1
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Meier SM, Steinmetz MO, Barral Y. Microtubule specialization by +TIP networks: from mechanisms to functional implications. Trends Biochem Sci 2024; 49:318-332. [PMID: 38350804 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
To fulfill their actual cellular role, individual microtubules become functionally specialized through a broad range of mechanisms. The 'search and capture' model posits that microtubule dynamics and functions are specified by cellular targets that they capture (i.e., a posteriori), independently of the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) they emerge from. However, work in budding yeast indicates that MTOCs may impart a functional identity to the microtubules they nucleate, a priori. Key effectors in this process are microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs), which track microtubule tips to regulate their dynamics and facilitate their targeted interactions. In this review, we discuss potential mechanisms of a priori microtubule specialization, focusing on recent findings indicating that +TIP networks may undergo liquid biomolecular condensation in different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro M Meier
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, and Bringing Materials to Life Initiative, ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland; Bringing Materials to Life Initiative, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland; University of Basel, Biozentrum, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Yves Barral
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, and Bringing Materials to Life Initiative, ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Bringing Materials to Life Initiative, ETH Zürich, Switzerland.
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2
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Royall LN, Machado D, Jessberger S, Denoth-Lippuner A. Asymmetric inheritance of centrosomes maintains stem cell properties in human neural progenitor cells. eLife 2023; 12:e83157. [PMID: 37882444 PMCID: PMC10629821 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During human forebrain development, neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in the ventricular zone (VZ) undergo asymmetric cell divisions to produce a self-renewed progenitor cell, maintaining the potential to go through additional rounds of cell divisions, and differentiating daughter cells, populating the developing cortex. Previous work in the embryonic rodent brain suggested that the preferential inheritance of the pre-existing (older) centrosome to the self-renewed progenitor cell is required to maintain stem cell properties, ensuring proper neurogenesis. If asymmetric segregation of centrosomes occurs in NPCs of the developing human brain, which depends on unique molecular regulators and species-specific cellular composition, remains unknown. Using a novel, recombination-induced tag exchange-based genetic tool to birthdate and track the segregation of centrosomes over multiple cell divisions in human embryonic stem cell-derived regionalised forebrain organoids, we show the preferential inheritance of the older mother centrosome towards self-renewed NPCs. Aberration of asymmetric segregation of centrosomes by genetic manipulation of the centrosomal, microtubule-associated protein Ninein alters fate decisions of NPCs and their maintenance in the VZ of human cortical organoids. Thus, the data described here use a novel genetic approach to birthdate centrosomes in human cells and identify asymmetric inheritance of centrosomes as a mechanism to maintain self-renewal properties and to ensure proper neurogenesis in human NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars N Royall
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Diana Machado
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Sebastian Jessberger
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- University Research Priority Program (URPP), Adaptive Brain Circuits in Development and Learning (AdaBD), University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Annina Denoth-Lippuner
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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3
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Meier SM, Farcas AM, Kumar A, Ijavi M, Bill RT, Stelling J, Dufresne ER, Steinmetz MO, Barral Y. Multivalency ensures persistence of a +TIP body at specialized microtubule ends. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:56-67. [PMID: 36536177 PMCID: PMC9859758 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-01035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs) control microtubule specialization and are as such essential for cell division and morphogenesis. Here we investigated interactions and functions of the budding yeast Kar9 network consisting of the core +TIP proteins Kar9 (functional homologue of APC, MACF and SLAIN), Bim1 (orthologous to EB1) and Bik1 (orthologous to CLIP-170). A multivalent web of redundant interactions links the three +TIPs together to form a '+TIP body' at the end of chosen microtubules. This body behaves as a liquid condensate that allows it to persist on both growing and shrinking microtubule ends, and to function as a mechanical coupling device between microtubules and actin cables. Our study identifies nanometre-scale condensates as effective cellular structures and underlines the power of dissecting the web of low-affinity interactions driving liquid-liquid phase separation in order to establish how condensation processes support cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro M Meier
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Bringing Materials to Life Initiative, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ana-Maria Farcas
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Bringing Materials to Life Initiative, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anil Kumar
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland.,ImmunOs Therapeutics AG, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Mahdiye Ijavi
- Bringing Materials to Life Initiative, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Robert T Bill
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Stelling
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering and SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric R Dufresne
- Bringing Materials to Life Initiative, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Biozentrum, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Yves Barral
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. .,Bringing Materials to Life Initiative, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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4
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Langlois-Lemay L, D’Amours D. Moonlighting at the Poles: Non-Canonical Functions of Centrosomes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:930355. [PMID: 35912107 PMCID: PMC9329689 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.930355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes are best known as the microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) of eukaryotic cells. In addition to their classic role in chromosome segregation, centrosomes play diverse roles unrelated to their MTOC activity during cell proliferation and quiescence. Metazoan centrosomes and their functional doppelgängers from lower eukaryotes, the spindle pole bodies (SPBs), act as important structural platforms that orchestrate signaling events essential for cell cycle progression, cellular responses to DNA damage, sensory reception and cell homeostasis. Here, we provide a critical overview of the unconventional and often overlooked roles of centrosomes/SPBs in the life cycle of eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Langlois-Lemay
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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5
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The N-Terminal Domain of Bfa1 Coordinates Mitotic Exit Independent of GAP Activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142179. [PMID: 35883622 PMCID: PMC9316867 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The spindle position checkpoint (SPOC) of budding yeast delays mitotic exit in response to misaligned spindles to ensure cell survival and the maintenance of genomic stability. The GTPase-activating protein (GAP) complex Bfa1–Bub2, a key SPOC component, inhibits the GTPase Tem1 to induce mitotic arrest in response to DNA and spindle damage, as well as spindle misorientation. However, previous results strongly suggest that Bfa1 exerts a GAP-independent function in blocking mitotic exit in response to misaligned spindles. Thus, the molecular mechanism by which Bfa1 controls mitotic exit in response to misaligned spindles remains unclear. Here, we observed that overexpression of the N-terminal domain of Bfa1 (Bfa1-D16), which lacks GAP activity and cannot localize to the spindle pole body (SPB), induced cell cycle arrest along with hyper-elongation of astral microtubules (aMTs) as Bfa1 overexpression in Δbub2. We found that Δbub2 cells overexpressing Bfa1 or Bfa1-D16 inhibited activation of Mob1, which is responsible for mitotic exit. In anaphase-arrested cells, Bfa1-D16 overexpression inhibited Tem1 binding to the SPB as well as Bfa1 overexpression. Additionally, endogenous levels of Bfa1-D16 showed minor SPOC activity that was not regulated by Kin4. These results suggested that Bfa1-D16 may block mitotic exit through inhibiting Tem1 activity outside of SPBs. Alternatively, Bfa1-D16 dispersed out of SPBs may block Tem1 binding to SPBs by physically interacting with Tem1 as previously reported. Moreover, we observed hyper-elongated aMTs in tem1-3, cdc15-2, and dbf2-2 mutants that induce anaphase arrest and cannot undergo mitotic exit at restrictive temperatures, suggesting that aMT dynamics are closely related to the regulation of mitotic exit. Altogether, these observations suggest that Bfa1 can control the SPOC independent of its GAP activity and SPB localization.
