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Park JR, Lee H, Kim SI, Yang SR. The tri-peptide GHK-Cu complex ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice. Oncotarget 2018; 7:58405-58417. [PMID: 27517151 PMCID: PMC5295439 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine-Cu (II) (GHK-Cu) is involved in wound healing and tissue remodeling. Although GHK-Cu exhibits anti-aging and tissue renewing properties, its roles in acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are still unknown. Therefore, we examined the effects of GHK-Cu in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages in vitro and ALI in mice in vivo. GHK-Cu treatment reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity while decreased TNF-α and IL-6 production through the suppression of NF-κB p65 and p38 MAPK signaling in vitro and in vivo model of ALI. Moreover, GHK-Cu attenuated LPS-induced lung histological alterations, suppressed the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the lung parenchyma in LPS-induced ALI in mice. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that GHK-Cu possesses a protective effect in LPS-induced ALI by inhibiting excessive inflammatory responses; accordingly it may represent a novel therapeutic approach for ALI/ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Ran Park
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Medical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanbyeol Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-In Kim
- Bioceltran Co., Ltd., Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Ran Yang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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3,5,4'-Tri-O-acetylresveratrol Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome via MAPK/SIRT1 Pathway. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:143074. [PMID: 26648661 PMCID: PMC4663353 DOI: 10.1155/2015/143074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present research was to investigate the protecting effects of 3,5,4′-tri-O-acetylresveratrol (AC-Rsv) on LPS-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Lung injuries have been evaluated by histological examination, wet-to-dry weight ratios, and cell count and protein content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Inflammation was assessed by MPO activities and cytokine secretion in lungs and cells. The results showed that AC-Rsv significantly reduced the mortality of mice stimulated with LPS. Pretreatment of AC-Rsv attenuated LPS-induced histological changes, alleviated pulmonary edema, reduced blood vascular leakage, and inhibited the MPO activities in lungs. What was more, AC-Rsv and Rsv treatment reduced the secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in lungs and NR8383 cells, respectively. Further exploration revealed that AC-Rsv and Rsv treatment relieved LPS-induced inhibition on SIRT1 expression and restrained the activation effects of LPS on MAPKs and NF-κB activation both in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, in vivo results have also demonstrated that the protecting effects of Rsv on LPS-induced inflammation would be neutralized when SIRT1 was in-hibited by EX527. Taken together, these results indicated that AC-Rsv protected lung tissue against LPS-induced ARDS by attenuating inflammation via p38 MAPK/SIRT1 pathway.
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Low Reactive Level Laser Therapy for Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Therapies. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:974864. [PMID: 26273309 PMCID: PMC4529981 DOI: 10.1155/2015/974864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Low reactive level laser therapy (LLLT) is mainly focused on the activation of intracellular or extracellular chromophore and the initiation of cellular signaling by using low power lasers. Over the past forty years, it was realized that the laser therapy had the potential to improve wound healing and reduce pain and inflammation. In recent years, the term LLLT has become widely recognized in the field of regenerative medicine. In this review, we will describe the mechanisms of action of LLLT at a cellular level and introduce the application to mesenchymal stem cells and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) therapies. Finally, our recent research results that LLLT enhanced the MSCs differentiation to osteoblast will also be described.
