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Chen G, Liu C, Zhang M, Wang X, Xu Y. Niloticin binds to MD-2 to promote anti-inflammatory pathway activation in macrophage cells. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2022; 36:3946320221133017. [PMID: 36314579 PMCID: PMC9629566 DOI: 10.1177/03946320221133017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Niloticin is an active compound isolated from Cortex phellodendri with uncharacterized anti-inflammatory activity. We assessed the drug potential of niloticin and examined its ability to target myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD-2) to ascertain the mechanism for its anti-inflammatory activity. METHODS The Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database was used to evaluate niloticin. Bio-layer interferometry and molecular docking technologies were used to explore how niloticin targets MD-2, which mediates a series of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent inflammatory responses. The cytokines involved in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-TLR4/MD-2-NF-κB pathway were evaluated using ELISA, RT-qPCR, and western blotting. RESULTS Niloticin could bind to MD-2 and had no evident effects on cell viability. Niloticin treatment significantly decreased the levels of NO, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β induced by LPS (p < 0.01). IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, TNF-α, and COX-2 mRNA expression levels were decreased by niloticin (all p < 0.01). Compared with that in the control group, the increase in TLR4, p65, MyD88, p-p65, and iNOS expression levels induced by LPS were suppressed by niloticin (all p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that niloticin has therapeutic potential and binds to MD-2. Niloticin binding to MD-2 antagonized the effects of LPS binding to the TLR4/MD-2 complex, resulting in the inhibition of the LPS-TLR4/MD-2-NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guirong Chen
- Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Dalian, China,Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Mingbo Zhang
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Dalian, China,Xiaobo Wang, Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Dalian, China.
| | - Yubin Xu
- Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China,Yubin Xu, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China.
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Hu L, Wang J, Wu N, Zhao X, Cai D. Utilizing network pharmacology and experimental validation to investigate the underlying mechanism of phellodendrine on inflammation. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13852. [PMID: 36172495 PMCID: PMC9512003 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Phellodendrine, one of the characteristic and important active components of Cortex phellodendri, has been proven to show anti-inflammatory effects. However, the underlying mechanism of phellodendrine on inflammation remains largely unclear. Aim of the study In this study, network pharmacology and experimental validation were used to explore the underlying mechanism of phellodendrine on inflammation. Materials and Methods PubChem and SwissADME database were used to evaluate the drug-likeness and other characteristics of phellodendrine. The targets of phellodendrine for the treatment of inflammation were analyzed with multiple databases. Other extensive analyses including protein-protein interaction, Gene Ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment were accomplished with the STRING database, Cytoscape software, and DAVID database. Moreover, the effect of phellodendrine on anti-inflammation was proven in RAW264.7. Results The network pharmacology results indicated that phellodendrine had drug potential. Phellodendrine acted directly on 12 targets, including PTGS1, PTGS2, HTR1A, and PIK3CA, and then regulated cAMP, estrogen, TNF, serotonergic synapse, and other signaling pathways to exert anti-inflammatory effects. The experimental results showed that phellodendrine reduced the levels of IL-6 compared with the LPS group in 24 h and changed the mRNA expression of PTGS1, PTGS2, HSP90ab1, AKT1, HTR1A, PI3CA, and F10. Conclusion Our research preliminarily uncovered the therapeutic mechanisms of phellodendrine on inflammation with multiple targets and pathways. Phellodendrine may be a potential treatment for inflammation-related diseases related to the cAMP and TNF signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Hu
- Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Na Wu
- Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | | | - Donghui Cai
- Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
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A review: traditional herbs and remedies impacting pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2022; 395:495-513. [PMID: 35258640 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, leading to misbalance and loss of coordination. Current therapies are claimed only for symptomatic relief, on long-term use, which causes alteration in basal ganglia, and give rise to various adverse effects like dyskinesia and extra pyramidal side effects, which is reversed and proved to be attenuated with the help of various herbal approaches. Therefore, in order to attenuate the dopaminergic complications, focus of current research has been shifted from dopaminergic to non-dopaminergic strategies. Herbs and herbal remedies seems to be a better option to overcome the complications associated with current dopaminergic therapies. In recent years, various herbs and herbal remedies based on Ayurveda, traditional Chinese and Korean remedies, have become the target of various researches. These herbs and their bioactive compound are being extensively used to treat PD in India, China, Japan, and Korea. The major focus of this current review is to analyze preclinical studies with reference to various herbs, bioactive compounds, and traditional remedies for the management of Parkinson disorder, which will give an insight towards clinical trials.