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6
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Ecklund KH, Bailey ME, Kossen KA, Dietvorst CK, Asbury CL, Markus SM. The microtubule-associated protein She1 coordinates directional spindle positioning by spatially restricting dynein activity. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:273583. [PMID: 34854468 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynein motors move the mitotic spindle to the cell division plane in many cell types, including in budding yeast, in which dynein is assisted by numerous factors including the microtubule-associated protein (MAP) She1. Evidence suggests that She1 plays a role in polarizing dynein-mediated spindle movements toward the daughter cell; however, how She1 performs this function is unknown. We find that She1 assists dynein in maintaining the spindle in close proximity to the bud neck, such that, at anaphase onset, the chromosomes are segregated to mother and daughter cells. She1 does so by attenuating the initiation of dynein-mediated spindle movements within the mother cell, thus ensuring such movements are polarized toward the daughter cell. Our data indicate that this activity relies on She1 binding to the microtubule-bound conformation of the dynein microtubule-binding domain, and to astral microtubules within mother cells. Our findings reveal how an asymmetrically localized MAP directionally tunes dynein activity by attenuating motor activity in a spatially confined manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari H Ecklund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Megan E Bailey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Kelly A Kossen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Carsten K Dietvorst
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Charles L Asbury
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Steven M Markus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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7
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Devault A, Piatti S. Downregulation of the Tem1 GTPase by Amn1 after cytokinesis involves both nuclear import and SCF-mediated degradation. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:272157. [PMID: 34518877 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
At mitotic exit the cell cycle engine is reset to allow crucial processes, such as cytokinesis and replication origin licensing, to take place before a new cell cycle begins. In budding yeast, the cell cycle clock is reset by a Hippo-like kinase cascade called the mitotic exit network (MEN), whose activation is triggered at spindle pole bodies (SPBs) by the Tem1 GTPase. Yet, MEN activity must be extinguished once MEN-dependent processes have been accomplished. One factor contributing to switching off the MEN is the Amn1 protein, which binds Tem1 and inhibits it through an unknown mechanism. Here, we show that Amn1 downregulates Tem1 through a dual mode of action. On one side, it evicts Tem1 from SPBs and escorts it into the nucleus. On the other, it promotes Tem1 degradation as part of a Skp, Cullin and F-box-containing (SCF) ubiquitin ligase. Tem1 inhibition by Amn1 takes place after cytokinesis in the bud-derived daughter cell, consistent with its asymmetric appearance in the daughter cell versus the mother cell. This dual mechanism of Tem1 inhibition by Amn1 may contribute to the rapid extinguishing of MEN activity once it has fulfilled its functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Devault
- CRBM (Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier), University of Montpellier, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Simonetta Piatti
- CRBM (Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier), University of Montpellier, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
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8
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Structure and regulation of the microtubule plus-end tracking protein Kar9. Structure 2021; 29:1266-1278.e4. [PMID: 34237274 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In many eukaryotes, coordination of chromosome segregation with cell cleavage relies on the patterned interaction of specific microtubules with actin filaments through dedicated microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs). However, how these +TIPs are spatially controlled is unclear. The yeast +TIP Kar9 drives one of the spindle aster microtubules along actin cables to align the mitotic spindle with the axis of cell division. Here, we report the crystal structure of Kar9's folded domain, revealing spectrin repeats reminiscent of the +TIPs MACF/ACF7/Shot and PRC1/Ase1. Point mutations abrogating spectrin-repeat-mediated dimerization of Kar9 reduced and randomized Kar9 distribution to microtubule tips, and impaired spindle positioning. Six Cdk1 sites surround the Kar9 dimerization interface. Their phosphomimetic substitution inhibited Kar9 dimerization, displaced Kar9 from microtubules, and affected its interaction with the myosin motor Myo2. Our results provide molecular-level understanding on how diverse cell types may regulate and pattern microtubule-actin interactions to orchestrate their divisions.
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9
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Meziane M, Genthial R, Vogel J. Kar9 symmetry breaking alone is insufficient to ensure spindle alignment. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4227. [PMID: 33608583 PMCID: PMC7895971 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83136-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spindle positioning must be tightly regulated to ensure asymmetric cell divisions are successful. In budding yeast, spindle positioning is mediated by the asymmetric localization of microtubule + end tracking protein Kar9. Kar9 asymmetry is believed to be essential for spindle alignment. However, the temporal correlation between symmetry breaking and spindle alignment has not been measured. Here, we establish a method of quantifying Kar9 symmetry breaking and find that Kar9 asymmetry is not well coupled with stable spindle alignment. We report the spindles are not aligned in the majority of asymmetric cells. Rather, stable alignment is correlated with Kar9 residence in the bud, regardless of symmetry state. Our findings suggest that Kar9 asymmetry alone is insufficient for stable alignment and reveal a possible role for Swe1 in regulating Kar9 residence in the bud.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miram Meziane
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Rachel Genthial
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Jackie Vogel
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada.
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10
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Auboiron M, Vasseur P, Tonazzini S, Fall A, Castro FR, Sučec I, El Koulali K, Urbach S, Radman-Livaja M. TrIPP-a method for tracking the inheritance patterns of proteins in living cells-reveals retention of Tup1p, Fpr4p, and Rpd3L in the mother cell. iScience 2021; 24:102075. [PMID: 33644711 PMCID: PMC7889982 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Inheritance of chromatin-bound proteins theoretically plays a role in the epigenetic transmission of cellular phenotypes. Protein segregation during cell division is however poorly understood. We now describe TrIPP (Tracking the Inheritance Patterns of Proteins): a live cell imaging method for tracking maternal proteins during asymmetric cell divisions of budding yeast. Our analysis of the partitioning pattern of a test set of 18 chromatin-associated proteins reveals that abundant and moderately abundant maternal proteins segregate stochastically and symmetrically between the two cells with the exception of Rxt3p, Fpr4p, and Tup1p, which are preferentially retained in the mother. Low abundance proteins also tend to be retained in the mother cell with the exception of Sir2p and the linker histone H1. Our analysis of chromatin protein behavior in single cells reveals potentially general trends such as coupled protein synthesis and decay and a correlation between protein half-lives and cell-cycle duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Auboiron
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France.,Université de Montpellier, 163 rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Pauline Vasseur
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Saphia Tonazzini
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France.,Université de Montpellier, 163 rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Arame Fall
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France.,Université de Montpellier, 163 rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Francesc Rubert Castro
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Iva Sučec
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Khadija El Koulali
- Université de Montpellier, 163 rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France.,Functional Proteomics Platform, IGF _ CNRS INSERM, Université de Montpellier, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Serge Urbach
- Université de Montpellier, 163 rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France.,Functional Proteomics Platform, IGF _ CNRS INSERM, Université de Montpellier, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Marta Radman-Livaja
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France.,Université de Montpellier, 163 rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France
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11
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Li J, Paulo JA, Nusinow DP, Huttlin EL, Gygi SP. Investigation of Proteomic and Phosphoproteomic Responses to Signaling Network Perturbations Reveals Functional Pathway Organizations in Yeast. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2092-2104.e4. [PMID: 31722220 PMCID: PMC7382779 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Governance of protein phosphorylation by kinases and phosphatases constitutes an essential regulatory network in eukaryotic cells. Network dysregulation leads to severe consequences and is often a key factor in disease pathogenesis. Previous studies revealed multiple roles for protein phosphorylation and pathway structures in cellular functions from different perspectives. We seek to understand the roles of kinases and phosphatases from a protein homeostasis point of view. Using a streamlined tandem mass tag (SL-TMT) strategy, we systematically measure proteomic and phosphoproteomic responses to perturbations of phosphorylation signaling networks in yeast deletion strains. Our results emphasize the requirement for protein normalization for more complete interpretation of phosphorylation data. Functional relationships between kinases and phosphatases were characterized at both proteome and phosphoproteome levels in three ways: (1) Gene Ontology enrichment analysis, (2) Δgene-Δgene correlation networks, and (3) molecule covariance networks. This resource illuminates kinase and phosphatase functions and pathway organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David P Nusinow