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Anti-inflammatory effects of Reduning Injection on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury of rats. Chin J Integr Med 2014; 20:591-9. [PMID: 24916807 PMCID: PMC7101712 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-014-1758-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the protective effects of Reduning Injection (热毒宁注射液, RDN), a patent Chinese medicine, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in rats and its underlying mechanisms of action. Methods Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 6 groups, including normal control, model, dexamethasone (DEX, 5 mg/kg), RDN-H (720 mg/kg), RDN-M (360 mg/kg) and RDN-L (180 mg/kg) groups, with 10 rats in each group. Rats were challenged with intravenous injection of LPS 1 h after intraperitoneal treatment with RDN or DEX. At 6 h after LPS challenge, lung tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected, and the number of inflammatory cells was determined. The right lungs were collected for histopathologic examination, measurement of gene and protein expressions, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities. Results In vivo pretreatment of RDN (360, 720 mg/kg) significantly reduced the weight of wet to dry (W/D) ratio of lung, protein content in BALF, and led to remarkable attenuation of LPS-induced histopathological changes in the lungs. Meanwhile, RDN enormously decreased BALF total inflammatory cells, especially neutrophil and macrophage cell numbers. Moreover, RDN increased SOD activity, inhibited MPO activity, alleviated LPS-induced tumor neurosis factor-α (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in lung tissues. Furthermore, RDN (720 mg/kg) efficiently weakened nuclear factorkappa B (NF-κB) gene and protein expression. Conclusion Anti-inflammatory effects of RDN was demonstrated to be preventing pulmonary neutrophil infiltration, lowering MPO activity, TNF-α and iNOS gene expression by inhibiting NF-κB activity in LPS-induced ALI.
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Hiratsuka T, Inomata M, Goto S, Oyama Y, Nakano T, Chen CL, Shiraishi N, Noguchi T, Kitano S. Phototherapy with artificial light suppresses dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in a mouse model. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 29:749-56. [PMID: 24236761 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Medical treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) requires chronic administration and causes side effects. Recently, anti-inflammatory effects of phototherapy were reported in animal models. The present study evaluated whether phototherapy improves dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in a mouse model of IBD. METHODS Mice were divided into four equal groups: Control, DSS, DSS + light low (LL), and DSS + light high (LH) groups. Normal fluorescent light intensity in the Control and DSS groups was 200 lux. Artificial light intensities were as follows: DSS + LL group, 1000 lux; DSS + LH group, 2500 lux. After administering phototherapy for 7 days, we evaluated disease activity index (DAI), histological score, colon length/weight, serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) level, and serum and colonic cytokines in the mice. RESULTS DAI and histological scores were significantly lower in the DSS + LL group than in the DSS group (both, P < 0.05). Colon length and weight were significantly higher in the DSS + LL group than in the DSS group (both, P < 0.05). Serum interleukin (IL)-6, TNF-α, and IL-17 in the DSS + LL group were significantly lower, and serum and colonic IL-10 were significantly higher in the DSS + LL group than in the DSS group (all, P < 0.05). Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) levels in the DSS + LH group were significantly increased compared with those in the DSS + LL and DSS groups. CONCLUSION Artificial light phototherapy suppressed DSS-induced colitis in mice by suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotion of anti-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hiratsuka
- Department of Gastroenterological and Pediatric Surgery, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
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Low-level laser therapy inhibits bronchoconstriction, Th2 inflammation and airway remodeling in allergic asthma. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2014; 194:37-48. [PMID: 24486607 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) controls bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) associated with increased RhoA expression as well as pro-inflammatory mediators associated with NF-kB in acute lung inflammation. Herein, we explore if LLLT can reduce both BHR and Th2 cytokines in allergic asthma. Mice were studied for bronchial reactivity and lung inflammation after antigen challenge. BHR was measured through dose-response curves to acetylcholine. Some animals were pretreated with a RhoA inhibitor before the antigen. LLLT (660 nm, 30 mW and 5.4 J) was applied on the skin over the right upper bronchus and two irradiation protocols were used. Reduction of BHR post LLLT coincided with lower RhoA expression in bronchial muscle as well as reduction in eosinophils and eotaxin. LLLT also diminished ICAM expression and Th2 cytokines as well as signal transducer and activator of transduction 6 (STAT6) levels in lungs from challenged mice. Our results demonstrated that LLLT reduced BHR via RhoA and lessened allergic lung inflammation via STAT6.
