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Black CS, Whelan TA, Garside EL, MacMillan AM, Fast NM, Rader SD. Spliceosome assembly and regulation: insights from analysis of highly reduced spliceosomes. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 29:531-550. [PMID: 36737103 PMCID: PMC10158995 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079273.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Premessenger RNA splicing is catalyzed by the spliceosome, a multimegadalton RNA-protein complex that assembles in a highly regulated process on each intronic substrate. Most studies of splicing and spliceosomes have been carried out in human or S. cerevisiae model systems. There exists, however, a large diversity of spliceosomes, particularly in organisms with reduced genomes, that suggests a means of analyzing the essential elements of spliceosome assembly and regulation. In this review, we characterize changes in spliceosome composition across phyla, describing those that are most frequently observed and highlighting an analysis of the reduced spliceosome of the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae We used homology modeling to predict what effect splicing protein loss would have on the spliceosome, based on currently available cryo-EM structures. We observe strongly correlated loss of proteins that function in the same process, for example, in interacting with the U1 snRNP (which is absent in C. merolae), regulation of Brr2, or coupling transcription and splicing. Based on our observations, we predict splicing in C. merolae to be inefficient, inaccurate, and post-transcriptional, consistent with the apparent trend toward its elimination in this lineage. This work highlights the striking flexibility of the splicing pathway and the spliceosome when viewed in the context of eukaryotic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corbin S Black
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada V2N 4Z9
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0C7
| | - Thomas A Whelan
- Biodiversity Research Center and Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Erin L Garside
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
| | - Andrew M MacMillan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
| | - Naomi M Fast
- Biodiversity Research Center and Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Stephen D Rader
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada V2N 4Z9
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2
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Banerjee R, Lee SS, Cowan AJ. Innovation in BCMA CAR-T therapy: Building beyond the Model T. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1070353. [PMID: 36505779 PMCID: PMC9729952 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1070353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autologous chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapies targeting B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) have revolutionized the field of multiple myeloma in the same way that the Ford Model T revolutionized the original CAR world a century ago. However, we are only beginning to understand how to improve the efficacy and usability of these cellular therapies. In this review, we explore three automotive analogies for innovation with BCMA CAR-T therapies: stronger engines, better mileage, and hassle-free delivery. Firstly, we can build stronger engines in terms of BCMA targeting: improved antigen binding, tools to modulate antigen density, and armoring to better reach the antigen itself. Secondly, we can improve "mileage" in terms of response durability through ex vivo CAR design and in vivo immune manipulation. Thirdly, we can implement hassle-free delivery through rapid manufacturing protocols and off-the-shelf products. Just as the Model T set a benchmark for car manufacturing over 100 years ago, idecabtagene vicleucel and ciltacabtagene autoleucel have now set the starting point for BCMA CAR-T therapy with their approvals. As with any emerging technology, whether automotive or cellular, the best in innovation and optimization is yet to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Banerjee
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sarah S. Lee
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Andrew J. Cowan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
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Wang S, Karikomi M, MacLean AL, Nie Q. Cell lineage and communication network inference via optimization for single-cell transcriptomics. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:e66. [PMID: 30923815 PMCID: PMC6582411 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of single-cell transcriptomics has become a major approach to delineate cell subpopulations and the transitions between them. While various computational tools using different mathematical methods have been developed to infer clusters, marker genes, and cell lineage, none yet integrate these within a mathematical framework to perform multiple tasks coherently. Such coherence is critical for the inference of cell–cell communication, a major remaining challenge. Here, we present similarity matrix-based optimization for single-cell data analysis (SoptSC), in which unsupervised clustering, pseudotemporal ordering, lineage inference, and marker gene identification are inferred via a structured cell-to-cell similarity matrix. SoptSC then predicts cell–cell communication networks, enabling reconstruction of complex cell lineages that include feedback or feedforward interactions. Application of SoptSC to early embryonic development, epidermal regeneration, and hematopoiesis demonstrates robust identification of subpopulations, lineage relationships, and pseudotime, and prediction of pathway-specific cell communication patterns regulating processes of development and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxiong Wang
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Matthew Karikomi
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Adam L MacLean