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Edward L Huttlin
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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12
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Geymonat M, Peng Q, Guo Z, Yu Z, Unruh JR, Jaspersen SL, Segal M. Orderly assembly underpinning built-in asymmetry in the yeast centrosome duplication cycle requires cyclin-dependent kinase. eLife 2020; 9:59222. [PMID: 32851976 PMCID: PMC7470843 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric astral microtubule organization drives the polarized orientation of the S. cerevisiae mitotic spindle and primes the invariant inheritance of the old spindle pole body (SPB, the yeast centrosome) by the bud. This model has anticipated analogous centrosome asymmetries featured in self-renewing stem cell divisions. We previously implicated Spc72, the cytoplasmic receptor for the gamma-tubulin nucleation complex, as the most upstream determinant linking SPB age, functional asymmetry and fate. Here we used structured illumination microscopy and biochemical analysis to explore the asymmetric landscape of nucleation sites inherently built into the spindle pathway and under the control of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK). We show that CDK enforces Spc72 asymmetric docking by phosphorylating Nud1/centriolin. Furthermore, CDK-imposed order in the construction of the new SPB promotes the correct balance of nucleation sites between the nuclear and cytoplasmic faces of the SPB. Together these contributions by CDK inherently link correct SPB morphogenesis, age and fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Geymonat
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Qiuran Peng
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Zhiang Guo
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Zulin Yu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Jay R Unruh
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Sue L Jaspersen
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, United States
| | - Marisa Segal
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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13
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Leary A, Sim S, Nazarova E, Shulist K, Genthial R, Yang SK, Bui KH, Francois P, Vogel J. Successive Kinesin-5 Microtubule Crosslinking and Sliding Promote Fast, Irreversible Formation of a Stereotyped Bipolar Spindle. Curr Biol 2019; 29:3825-3837.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Manzano-López J, Matellán L, Álvarez-Llamas A, Blanco-Mira JC, Monje-Casas F. Asymmetric inheritance of spindle microtubule-organizing centres preserves replicative lifespan. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:952-965. [DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0364-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Campbell IW, Zhou X, Amon A. The Mitotic Exit Network integrates temporal and spatial signals by distributing regulation across multiple components. eLife 2019; 8:41139. [PMID: 30672733 PMCID: PMC6363386 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
GTPase signal transduction pathways control cellular decision making by integrating multiple cellular events into a single signal. The Mitotic Exit Network (MEN), a Ras-like GTPase signaling pathway, integrates spatial and temporal cues to ensure that cytokinesis only occurs after the genome has partitioned between mother and daughter cells during anaphase. Here we show that signal integration does not occur at a single step of the pathway. Rather, sequential components of the pathway are controlled in series by different signals. The spatial signal, nuclear position, regulates the MEN GTPase Tem1. The temporal signal, commencement of anaphase, is mediated by mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) phosphorylation of the GTPase's downstream kinases. We propose that integrating multiple signals through sequential steps in the GTPase pathway represents a generalizable principle in GTPase signaling and explains why intracellular signal transmission is a multi-step process. Serial signal integration rather than signal amplification makes multi-step signal transduction necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Winsten Campbell
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Xiaoxue Zhou
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
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16
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Raspelli E, Facchinetti S, Fraschini R. Swe1 and Mih1 regulate mitotic spindle dynamics in budding yeast via Bik1. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.213520. [PMID: 30072442 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.213520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitotic spindle is a very dynamic structure that is built de novo and destroyed at each round of cell division. In order to perform its fundamental function during chromosome segregation, mitotic spindle dynamics must be tightly coordinated with other cell cycle events. These changes are driven by several protein kinases, phosphatases and microtubule-associated proteins. In budding yeast, the kinase Swe1 and the phosphatase Mih1 act in concert in controlling the phosphorylation state of Cdc28, the catalytic subunit of Cdk1, the major regulator of the cell cycle. In this study we show that Swe1 and Mih1 are also involved in the control of mitotic spindle dynamics. Our data indicate that Swe1 and the Polo-like kinase Cdc5 control the balance between phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of Mih1, which is, in turn, important for mitotic spindle elongation. Moreover, we show that the microtubule-associated protein Bik1 is a phosphoprotein, and that Swe1 and Mih1 are both involved in controlling phosphorylation of Bik1. These results uncover new players and provide insights into the complex regulation of mitotic spindle dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Raspelli
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Facchinetti
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Fraschini
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
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17
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Lengefeld J, Barral Y. Asymmetric Segregation of Aged Spindle Pole Bodies During Cell Division: Mechanisms and Relevance Beyond Budding Yeast? Bioessays 2018; 40:e1800038. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jette Lengefeld
- Institute of Biochemistry; ETH Zurich; Otto-Stern-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - Yves Barral
- Institute of Biochemistry; ETH Zurich; Otto-Stern-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland
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18
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Scarfone I, Piatti S. Coupling spindle position with mitotic exit in budding yeast: The multifaceted role of the small GTPase Tem1. Small GTPases 2018; 6:196-201. [PMID: 26507466 PMCID: PMC4905282 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2015.1109023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The budding yeast S. cerevisiae divides asymmetrically and is an excellent model system for asymmetric cell division. As for other asymmetrically dividing cells, proper spindle positioning along the mother-daughter polarity axis is crucial for balanced chromosome segregation. Thus, a surveillance mechanism named Spindle Position Checkpoint (SPOC) inhibits mitotic exit and cytokinesis until the mitotic spindle is properly oriented, thereby preventing the generation of cells with aberrant ploidies. The small GTPase Tem1 is required to trigger a Hippo-like protein kinase cascade, named Mitotic Exit Network (MEN), that is essential for mitotic exit and cytokinesis but also contributes to correct spindle alignment in metaphase. Importantly, Tem1 is the target of the SPOC, which relies on the activity of the GTPase-activating complex (GAP) Bub2-Bfa1 to keep Tem1 in the GDP-bound inactive form. Tem1 forms a hetero-trimeric complex with Bub2-Bfa1 at spindle poles (SPBs) that accumulates asymmetrically on the bud-directed spindle pole during mitosis when the spindle is properly positioned. In contrast, the complex remains symmetrically localized on both poles of misaligned spindles. We have recently shown that Tem1 residence at SPBs depends on its nucleotide state and, importantly, asymmetry of the Bub2-Bfa1-Tem1 complex does not promote mitotic exit but rather controls spindle positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Scarfone
- a Centre de Recherche en Biochimie Macromoleculaire-CNRS ; Montpellier , France.,b Present address: LPCV, iRTSV, CEA Grenoble, 17 Rue des martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Simonetta Piatti
- a Centre de Recherche en Biochimie Macromoleculaire-CNRS ; Montpellier , France
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19
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Lengefeld J, Yen E, Chen X, Leary A, Vogel J, Barral Y. Spatial cues and not spindle pole maturation drive the asymmetry of astral microtubules between new and preexisting spindle poles. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 29:10-28. [PMID: 29142076 PMCID: PMC5746063 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-10-0725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The distinct behavior of the spindle pole bodies (SPBs) during spindle orientation in yeast metaphase does not result from them being differently mature, but astral microtubule organization correlates with the subcellular position rather than the age of the SPBs. In many asymmetrically dividing cells, the microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs; mammalian centrosome and yeast spindle pole body [SPB]) nucleate more astral microtubules on one of the two spindle poles than the other. This differential activity generally correlates with the age of MTOCs and contributes to orienting the mitotic spindle within the cell. The asymmetry might result from the two MTOCs being in distinctive maturation states. We investigated this model in budding yeast. Using fluorophores with different maturation kinetics to label the outer plaque components of the SPB, we found that the Cnm67 protein is mobile, whereas Spc72 is not. However, these two proteins were rapidly as abundant on both SPBs, indicating that SPBs mature more rapidly than anticipated. Superresolution microscopy confirmed this finding for Spc72 and for the γ-tubulin complex. Moreover, astral microtubule number and length correlated with the subcellular localization of SPBs rather than their age. Kar9-dependent orientation of the spindle drove the differential activity of the SPBs in astral microtubule organization rather than intrinsic differences between the spindle poles. Together, our data establish that Kar9 and spatial cues, rather than the kinetics of SPB maturation, control the asymmetry of astral microtubule organization between the preexisting and new SPBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jette Lengefeld
