAF inhibitors have shown significant early clinical success, acquired resistance occurs in most patients. Resistance to chronic BRAF inhibition often involves reactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, and the combined targeting of BRAF and its downstream target MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) may delay or overcome resistance. To investigate the efficacy of combination BRAF and MEK inhibition, we generated melanoma cell clones resistant to the BRAF inhibitor GSK2118436. These BRAF inhibitor-resistant sublines acquired resistance through several distinct mechanisms, including the acquisition of activating N-RAS mutations and increased accumulation of COT1. These alterations uniformly promoted MAPK reactivation and most conferred resistance to MEK inhibition and to the concurrent inhibition of BRAF and MEK. These data indicate that melanoma tumors are likely to develop heterogeneous mechanisms of resistance, many of which will confer resistance to multiple MAPK inhibitory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Gowrishankar
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute and Melanoma Institute Australia, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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38
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Vizioli MG, Possik PA, Tarantino E, Meissl K, Borrello MG, Miranda C, Anania MC, Pagliardini S, Seregni E, Pierotti MA, Pilotti S, Peeper DS, Greco A. Evidence of oncogene-induced senescence in thyroid carcinogenesis. Endocr Relat Cancer 2011; 18:743-57. [PMID: 21937739 DOI: 10.1530/erc-11-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) is a growth arrest triggered by the enforced expression of cancer-promoting genes and acts as a barrier against malignant transformation in vivo. In this study, by a combination of in vitro and in vivo approaches, we investigate the role of OIS in tumours originating from the thyroid epithelium. We found that expression of different thyroid tumour-associated oncogenes in primary human thyrocytes triggers senescence, as demonstrated by the presence of OIS hallmarks: changes in cell morphology, accumulation of SA-β-Gal and senescence-associated heterochromatic foci, and upregulation of transcription of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p16(INK4a) and p21(CIP1). Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis of a panel of thyroid tumours characterised by different aggressiveness showed that the expression of OIS markers such as p16(INK4a), p21(CIP1) and IGFBP7 is upregulated at early stages, and lost during thyroid tumour progression. Taken together, our results suggest a role of OIS in thyroid carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Vizioli
- Molecular Mechanisms Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Foundation-Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G. Amadeo, 42 20133 Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Recent progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of the initiation and progression of melanoma has created new opportunities for developing novel therapeutic modalities to manage this potentially lethal disease. Although at first glance, melanoma carcinogenesis appears to be a chaotic system, it is indeed, arguably, a deterministic multistep process involving sequential alterations of proto-oncogenes, tumour suppressors and miRNA genes. The scope of this article is to discuss the most recent and significant advances in melanoma molecular therapeutics. It is apparent that using single agents targeting solely individual melanoma pathways might be insufficient for long-term survival. However, the outstanding results on melanoma survival observed with novel selective inhibitors of B-RAF, such as PLX4032 give hope that melanoma can be cured. The fact that melanoma develops acquired resistance to PLX4032 emphasises the importance of simultaneously targeting several pathways. Because the most striking feature of melanoma is its unsurpassed ability to metastasise, it is important to implement newer systems for drug delivery adapted from research on stem cells and nanotechnology.