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de Lima FM, Albertini R, Dantas Y, Maia-Filho AL, Santana CDL, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, França C, Villaverde AB, Aimbire F. Low-level laser therapy restores the oxidative stress balance in acute lung injury induced by gut ischemia and reperfusion. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 89:179-88. [PMID: 22882462 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It remains unknown if the oxidative stress can be regulated by low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in lung inflammation induced by intestinal reperfusion (i-I/R). A study was developed in which rats were irradiated (660 nm, 30 mW, 5.4 J) on the skin over the bronchus and euthanized 2 h after the initial of intestinal reperfusion. Lung edema and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid neutrophils were measured by the Evans blue extravasation and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity respectively. Lung histology was used for analyzing the injury score. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured by fluorescence. Both expression intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-y (PPARy) were measured by RT-PCR. The lung immunohistochemical localization of ICAM-1 was visualized as a brown stain. Both lung HSP70 and glutathione protein were evaluated by ELISA. LLLT reduced neatly the edema, neutrophils influx, MPO activity and ICAM-1 mRNA expression. LLLT also reduced the ROS formation and oppositely increased GSH concentration in lung from i-I/R groups. Both HSP70 and PPARy expression also were elevated after laser irradiation. Results indicate that laser effect in attenuating the acute lung inflammation is driven to restore the balance between the pro- and antioxidants mediators rising of PPARy expression and consequently the HSP70 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Mafra de Lima
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho-UNINOVE, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Suppressive effect of low-level laser therapy on tracheal hyperresponsiveness and lung inflammation in rat subjected to intestinal ischemia and reperfusion. Lasers Med Sci 2012; 28:551-64. [PMID: 22562449 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-012-1088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (i-I/R) is an insult associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). It is not known if pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in ARDS induced by i-I/R can be controlled by low-level laser therapy (LLLT). This study was designed to evaluate the effect of LLLT on tracheal cholinergic reactivity dysfunction and the release of inflammatory mediators from the lung after i-I/R. Anesthetized rats were subjected to superior mesenteric artery occlusion (45 min) and killed after clamp release and preestablished periods of intestinal reperfusion (30 min, 2 or 4 h). The LLLT (660 nm, 7.5 J/cm(2)) was carried out by irradiating the rats on the skin over the right upper bronchus for 15 and 30 min after initiating reperfusion and then euthanizing them 30 min, 2, or 4 h later. Lung edema was measured by the Evans blue extravasation technique, and pulmonary neutrophils were determined by myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Pulmonary tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-10 (IL-10), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and isoform of NO synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression were analyzed by real-time PCR. TNF-α, IL-10, and iNOS proteins in the lung were measured by the enzyme-linked immunoassay technique. LLLT (660 nm, 7.5 J/cm(2)) restored the tracheal hyperresponsiveness and hyporesponsiveness in all the periods after intestinal reperfusion. Although LLLT reduced edema and MPO activity, it did not do so in all the postreperfusion periods. It was also observed with the ICAM-1 expression. In addition to reducing both TNF-α and iNOS, LLLT increased IL-10 in the lungs of animals subjected to i-I/R. The results indicate that LLLT can control the lung's inflammatory response and the airway reactivity dysfunction by simultaneously reducing both TNF-α and iNOS.