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eric Yen
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Xiuzhen Chen
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Allen Leary
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Jackie Vogel
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Yves Barral
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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Shulist K, Yen E, Kaitna S, Leary A, Decterov A, Gupta D, Vogel J. Interrogation of γ-tubulin alleles using high-resolution fitness measurements reveals a distinct cytoplasmic function in spindle alignment. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11398. [PMID: 28900268 PMCID: PMC5595808 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11789-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
γ-Tubulin has a well-established role in nucleating the assembly of microtubules, yet how phosphorylation regulates its activity remains unclear. Here, we use a time-resolved, fitness-based SGA approach to compare two γ-tubulin alleles, and find that the genetic interaction profile of γtub-Y362E is enriched in spindle positioning and cell polarity genes relative to that of γtub-Y445D, which is enriched in genes involved in spindle assembly and stability. In γtub-Y362E cells, we find a defect in spindle alignment and an increase in the number of astral microtubules at both spindle poles. Our results suggest that the γtub-Y362E allele is a separation-of-function mutation that reveals a role for γ-tubulin phospho-regulation in spindle alignment. We propose that phosphorylation of the evolutionarily conserved Y362 residue of budding yeast γ-tubulin contributes to regulating the number of astral microtubules associated with spindle poles, and promoting efficient pre-anaphase spindle alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Shulist
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Eric Yen
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Susanne Kaitna
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Allen Leary
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Alexandra Decterov
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Debarun Gupta
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Jackie Vogel
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 0B1, Canada.
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21
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Goldstein A, Siegler N, Goldman D, Judah H, Valk E, Kõivomägi M, Loog M, Gheber L. Three Cdk1 sites in the kinesin-5 Cin8 catalytic domain coordinate motor localization and activity during anaphase. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3395-3412. [PMID: 28455557 PMCID: PMC11107736 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2523-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The bipolar kinesin-5 motors perform essential functions in mitotic spindle dynamics. We previously demonstrated that phosphorylation of at least one of the Cdk1 sites in the catalytic domain of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinesin-5 Cin8 (S277, T285, S493) regulates its localization to the anaphase spindle. The contribution of these three sites to phospho-regulation of Cin8, as well as the timing of such contributions, remains unknown. Here, we examined the function and spindle localization of phospho-deficient (serine/threonine to alanine) and phospho-mimic (serine/threonine to aspartic acid) Cin8 mutants. In vitro, the three Cdk1 sites undergo phosphorylation by Clb2-Cdk1. In cells, phosphorylation of Cin8 affects two aspects of its localization to the anaphase spindle, translocation from the spindle-pole bodies (SPBs) region to spindle microtubules (MTs) and the midzone, and detachment from the mitotic spindle. We found that phosphorylation of S277 is essential for the translocation of Cin8 from SPBs to spindle MTs and the subsequent detachment from the spindle. Phosphorylation of T285 mainly affects the detachment of Cin8 from spindle MTs during anaphase, while phosphorylation at S493 affects both the translocation of Cin8 from SPBs to the spindle and detachment from the spindle. Only S493 phosphorylation affected the anaphase spindle elongation rate. We conclude that each phosphorylation site plays a unique role in regulating Cin8 functions and postulate a model in which the timing and extent of phosphorylation of the three sites orchestrates the anaphase function of Cin8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Goldstein
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nurit Siegler
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Darya Goldman
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Haim Judah
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ervin Valk
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mardo Kõivomägi
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mart Loog
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Larisa Gheber
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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22
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Maekawa H, Neuner A, Rüthnick D, Schiebel E, Pereira G, Kaneko Y. Polo-like kinase Cdc5 regulates Spc72 recruitment to spindle pole body in the methylotrophic yeast Ogataea polymorpha. eLife 2017; 6:24340. [PMID: 28853395 PMCID: PMC5626484 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic microtubules (cMT) control mitotic spindle positioning in many organisms, and are therefore pivotal for successful cell division. Despite its importance, the temporal control of cMT formation remains poorly understood. Here we show that unlike the best-studied yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, position of pre-anaphase nucleus is not strongly biased toward bud neck in Ogataea polymorpha and the regulation of spindle positioning becomes active only shortly before anaphase. This is likely due to the unstable property of cMTs compared to those in S. cerevisiae. Furthermore, we show that cMT nucleation/anchoring is restricted at the level of recruitment of the γ-tubulin complex receptor, Spc72, to spindle pole body (SPB), which is regulated by the polo-like kinase Cdc5. Additionally, electron microscopy revealed that the cytoplasmic side of SPB is structurally different between G1 and anaphase. Thus, polo-like kinase dependent recruitment of γ-tubulin receptor to SPBs determines the timing of spindle orientation in O. polymorpha. Before a cell divides, it needs to duplicate its genetic material to provide the new daughter cell with a full set of genetic information. To do so, the cell forms a complex of proteins called the spindle apparatus, which is made up of string-like microtubules that divide the chromosomes evenly. In many organisms, the position of the spindle determines where in the cell this separation happens. However, in baker’s yeast, the location where the cell will divide is determined well before the spindle is formed. Unlike many other eukaryotic cells, these yeast cells divide asymmetrically and create buds that will form the new daughter cells. The position of this bud determines where the spindle should be located and where the chromosomes separate. The spindle itself is then organised by a structure called the spindle pole body, which connects to microtubules inside the cell nucleus and microtubules in the cell plasma. Several proteins control where and how the spindle forms, including a protein called the spindle pole component 72, or Spc72 for short, and an enzyme called Cdc5. However, until now it was unclear how spindle formation is timed and controlled in other yeast species. Now, Maekawa et al. have used fluorescent markers and time lapse microscopy to examine how the spindle forms in the yeast species Ogataea polymorpha, an important industrial yeast used to produce medicines and alcohol. The results show that in O. polymorpha, the positioning and orientation of the spindle only occurred very late in the cell cycle and the microtubules in the cell plasma remained unstable until the chromosomes were about to separate. This was linked to changes in the level of Spc72, which increased at the spindle pole body before the chromosomes separated and then dropped again. This was controlled by Cdc5. Understanding when and where microtubules are formed is an important step in understanding how cells divide. This is the first example of a budding yeast that creates new microtubules in the cell plasma every time the cell divides. Unravelling the molecular differences between yeast species could lead to new ways to optimise the use of industrial yeasts like O. polymorpha, or to combat disease-causing ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Maekawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Annett Neuner
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Diana Rüthnick
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elmar Schiebel
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gislene Pereira
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Centrosomes and Cilia, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Geymonat M, Segal M. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Determinants Linking Spindle Pole Fate, Spindle Polarity, and Asymmetric Cell Division in the Budding Yeast S. cerevisiae. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 61:49-82. [PMID: 28409300 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53150-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The budding yeast S. cerevisiae is a powerful model to understand the multiple layers of control driving an asymmetric cell division. In budding yeast, asymmetric targeting of the spindle poles to the mother and bud cell compartments respectively orients the mitotic spindle along the mother-bud axis. This program exploits an intrinsic functional asymmetry arising from the age distinction between the spindle poles-one inherited from the preceding division and the other newly assembled. Extrinsic mechanisms convert this age distinction into differential fate. Execution of this program couples spindle orientation with the segregation of the older spindle pole to the bud. Remarkably, similar stereotyped patterns of inheritance occur in self-renewing stem cell divisions underscoring the general importance of studying spindle polarity and differential fate in yeast. Here, we review the mechanisms accounting for this pivotal interplay between intrinsic and extrinsic asymmetries that translate spindle pole age into differential fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Geymonat
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Marisa Segal
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK.