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Lee S, Schmitt CA, Reimann M. The Myc/macrophage tango: oncogene-induced senescence, Myc style. Semin Cancer Biol 2011; 21:377-84. [PMID: 22019769 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ras/Raf-prototypic oncogenes induce cellular senescence, a terminal cell-cycle arrest, as a default cellular safeguard program, while oncogenic Myc is known to rather promote apoptosis as the prime failsafe mechanism. We review and discuss here evidence for Myc-induced senescence - which is detectable to a limited degree as a cell-autonomous, direct response to Myc action, but occurs predominantly in a non-cell-autonomous fashion via crosstalk of the oncogene-driven cell population with non-neoplastic bystanders, namely cells of the host immune system, prompting them to release pro-senescent cytokines that strike back onto adjacent proliferating tumor cells. In particular, we discuss how Myc-evoked apoptosis serves as a signal for macrophage attraction and activation, followed by the secretion of TGF-β as a cytokine that is capable of terminally arresting Myc-driven lymphoma cells without causing further DNA damage and without launching a senescence-associated, pro-inflammatory, and, therefore, potentially detrimental cytokine response in the target population. In essence, non-cell-autonomous but still oncogene-orchestrated senescence is a functionally relevant, robustly tumor-suppressive principle with critical implications for conceptually novel anti-cancer therapies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Lee
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin/Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum der Charité-MKFZ, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Medic S, Rizos H, Ziman M. Differential PAX3 functions in normal skin melanocytes and melanoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 411:832-7. [PMID: 21802410 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The PAX3 transcription factor is the key regulator of melanocyte development during embryogenesis and is also frequently found in melanoma cells. While PAX3 is known to regulate melanocyte differentiation, survival, proliferation and migration during development, it is not clear if its function is maintained in adult melanocytes and melanoma cells. To clarify this we have assessed which genes are targeted by PAX3 in these cells. We show here that similar to its roles in development, PAX3 regulates complex differentiation networks in both melanoma cells and melanocytes, in order to maintain cells as "stem" cell-like (via NES and SOX9). We show also that mediators of migration (MCAM and CSPG4) are common to both cell types but more so in melanoma cells. By contrast, PAX3-mediated regulation of melanoma cell proliferation (through TPD52) and survival (via BCL2L1 and PTEN) differs from that in melanocytes. These results suggest that by controlling cell proliferation, survival and migration as well as maintaining a less differentiated "stem" cell like phenotype, PAX3 may contribute to melanoma development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Medic
- School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
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García-Gámez E, Reverter A, Whan V, McWilliam SM, Arranz JJ, Kijas J. Using regulatory and epistatic networks to extend the findings of a genome scan: identifying the gene drivers of pigmentation in merino sheep. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21158. [PMID: 21701676 PMCID: PMC3119053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Extending genome wide association analysis by the inclusion of gene expression data may assist in the dissection of complex traits. We examined piebald, a pigmentation phenotype in both human and Merino sheep, by analysing multiple data types using a systems approach. First, a case control analysis of 49,034 ovine SNP was performed which confirmed a multigenic basis for the condition. We combined these results with gene expression data from five tissue types analysed with a skin-specific microarray. Promoter sequence analysis of differentially expressed genes allowed us to reverse-engineer a regulatory network. Likewise, by testing two-loci models derived from all pair-wise comparisons across piebald-associated SNP, we generated an epistatic network. At the intersection of both networks, we identified thirteen genes with insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 (IGFBP7), platelet-derived growth factor alpha (PDGFRA) and the tetraspanin platelet activator CD9 at the kernel of the intersection. Further, we report a number of differentially expressed genes in regions containing highly associated SNP including ATRN, DOCK7, FGFR1OP, GLI3, SILV and TBX15. The application of network theory facilitated co-analysis of genetic variation with gene expression, recapitulated aspects of the known molecular biology of skin pigmentation and provided insights into the transcription regulation and epistatic interactions involved in piebald Merino sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa García-Gámez
- Livestock Industries, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Antonio Reverter
- Livestock Industries, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vicki Whan
- Livestock Industries, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sean M. McWilliam
- Livestock Industries, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Juan José Arranz
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | | | - James Kijas
- Livestock Industries, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive and yet poorly understood of human malignancies. Advances in genomics has allowed a more nuanced understanding of the disease, moving beyond the traditional dysplastic nevus-to-melanoma model and identifying multiple divergent oncogenic pathways leading to melanoma. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving melanoma has opened the doors for the development of targeted therapeutic approaches. As we enter the era of personalized medicine, it will be critical for clinicians to both appreciate and be able to determine the molecular profile of their patients' melanoma because this profile will guide risk stratification, genetic counseling, and treatment customization. A review of the divergent pathways of melanoma development is presented here, with a particular emphasis on recently identified mutations, and their implications for patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Ko
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Hu S, Chen R, Man X, Feng X, Cen J, Gu W, He H, Li J, Chai Y, Chen Z. Function and expression of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) gene in childhood acute myeloid leukemia. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2011; 28:279-87. [PMID: 21413833 DOI: 10.3109/08880018.2011.557852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) has been identified as a tumor suppressor in solid tumors. In acute leukemia, the role of IGFBP7 is largely unknown. The authors used quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to investigate the expression level of IGFBP7 gene in bone marrow (BM) specimen from 66 children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) at different stages and in 30 nonleukemia patients as control. Furthermore, U937 cells were transfected with siRNA-2 of IGFBP7 (as U937R) for 24 hours. Coculture experiment was performed to explore the impact of IGFBP7 gene in U937 cell adhesion, invasion, and migration in existing ECV304 cells, which mimicked the interaction between AML cells and endothelial cells. IGFBP7 expression at the initial diagnosed stage and relapse of AML was significantly higher than that of control (P < .001). The viable cell percentage in transfected cell was significantly decreased by 42% compared with control groups (P < .01). The percentage for U937R cells adherent to ECV304 cells was significantly lower than the control groups (P < .01). Matrigel study to quantify the invasive potential showed that U937R migrated to the lower chamber were significantly less than those in the parental control groups (P < .01). In summary, IGFBP7 aberrantly overexpressed in majority of AML at diagnosis and upon relapsed, but not at remission stage. IGFBP7 plays a positive contributing role in the interaction between leukemia cells and microenvironment, which may promote the leukemic cells' adhesion, invasion, and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyan Hu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, the Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, China.