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Irvine, CA 90089, USA
| | - Qing Nie
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Yin Y, Boesteanu AC, Binder ZA, Xu C, Reid RA, Rodriguez JL, Cook DR, Thokala R, Blouch K, McGettigan-Croce B, Zhang L, Konradt C, Cogdill AP, Panjwani MK, Jiang S, Migliorini D, Dahmane N, Posey AD, June CH, Mason NJ, Lin Z, O’Rourke DM, Johnson LA. Checkpoint Blockade Reverses Anergy in IL-13Rα2 Humanized scFv-Based CAR T Cells to Treat Murine and Canine Gliomas. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2018; 11:20-38. [PMID: 30306125 PMCID: PMC6174845 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We generated two humanized interleukin-13 receptor α2 (IL-13Rα2) chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), Hu07BBz and Hu08BBz, that recognized human IL-13Rα2, but not IL-13Rα1. Hu08BBz also recognized canine IL-13Rα2. Both of these CAR T cell constructs demonstrated superior tumor inhibitory effects in a subcutaneous xenograft model of human glioma compared with a humanized EGFRvIII CAR T construct used in a recent phase 1 clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02209376). The Hu08BBz demonstrated a 75% reduction in orthotopic tumor growth using low-dose CAR T cell infusion. Using combination therapy with immune checkpoint blockade, humanized IL-13Rα2 CAR T cells performed significantly better when combined with CTLA-4 blockade, and humanized EGFRvIII CAR T cells’ efficacy was improved by PD-1 and TIM-3 blockade in the same mouse model, which was correlated with the levels of checkpoint molecule expression in co-cultures with the same tumor in vitro. Humanized IL-13Rα2 CAR T cells also demonstrated benefit from a self-secreted anti-CTLA-4 minibody in the same mouse model. In addition to a canine glioma cell line (J3T), canine osteosarcoma lung cancer and leukemia cell lines also express IL-13Rα2 and were recognized by Hu08BBz. Canine IL-13Rα2 CAR T cell was also generated and tested in vitro by co-culture with canine tumor cells and in vivo in an orthotopic model of canine glioma. Based on these results, we are designing a pre-clinical trial to evaluate the safety of canine IL-13Rα2 CAR T cells in dog with spontaneous IL-13Rα2-positive glioma, which will help to inform a human clinical trial design for glioblastoma using humanized scFv-based IL-13Rα2 targeting CAR T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Yin
- The Fourth Section of Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alina C. Boesteanu
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zev A. Binder
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chong Xu
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Reiss A. Reid
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jesse L. Rodriguez
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Danielle R. Cook
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Radhika Thokala
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kristin Blouch
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bevin McGettigan-Croce
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Logan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christoph Konradt
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexandria P. Cogdill
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - M. Kazim Panjwani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shuguang Jiang
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Denis Migliorini
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nadia Dahmane
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Avery D. Posey
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Carl H. June
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicola J. Mason
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhiguo Lin
- The Fourth Section of Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
- Corresponding author: Zhiguo Lin, The Fourth Section of Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Donald M. O’Rourke
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Corresponding author: Donald O’Rourke, University of Pennsylvania, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Laura A. Johnson
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Ameratunga M, Coleman N, Welsh L, Saran F, Lopez J. CNS cancer immunity cycle and strategies to target this for glioblastoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:22802-22816. [PMID: 29854316 PMCID: PMC5978266 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapeutics have revolutionized the management of solid malignancies over the last few years. Nevertheless, despite relative successes of checkpoint inhibitors in numerous solid tumour types, success in tumours of the central nervous system (CNS) has been lacking. There are several possible reasons for the relative lack of success of immunotherapeutics in this setting, including the immune microenvironment of glioblastoma, lymphocyte tracking through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) into the central nervous system and impairment of drug delivery into the CNS through the BBB. This review utilizes the cancer-immunity cycle as a conceptual framework through which the specific challenges associated with the development of immunotherapeutics for CNS malignancies can be viewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malaka Ameratunga
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital and The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Niamh Coleman
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital and The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Liam Welsh
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital and The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Frank Saran
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital and The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Juanita Lopez
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital and The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton SM2 5PT, UK
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