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24
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Lengefeld J, Hotz M, Rollins M, Baetz K, Barral Y. Budding yeast Wee1 distinguishes spindle pole bodies to guide their pattern of age-dependent segregation. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:941-951. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb3576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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The Mitotic Exit Network Regulates Spindle Pole Body Selection During Sporulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2017; 206:919-937. [PMID: 28450458 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.194522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-based inheritance of centrosomes in eukaryotic cells is associated with faithful chromosome distribution in asymmetric cell divisions. During Saccharomyces cerevisiae ascospore formation, such an inheritance mechanism targets the yeast centrosome equivalents, the spindle pole bodies (SPBs) at meiosis II onset. Decreased nutrient availability causes initiation of spore formation at only the younger SPBs and their associated genomes. This mechanism ensures encapsulation of nonsister genomes, which preserves genetic diversity and provides a fitness advantage at the population level. Here, by usage of an enhanced system for sporulation-induced protein depletion, we demonstrate that the core mitotic exit network (MEN) is involved in age-based SPB selection. Moreover, efficient genome inheritance requires Dbf2/20-Mob1 during a late step in spore maturation. We provide evidence that the meiotic functions of the MEN are more complex than previously thought. In contrast to mitosis, completion of the meiotic divisions does not strictly rely on the MEN whereas its activity is required at different time points during spore development. This is reminiscent of vegetative MEN functions in spindle polarity establishment, mitotic exit, and cytokinesis. In summary, our investigation contributes to the understanding of age-based SPB inheritance during sporulation of S. cerevisiae and provides general insights on network plasticity in the context of a specialized developmental program. Moreover, the improved system for a developmental-specific tool to induce protein depletion will be useful in other biological contexts.
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26
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Abstract
The Mitotic Exit Network (MEN) is an essential signaling pathway, closely related to the Hippo pathway in mammals, which promotes mitotic exit and initiates cytokinesis in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about the MEN components and their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bàrbara Baro
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases,Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Ethel Queralt
- Cancer Epigenetics & Biology Program, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Fernando Monje-Casas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Américo Vespucio, s/n. P.C.T. Cartuja 93., 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
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27
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Hatano Y, Naoki K, Suzuki A, Ushimaru T. Positive feedback promotes mitotic exit via the APC/C-Cdh1-separase-Cdc14 axis in budding yeast. Cell Signal 2016; 28:1545-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Manatschal C, Farcas AM, Degen MS, Bayer M, Kumar A, Landgraf C, Volkmer R, Barral Y, Steinmetz MO. Molecular basis of Kar9-Bim1 complex function during mating and spindle positioning. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:mbc.E16-07-0552. [PMID: 27682587 PMCID: PMC5170556 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-07-0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kar9 pathway promotes nuclear fusion during mating and spindle alignment during metaphase in budding yeast. How Kar9 supports the different outcome of these two divergent processes is an open question. Here, we show that three sites in the C-terminal disordered domain of Kar9 mediate tight Kar9 interaction with the C-terminal dimerization domain of Bim1 (EB1 orthologue). Site1 and Site2 contain SxIP motifs; however, Site3 defines a novel type of EB1-binding site. Whereas Site2 and Site3 mediate Kar9 recruitment to microtubule tips, nuclear movement and karyogamy, solely Site2 functions in spindle positioning during metaphase. Site1 in turn plays an inhibitory role during mating. Additionally, the Kar9-Bim1 complex is involved in microtubule-independent activities during mating. Together, our data reveal how multiple and partially redundant EB1-binding sites provide a microtubule-associated protein with the means to modulate its biochemical properties to promote different molecular processes during cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Manatschal
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Ana-Maria Farcas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biology Department, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Steiner Degen
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Bayer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biology Department, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anil Kumar
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Landgraf
- Institut für Medizinische Immunologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rudolf Volkmer
- Institut für Medizinische Immunologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yves Barral
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biology Department, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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29
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Regulation of a Spindle Positioning Factor at Kinetochores by SUMO-Targeted Ubiquitin Ligases. Dev Cell 2016; 36:415-27. [PMID: 26906737 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Correct function of the mitotic spindle requires balanced interplay of kinetochore and astral microtubules that mediate chromosome segregation and spindle positioning, respectively. Errors therein can cause severe defects ranging from aneuploidy to developmental disorders. Here, we describe a protein degradation pathway that functionally links astral microtubules to kinetochores via regulation of a microtubule-associated factor. We show that the yeast spindle positioning protein Kar9 localizes not only to astral but also to kinetochore microtubules, where it becomes targeted for proteasomal degradation by the SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligases (STUbLs) Slx5-Slx8. Intriguingly, this process does not depend on preceding sumoylation of Kar9 but rather requires SUMO-dependent recruitment of STUbLs to kinetochores. Failure to degrade Kar9 leads to defects in both chromosome segregation and spindle positioning. We propose that kinetochores serve as platforms to recruit STUbLs in a SUMO-dependent manner in order to ensure correct spindle function by regulating levels of microtubule-associated proteins.