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45
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Easty DJ, Gray SG, O'Byrne KJ, O'Donnell D, Bennett DC. Receptor tyrosine kinases and their activation in melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2011; 24:446-61. [PMID: 21320293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2011.00836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and their downstream signalling pathways have long been hypothesized to play key roles in melanoma development. A decade ago, evidence was derived largely from animal models, RTK expression studies and detection of activated RAS isoforms in a small fraction of melanomas. Predictions that overexpression of specific RTKs implied increased kinase activity and that some RTKs would show activating mutations in melanoma were largely untested. However, technological advances including rapid gene sequencing, siRNA methods and phospho-RTK arrays now give a more complete picture. Mutated forms of RTK genes including KIT, ERBB4, the EPH and FGFR families and others are known in melanoma. Additional over- or underexpressed RTKs and also protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) have been reported, and activities measured. Complex interactions between RTKs and PTPs are implicated in the abnormal signalling driving aberrant growth and survival in malignant melanocytes, and indeed in normal melanocytic signalling including the response to ultraviolet radiation. Kinases are considered druggable targets, so characterization of global RTK activity in melanoma should assist the rational development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Easty
- Department of Oncology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland Division of Biomedical Sciences, St George's, University of London, London, UK.
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46
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Zalaudek I, Guelly C, Pellacani G, Hofmann-Wellenhof R, Trajanoski S, Kittler H, Scope A, Marghoob AA, Longo C, Leinweber B, Ferrara G, Saida T, Grichnik JM, Argenziano G, Becker JC. The Dermoscopical and Histopathological Patterns of Nevi Correlate with the Frequency of BRAF Mutations. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:542-5. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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47
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Abstract
Mammalian wound healing involves the rapid synthesis and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) to maintain tissue integrity during repair. This process must be tightly controlled, as its deregulation may result in fibrosis, scarring, and loss of tissue function. Recent studies have uncovered an efficient and parsimonious mechanism for rendering fibrogenesis self-limiting in wound healing: in such diverse organs as the liver and skin, the myofibroblasts that initially proliferate and produce ECM are themselves eventually driven into senescence, blocking their further proliferation and converting them into matrix-degrading cells. Myofibroblast senescence in skin wounds is triggered by a dynamically expressed matricellular protein, CCN1/CYR61, which acts through integrin-mediated induction of oxidative stress. We propose that the onset of myofibroblast senescence is a programmed wound healing response that functions as a self-limiting mechanism for fibrogenesis, and this process may be regulated by the ECM microenvironment through the expression of CCN1/CYR61.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Il Jun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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Abstract
Almost half a century after the first reports describing the limited replicative potential of primary cells in culture, there is now overwhelming evidence for the existence of "cellular senescence" in vivo. It is being recognized as a critical feature of mammalian cells to suppress tumorigenesis, acting alongside cell death programs. Here, we review the various features of cellular senescence and discuss their contribution to tumor suppression. Additionally, we highlight the power and limitations of the biomarkers currently used to identify senescent cells in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kuilman
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Gorgoulis VG, Halazonetis TD. Oncogene-induced senescence: the bright and dark side of the response. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2010; 22:816-27. [PMID: 20807678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2010.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In late 1990s, it was shown that activated oncogenes are able to induce senescence. Since then large leaps in understanding this phenomenon have been achieved. There is substantial evidence supporting oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) as a potent antitumor barrier in vivo. Multiple pathways participating in cell cycle regulation, DNA damage signaling, immune response, and bioenergetics regulate the process. Despite its beneficial effects the senescent cell is thought to promote carcinogenesis and age-related disease in a nonautonomous manner. Here, we highlight the works dealing with all these aspects and discuss the studies proposing therapeutic exploitation of OIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Wajapeyee
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ryan W. Serra
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Xiaochun Zhu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Meera Mahalingam
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Michael R. Green
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Correspondence:
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