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Chen ACH, Arany PR, Huang YY, Tomkinson EM, Sharma SK, Kharkwal GB, Saleem T, Mooney D, Yull FE, Blackwell TS, Hamblin MR. Low-level laser therapy activates NF-kB via generation of reactive oxygen species in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22453. [PMID: 21814580 PMCID: PMC3141042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite over forty years of investigation on low-level light therapy (LLLT), the fundamental mechanisms underlying photobiomodulation at a cellular level remain unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we isolated murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) from transgenic NF-kB luciferase reporter mice and studied their response to 810 nm laser radiation. Significant activation of NF-kB was observed at fluences higher than 0.003 J/cm2 and was confirmed by Western blot analysis. NF-kB was activated earlier (1 hour) by LLLT compared to conventional lipopolysaccharide treatment. We also observed that LLLT induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production similar to mitochondrial inhibitors, such as antimycin A, rotenone and paraquat. Furthermore, we observed similar NF-kB activation with these mitochondrial inhibitors. These results, together with inhibition of laser induced NF-kB activation by antioxidants, suggests that ROS play an important role in the laser induced NF-kB signaling pathways. However, LLLT, unlike mitochondrial inhibitors, induced increased cellular ATP levels, which indicates that LLLT also upregulates mitochondrial respiration. Conclusion We conclude that LLLT not only enhances mitochondrial respiration, but also activates the redox-sensitive NFkB signaling via generation of ROS. Expression of anti-apoptosis and pro-survival genes responsive to NFkB could explain many clinical effects of LLLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C-H. Chen
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Praveen R. Arany
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Programs in Leder Human Biology and Translational Medicine, and Biological Sciences in Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Aesthetic and Plastic Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Elizabeth M. Tomkinson
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sulbha K. Sharma
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gitika B. Kharkwal
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Taimur Saleem
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Aga Khan Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - David Mooney
- Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fiona E. Yull
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Timothy S. Blackwell
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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de Lima FM, Villaverde A, Albertini R, Corrêa J, Carvalho R, Munin E, Araújo T, Silva J, Aimbire F. Dual Effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the acute lung inflammation induced by intestinal ischemia and reperfusion: Action on anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Lasers Surg Med 2011; 43:410-20. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.21053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zhang X, Liu F, Liu H, Cheng H, Wang W, Wen Q, Wang Y. Urinary trypsin inhibitor attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by blocking the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Inflamm Res 2011; 60:569-75. [PMID: 21246393 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-010-0305-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect of urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) in a rat model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) and the underlying molecular mechanism. METHODS Rats were randomly assigned into three groups: control group, LPS treatment group and LPS/UTI treatment group. The serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 were measured by ELISA. The expression of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in lung tissues was determined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Administration of UTI reduced the lung wet/dry weight ratio and ameliorated the tissue damage. In the LPS/UTI treatment group, levels of TNF-α were significantly lower than those in the LPS treatment group, while the levels of IL-10 were significantly higher than those in the LPS treatment group. Western blot analysis revealed that UTI inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in lung tissues. CONCLUSIONS UTI attenuates LPS-induced ALI, probably by adjusting the balance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The mechanism responsible for the decreased TNF-α expression may be related to the inhibitory effect of UTI on p38 MAPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 324 Jingwuweiqi Road, Jinan, 250021, China.
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Mafra de Lima F, Villaverde AB, Salgado MA, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Munin E, Albertini R, Aimbire F. Low intensity laser therapy (LILT) in vivo acts on the neutrophils recruitment and chemokines/cytokines levels in a model of acute pulmonary inflammation induced by aerosol of lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli in rat. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2010; 101:271-8. [PMID: 20728373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that low intensity laser therapy (LILT) acts on pulmonary inflammation. Thus, we investigate in this work if LILT (650nm, 2.5mW, 31.2mW/cm(2), 1.3J/cm(2), laser spot size of 0.08cm(2) and irradiation time of 42s) can attenuate edema, neutrophil recruitment and inflammatory mediators in acute lung inflammation. Thirty-five male Wistar rats (n=7 per group) were distributed in the following experimental groups: control, laser, LPS, LPS+laser and dexamethasone+LPS. Airway inflammation was measured 4h post-LPS challenge. Pulmonary microvascular leakage was used for measuring pulmonary edema. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cellularity and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were used for measuring neutrophil recruitment and activation. RT-PCR was performed in lung tissue to assess mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin (IL-10), cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Protein levels in both BALF and lung were determined by ELISA. LILT inhibited pulmonary edema and endothelial cytoskeleton damage, as well as neutrophil influx and activation. Similarly, the LILT reduced the TNF-α and IL-1β, in lung and BALF. LILT prevented lung ICAM-1 up-regulation. The rise of CINC-1 and MIP-2 protein levels in both lung and BALF, and the lung mRNA expressions for IL-10, were unaffected. Data suggest that the LILT effect is due to the inhibition of ICAM-1 via the inhibition of TNF-α and IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mafra de Lima
- Institute of Research and Development, Av. Shishima Hifumi, Urbanova, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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