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30
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Abstract
The ability to dictate cell fate decisions is critical during animal development. Moreover, faithful execution of this process ensures proper tissue homeostasis throughout adulthood, whereas defects in the molecular machinery involved may contribute to disease. Evolutionarily conserved protein complexes control cell fate decisions across diverse tissues. Maintaining proper daughter cell inheritance patterns of these determinants during mitosis is therefore a fundamental step of the cell fate decision-making process. In this review, we will discuss two key aspects of this fate determinant segregation activity, cortical cell polarity and mitotic spindle orientation, and how they operate together to produce oriented cell divisions that ultimately influence daughter cell fate. Our focus will be directed at the principal underlying molecular mechanisms and the specific cell fate decisions they have been shown to control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christopher A. Johnston
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-505-277-1567; Fax: +1-505-277-0304
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31
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Drechsler H, Tan AN, Liakopoulos D. Yeast GSK-3 kinase regulates astral microtubule function through phosphorylation of the microtubule-stabilizing kinesin Kip2. J Cell Sci 2015. [PMID: 26395399 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.166686/-/dc1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The S. cerevisiae kinesin Kip2 stabilises astral microtubules (MTs) and facilitates spindle positioning through transport of MT-associated proteins, such as the yeast CLIP-170 homologue Bik1, dynein and the adenomatous-polyposis-coli-related protein Kar9 to the plus ends of astral MTs. Here, we show that Kip2 associates with its processivity factor Bim1, the yeast homologue of the plus-end-tracking protein EB1. This interaction requires an EB1-binding motif in the N-terminal extension of Kip2 and is negatively regulated by phosphorylation through Mck1, the yeast glycogen synthase kinase 3. In addition, Mck1-dependent phosphorylation decreases the intrinsic MT affinity of Kip2. Reduction in Kip2 phosphorylation leads to stabilisation of astral MTs, and accumulation of Kip2, dynein and Kar9 at MT plus ends, whereas loss of Mck1 function leads to defects in spindle positioning. Furthermore, we provide evidence that a subpopulation of Mck1 at the bud-cortex phosphorylates Kip2. We propose that yeast GSK-3 spatially controls astral MT dynamics and the loading of dynein and Kar9 on astral MT plus ends by regulating Kip2 interactions with Bim1 and MTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hauke Drechsler
- Biochemistry Centre Heidelberg (BZH), INF 328, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Ann Na Tan
- Biochemistry Centre Heidelberg (BZH), INF 328, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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Dewey EB, Sanchez D, Johnston CA. Warts phosphorylates mud to promote pins-mediated mitotic spindle orientation in Drosophila, independent of Yorkie. Curr Biol 2015; 25:2751-2762. [PMID: 26592339 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular animals have evolved conserved signaling pathways that translate cell polarity cues into mitotic spindle positioning to control the orientation of cell division within complex tissue structures. These oriented cell divisions are essential for the development of cell diversity and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Despite intense efforts, the molecular mechanisms that control spindle orientation remain incompletely defined. Here, we describe a role for the Hippo (Hpo) kinase complex in promoting Partner of Inscuteable (Pins)-mediated spindle orientation. Knockdown of Hpo, Salvador (Sav), or Warts (Wts) each result in a partial loss of spindle orientation, a phenotype previously described following loss of the Pins-binding protein Mushroom body defect (Mud). Similar to orthologs spanning yeast to mammals, Wts kinase localizes to mitotic spindle poles, a prominent site of Mud localization. Wts directly phosphorylates Mud in vitro within its C-terminal coiled-coil domain. This Mud coiled-coil domain directly binds the adjacent Pins-binding domain to dampen the Pins/Mud interaction, and Wts-mediated phosphorylation uncouples this intramolecular Mud interaction. Loss of Wts prevents cortical Pins/Mud association without affecting Mud accumulation at spindle poles, suggesting phosphorylation acts as a molecular switch to specifically activate cortical Mud function. Finally, loss of Wts in Drosophila imaginal disc epithelial cells results in diminished cortical Mud and defective planar spindle orientation. Our results provide new insights into the molecular basis for dynamic regulation of the cortical Pins/Mud spindle positioning complex and highlight a novel link with an essential, evolutionarily conserved cell proliferation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan B Dewey
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Desiree Sanchez
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Drechsler H, Tan AN, Liakopoulos D. Yeast GSK-3 kinase regulates astral microtubule function through phosphorylation of the microtubule-stabilizing kinesin Kip2. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:3910-21. [PMID: 26395399 PMCID: PMC4657329 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.166686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The S. cerevisiae kinesin Kip2 stabilises astral microtubules (MTs) and facilitates spindle positioning through transport of MT-associated proteins, such as the yeast CLIP-170 homologue Bik1, dynein and the adenomatous-polyposis-coli-related protein Kar9 to the plus ends of astral MTs. Here, we show that Kip2 associates with its processivity factor Bim1, the yeast homologue of the plus-end-tracking protein EB1. This interaction requires an EB1-binding motif in the N-terminal extension of Kip2 and is negatively regulated by phosphorylation through Mck1, the yeast glycogen synthase kinase 3. In addition, Mck1-dependent phosphorylation decreases the intrinsic MT affinity of Kip2. Reduction in Kip2 phosphorylation leads to stabilisation of astral MTs, and accumulation of Kip2, dynein and Kar9 at MT plus ends, whereas loss of Mck1 function leads to defects in spindle positioning. Furthermore, we provide evidence that a subpopulation of Mck1 at the bud-cortex phosphorylates Kip2. We propose that yeast GSK-3 spatially controls astral MT dynamics and the loading of dynein and Kar9 on astral MT plus ends by regulating Kip2 interactions with Bim1 and MTs. Summary: The yeast GSK-3 kinase controls astral microtubule functions by regulating the interaction of the microtubule-stabilising kinesin Kip2 with microtubules and its processivity factor Bim1/EB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hauke Drechsler
- Biochemistry Centre Heidelberg (BZH), INF 328, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Ann Na Tan
- Biochemistry Centre Heidelberg (BZH), INF 328, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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Scarfone I, Venturetti M, Hotz M, Lengefeld J, Barral Y, Piatti S. Asymmetry of the budding yeast Tem1 GTPase at spindle poles is required for spindle positioning but not for mitotic exit. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004938. [PMID: 25658911 PMCID: PMC4450052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The asymmetrically dividing yeast S. cerevisiae assembles a bipolar spindle well after establishing the future site of cell division (i.e., the bud neck) and the division axis (i.e., the mother-bud axis). A surveillance mechanism called spindle position checkpoint (SPOC) delays mitotic exit and cytokinesis until the spindle is properly positioned relative to the mother-bud axis, thereby ensuring the correct ploidy of the progeny. SPOC relies on the heterodimeric GTPase-activating protein Bub2/Bfa1 that inhibits the small GTPase Tem1, in turn essential for activating the mitotic exit network (MEN) kinase cascade and cytokinesis. The Bub2/Bfa1 GAP and the Tem1 GTPase form a complex at spindle poles that undergoes a remarkable asymmetry during mitosis when the spindle is properly positioned, with the complex accumulating on the bud-directed old spindle pole. In contrast, the complex remains symmetrically localized on both poles of misaligned spindles. The mechanism driving asymmetry of Bub2/Bfa1/Tem1 in mitosis is unclear. Furthermore, whether asymmetry is involved in timely mitotic exit is controversial. We investigated the mechanism by which the GAP Bub2/Bfa1 controls GTP hydrolysis on Tem1 and generated a series of mutants leading to constitutive Tem1 activation. These mutants are SPOC-defective and invariably lead to symmetrical localization of Bub2/Bfa1/Tem1 at spindle poles, indicating that GTP hydrolysis is essential for asymmetry. Constitutive tethering of Bub2 or Bfa1 to both spindle poles impairs SPOC response but does not impair mitotic exit. Rather, it facilitates mitotic exit of MEN mutants, likely by increasing the residence time of Tem1 at spindle poles where it gets active. Surprisingly, all mutant or chimeric proteins leading to symmetrical localization of Bub2/Bfa1/Tem1 lead to increased symmetry at spindle poles of the Kar9 protein that mediates spindle positioning and cause spindle misalignment. Thus, asymmetry of the Bub2/Bfa1/Tem1 complex is crucial to control Kar9 distribution and spindle positioning during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Scarfone
- Centre de Recherche en Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Montpellier, France
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Marianna Venturetti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Manuel Hotz
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Yves Barral
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simonetta Piatti
- Centre de Recherche en Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Montpellier, France
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The proper folding of proteins is continuously challenged by intrinsic and extrinsic stresses, and the accumulation of toxic misfolded proteins is associated with many human diseases. Eukaryotic cells have evolved a complex network of protein quality control pathways to protect the proteome, and these pathways are specialized for each subcellular compartment. While many details have been elucidated for how the cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum counteract proteotoxic stress, relatively little is known about the pathways protecting the nucleus from protein misfolding. Proper maintenance of nuclear proteostasis has important implications in preserving genomic integrity, as well as for aging and disease. Here, we offer a conceptual framework for how proteostasis is maintained in this organelle. We define the particular requirements that must be considered for the nucleus to manage proteotoxic stress, summarize the known and implicated pathways of nuclear protein quality control, and identify the unresolved questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Shibata
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Richard I Morimoto
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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36
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Roubinet C, Cabernard C. Control of asymmetric cell division. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2014; 31:84-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Higuchi-Sanabria R, Pernice WMA, Vevea JD, Alessi Wolken DM, Boldogh IR, Pon LA. Role of asymmetric cell division in lifespan control in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 2014; 14:1133-46. [PMID: 25263578 PMCID: PMC4270926 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging determinants are asymmetrically distributed during cell division in S. cerevisiae, which leads to production of an immaculate, age-free daughter cell. During this process, damaged components are sequestered and retained in the mother cell, and higher functioning organelles and rejuvenating factors are transported to and/or enriched in the bud. Here, we will describe the key quality control mechanisms in budding yeast that contribute to asymmetric cell division of aging determinants including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), vacuoles, extrachromosomal rDNA circles (ERCs), and protein aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Higuchi-Sanabria
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Wang M, Collins RN. A lysine deacetylase Hos3 is targeted to the bud neck and involved in the spindle position checkpoint. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:2720-34. [PMID: 25057019 PMCID: PMC4161508 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-10-0619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae lysine deacetylase Hos3 is asymmetrically targeted to the daughter side of the neck, dependent on the morphogenesis checkpoint member Hsl7, and to the daughter spindle pole body (SPB). In the presence of spindle misalignment, Hos3 at the SPBs functions as a brake component to inhibit mitotic exit. An increasing number of cellular activities can be regulated by reversible lysine acetylation. Targeting the enzymes responsible for such posttranslational modifications is instrumental in defining their substrates and functions in vivo. Here we show that a Saccharomyces cerevisiae lysine deacetylase, Hos3, is asymmetrically targeted to the daughter side of the bud neck and to the daughter spindle pole body (SPB). The morphogenesis checkpoint member Hsl7 recruits Hos3 to the neck region. Cells with a defect in spindle orientation trigger Hos3 to load onto both SPBs. When associated symmetrically with both SPBs, Hos3 functions as a spindle position checkpoint (SPOC) component to inhibit mitotic exit. Neck localization of Hos3 is essential for its symmetric association with SPBs in cells with misaligned spindles. Our data suggest that Hos3 facilitates cross-talk between the morphogenesis checkpoint and the SPOC as a component of the intricate monitoring of spindle orientation after mitotic entry and before commitment to mitotic exit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqiao Wang
- Program in Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Ruth N Collins
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Barral Y, Sedwick C. Yves Barral: lessons from yeast on growth, renewal, and old age. J Cell Biol 2014; 204:860-1. [PMID: 24637319 PMCID: PMC3998809 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.2046pi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Barral studies the regulation of cell growth and aging in yeast.
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40
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Januschke J, Näthke I. Stem cell decisions: a twist of fate or a niche market? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 34:116-23. [PMID: 24613913 PMCID: PMC4169664 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Extrinsic and intrinsic cues that impact on stem cell biology. The importance to establish methods that allow to compare spindle orientation measurements. Mechanisms of centrosome segregation in asymmetrically dividing cells.
Establishing and maintaining cell fate in the right place at the right time is a key requirement for normal tissue maintenance. Stem cells are at the core of this process. Understanding how stem cells balance self-renewal and production of differentiating cells is key for understanding the defects that underpin many diseases. Both, external cues from the environment and cell intrinsic mechanisms can control the outcome of stem cell division. The role of the orientation of stem cell division has emerged as an important mechanism for specifying cell fate decisions. Although, the alignment of cell divisions can dependent on spatial cues from the environment, maintaining stemness is not always linked to positioning of stem cells in a particular microenvironment or `niche'. Alternate mechanisms that could contribute to cellular memory include differential segregation of centrosomes in asymmetrically dividing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Januschke
- Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
| | - Inke Näthke
- Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
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41
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Abstract
During cellular division, centrosomes are tasked with building the bipolar mitotic spindle, which partitions the cellular contents into two daughter cells. While every cell will receive an equal complement of chromosomes, not every organelle is symmetrically passaged to the two progeny in many cell types. In this review, we highlight the conservation of nonrandom centrosome segregation in asymmetrically dividing stem cells, and we discuss how the asymmetric function of centrosomes could mediate nonrandom segregation of organelles and mRNA. We propose that such a mechanism is critical for insuring proper cell fitness, function, and fate.
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Lerit DA, Rusan NM. PLP inhibits the activity of interphase centrosomes to ensure their proper segregation in stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 202:1013-22. [PMID: 24081489 PMCID: PMC3787375 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201303141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PLP levels are regulated by Centrobin and act to suppress mother centrosome maturation by blocking the localization of Polo kinase. Centrosomes determine the mitotic axis of asymmetrically dividing stem cells. Several studies have shown that the centrosomes of the Drosophila melanogaster central brain neural stem cells are themselves asymmetric, organizing varying levels of pericentriolar material and microtubules. This asymmetry produces one active and one inactive centrosome during interphase. We identify pericentrin-like protein (PLP) as a negative regulator of centrosome maturation and activity. We show that PLP is enriched on the inactive interphase centrosome, where it blocks recruitment of the master regulator of centrosome maturation, Polo kinase. Furthermore, we find that ectopic Centrobin expression influenced PLP levels on the basal centrosome, suggesting it may normally function to regulate PLP. Finally, we conclude that, although asymmetric centrosome maturation is not required for asymmetric cell division, it is required for proper centrosome segregation to the two daughter cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy A Lerit
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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43
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The Mitotic Exit Network: new turns on old pathways. Trends Cell Biol 2013; 24:145-52. [PMID: 24594661 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In budding yeast, the Mitotic Exit Network (MEN) is a signaling pathway known to drive cells out of mitosis and promote the faithful division of cells. The MEN triggers inactivation of cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk1), the master regulator of mitosis, and the onset of cytokinesis after segregation of the daughter nuclei. The current model of the MEN suggests that MEN activity is restricted to late anaphase and coordinated with proper alignment of the spindle pole bodies (SPBs) with the division axis. However, recent evidence suggests that MEN activity may function earlier in mitosis, prompting re-evaluation of the current model. Here we attempt to integrate this recent progress into the current view of mitotic exit.
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44
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Recombination-induced tag exchange (RITE) cassette series to monitor protein dynamics in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2013; 3:1261-72. [PMID: 23708297 PMCID: PMC3737166 DOI: 10.1534/g3.113.006213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are not static entities. They are highly mobile, and their steady-state levels are achieved by a balance between ongoing synthesis and degradation. The dynamic properties of a protein can have important consequences for its function. For example, when a protein is degraded and replaced by a newly synthesized one, posttranslational modifications are lost and need to be reincorporated in the new molecules. Protein stability and mobility are also relevant for the duplication of macromolecular structures or organelles, which involves coordination of protein inheritance with the synthesis and assembly of newly synthesized proteins. To measure protein dynamics, we recently developed a genetic pulse-chase assay called recombination-induced tag exchange (RITE). RITE has been successfully used in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to measure turnover and inheritance of histone proteins, to study changes in posttranslational modifications on aging proteins, and to visualize the spatiotemporal inheritance of protein complexes and organelles in dividing cells. Here we describe a series of successful RITE cassettes that are designed for biochemical analyses, genomics studies, as well as single cell fluorescence applications. Importantly, the genetic nature and the stability of the tag switch offer the unique possibility to combine RITE with high-throughput screening for protein dynamics mutants and mechanisms. The RITE cassettes are widely applicable, modular by design, and can therefore be easily adapted for use in other cell types or organisms.
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45
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Juanes MA, Twyman H, Tunnacliffe E, Guo Z, ten Hoopen R, Segal M. Spindle pole body history intrinsically links pole identity with asymmetric fate in budding yeast. Curr Biol 2013; 23:1310-9. [PMID: 23810537 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Budding yeast is a unique model for exploring differential fate in a cell dividing asymmetrically. In yeast, spindle orientation begins with the old spindle pole body (SPB) (from the preceding cell cycle) contacting the bud by its existing astral microtubules (aMTs) while the new pole delays astral microtubule organization. This appears to prime the inheritance of the old pole by the bud. The basis for this asymmetry and the discrimination of the poles by virtue of their history remain a mystery. RESULTS Here, we report that asymmetric aMT organization stems from an outstanding structural asymmetry linked to the SPB cycle. We show that the γ-tubulin nucleation complex (γTC) favors the old spindle pole, an asymmetry inherent to the outer plaque (the cytoplasmic face of the SPB). Indeed, Spc72 (the receptor for the γTC) is acquired by the new SPB outer plaque partway through spindle assembly. The significance of this asymmetry was explored in cells expressing an Spc72(1-276)-Cnm67 fusion that forced symmetric nucleation at the SPB outer plaques. This manipulation triggered simultaneous aMT organization by both spindle poles from the outset and led to symmetric contacts between poles and the bud, effectively disrupting the program for spindle polarity. Temporally symmetric aMT organization perturbed Kar9 polarization by randomizing the choice of the pole to be guided toward the bud. Accordingly, the pattern of SPB inheritance was also randomized. CONCLUSIONS Spc72 differential recruitment imparting asymmetric aMT organization represents the most upstream determinant linking SPB historical identity and fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Angeles Juanes
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
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46
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Talarek N, Bontron S, De Virgilio C. Quantification of mRNA stability of stress-responsive yeast genes following conditional excision of open reading frames. RNA Biol 2013; 10:1299-308. [PMID: 23792549 PMCID: PMC3817151 DOI: 10.4161/rna.25355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells rapidly adjust the levels of mRNAs in response to environmental stress primarily by controlling transcription and mRNA turnover. How different stress conditions influence the fate of stress-responsive mRNAs, however, is relatively poorly understood. This is largely due to the fact that mRNA half-life assays are traditionally based on interventions (e.g., temperature-shifts using temperature-sensitive RNA polymerase II alleles or treatment with general transcription inhibitory drugs), which, rather than blocking, specifically induce transcription of stress-responsive genes. To study the half-lives of the latter suite of mRNAs, we developed and describe here a minimally perturbing alternative method, coined CEO, which is based on discontinuance of transcription following the conditional excision of open reading frames. Using CEO, we confirm that the target of rapamycin complex I (TORC1), a nutrient-activated, central stimulator of eukaryotic cell growth, favors the decay of mRNAs that depend on the stress- and/or nutrient-regulated transcription factors Msn2/4 and Gis1 for their transcription. We further demonstrate that TORC1 controls the stability of these mRNAs via the Rim15-Igo1/2-PP2ACdc55 effector branch, which reportedly also controls Gis1 promoter recruitment. These data pinpoint PP2ACdc55 as a central node in homo-directional coordination of transcription and post-transcriptional mRNA stabilization of a specific array of nutrient-regulated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Talarek
- Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry; University of Fribourg; CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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47
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Abstract
Productive cell proliferation involves efficient and accurate splitting of the dividing cell into two separate entities. This orderly process reflects coordination of diverse cytological events by regulatory systems that drive the cell from mitosis into G1. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, separation of mother and daughter cells involves coordinated actomyosin ring contraction and septum synthesis, followed by septum destruction. These events occur in precise and rapid sequence once chromosomes are segregated and are linked with spindle organization and mitotic progress by intricate cell cycle control machinery. Additionally, critical paarts of the mother/daughter separation process are asymmetric, reflecting a form of fate specification that occurs in every cell division. This chapter describes central events of budding yeast cell separation, as well as the control pathways that integrate them and link them with the cell cycle.
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48
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Terweij M, van Leeuwen F. Histone exchange: sculpting the epigenome. FRONTIERS IN LIFE SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/21553769.2013.838193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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49
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Messier V, Zenklusen D, Michnick S. A Nutrient-Responsive Pathway that Determines M Phase Timing through Control of B-Cyclin mRNA Stability. Cell 2013; 153:1080-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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50
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Spatiotemporal analysis of organelle and macromolecular complex inheritance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 110:175-80. [PMID: 23248297 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1207424110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Following mitosis, daughter cells must inherit a functional set of essential proteins and organelles. We applied a genetic tool to simultaneously monitor the kinetics and distribution of old and new proteins marking all intracellular compartments in budding yeasts. Most organelles followed a general pattern whereby preexisting proteins are symmetrically partitioned followed by template-based incorporation of new proteins. Peroxisomes belong to this group, supporting a model of biogenesis by growth and division from preexisting peroxisomes. We detected two exceptions: the nuclear pore complex (NPC) and the spindle pole body (SPB). Old NPCs are stably inherited during successive generations but remained separated from new NPCs, which are incorporated de novo in mother and daughter cells. Only the SPB displayed asymmetrical distribution, with old components primarily inherited by daughter cells and new proteins equally incorporated in both cells. Our analysis resolves conflicting models (peroxisomes, NPC) and reveals unique patterns (NPC, SPB) of organelle inheritance.
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