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Kara M, Öztaş E, Boran T, Sevim Ç, Keskin SE, Veskoukis AS, Kuzmin SV, Tsatsakis AM. The sesquiterpenoid valerenic acid protects neuronal cells from the detrimental effects of the fungicide benomyl on apoptosis and DNA oxidation. Hum Exp Toxicol 2022; 41:9603271221101038. [PMID: 35764419 DOI: 10.1177/09603271221101038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Valerenic acid (VA), a sesquiterpenoid of the plant Valeriana officinalis, has attracted attention of the research community due to its potential positive role against neurodegenerative diseases induced by chemicals. However, the relevant evidence in the literature is scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the putative protective role of VA on the toxic effects of the fungicide benomyl on SH-SY5Y neural cells. METHODS Cell viability was determined via the MTT and NRU assays, DNA damage was assessed via comet assay and apoptosis was evaluated through the expression of relevant genes. RESULTS According to the results, exposure of the cells to benomyl enhanced viability inhibition and promoted DNA damage and apoptosis since the expression levels of the genes coding for MAPK8, NF-kB, Bax, Caspase-9 and Caspase-3 were increased. Treatment of the cells with VA ameliorated these effects in a concentration dependent manner. CONCLUSION It is concluded that the molecular mechanism through which benomyl exerts its toxic action appears to depend on DNA oxidation and apoptosis induction. Furthermore, VA, a plant-derived compound is a protective antioxidant against pesticide-induced toxicity. Therefore, herbs, extracts and compounds of plant origin could be used as nutritional supplements that back up the beneficial role of medicine in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehtap Kara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 369917Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Öztaş
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 369917Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuğçe Boran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 369917Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Çiğdem Sevim
- Deparment of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, 485657University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Seda Eren Keskin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, 52980Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Aristidis S Veskoukis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Sergei V Kuzmin
- FBES "F.F. Erisman Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene" of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Mytishchi, Russia
| | - Aristides M Tsatsakis
- FBES "F.F. Erisman Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene" of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Mytishchi, Russia.,Center of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, 37778University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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The Immunomodulatory Effects of Phellodendri Cortex Polysaccharides on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:3027708. [PMID: 34840584 PMCID: PMC8616698 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3027708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide is a commonly used anticancer drug, and immunosuppression is one of the most common side effects. How to recover the immunological function is important for cyclophosphamide-treated patients. In the present study, Phellodendri Cortex polysaccharides (CPP) could enhance the proliferation of mouse spleen lymphocytes in vitro. The immunoregulatory function of CPP was then investigated in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice. In CPP-treated groups, mice were orally treated with CPP at doses of 1, 0.5, and 0.25 g/kg bodyweight from 1 to 11 d, respectively. The cyclophosphamide was administrated in CPP and cyclophosphamide groups from 12 to 14 d. In the cyclophosphamide and normal control groups, the mice received equal volume of saline from 1 to 14 d. The results showed that CPP (1 g/kg) could significantly increase the bodyweight of mice, even during cyclophosphamide treatment. The organ coefficients of the spleen and thymus were recovered by CPP treatment. CPP upregulated the contents of cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) in serum, which were downregulated by cyclophosphamide. The mRNA levels of these cytokines were also elevated by CPP treatment in the spleen. Cyclophosphamide upregulated the expressions of NF-κB p65, TLR4, and MyD88, suggesting that the NF-κB signaling pathway was activated by cyclophosphamide. After CPP treatment, it was recovered to normal level. These results indicated that CPP alleviated the cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression.
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Potential Molecular Mechanisms of Zhibai Dihuang Wan in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Based on Network Biology. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:7842179. [PMID: 32351603 PMCID: PMC7178533 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7842179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a refractory autoimmune disease. Zhibai Dihuang Wan (ZDW) has frequently been used for treating SLE in China and been proved to have a prominent role in decreasing SLE patients’ morality rate. However, the active substances in ZDW and the molecular mechanisms of ZDW in SLE remain unclear. This study identified the bioactive compounds and delineated the molecular targets and potential pathways of ZDW by using a network biology approach. First, we collected putative targets of ZDW based on TCMSP, GeneCards, and STITCH databases and built a network containing the interactions between the putative targets of ZDW and known therapeutic targets of SLE. Then, the key hubs were imported to DAVID Bioinformatics Resources 6.7 to perform gene ontology biological process (GOBP) and pathway enrichment analysis. A total of 95 nodes including 73 putative targets of ZDW were determined as major hubs in terms of their node degree. The results of GOBP and pathway enrichment analysis indicated that putative targets of ZDW mostly were involved in various pathways associated with inflammatory response and apoptosis. More importantly, eleven putative targets of ZDW (CASP3, BCL2, BAX, CYCS, NFKB1, NFKBIA, IL-6, IL-1β, PTGS2, CCL2, and TNF-α) were recognized as active factors involved in the main biological functions of treatment, implying the underlying mechanisms of ZDW acting on SLE. This study provides novel insights into the mechanisms of ZDW in SLE, from the molecular level to the pathway level.
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Probiotic Properties and Neuroprotective Effects of Lactobacillus buchneri KU200793 Isolated from Korean Fermented Foods. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041227. [PMID: 32059401 PMCID: PMC7072984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the probiotic characteristics and neuroprotective effects of bacteria isolated from Korean fermented foods. Three bacterial strains (Lactobacillus fermentum KU200060, Lactobacillus delbrueckii KU200171, and Lactobacillus buchneri KU200793) showed potential probiotic properties, such as high tolerance against artificial gastric juice and bile salts, sensitivity to antibiotics, nonproduction of carcinogenic enzymes, and high adhesion to intestinal cells. Heat-killed L. fermentum KU200060 and L. buchneri KU200793 showed higher antioxidant activity than heat-killed L. delbrueckii KU200171. The conditioned medium (CM) was used to evaluate the reaction between HT-29 cells and each heat-killed strain. All CMs protected SH-SY5Y cells from 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced toxicity. The expression of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) mRNA in HT-29 cells treated with CM containing heat-killed L. buchneri KU200793 was the highest. The CM significantly reduced the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and increased BDNF mRNA expression in SH-SY5Y cells treated with MPP+. These results indicate that L. buchneri KU200793 can be used as a prophylactic functional food, having probiotic potential and neuroprotective effects.
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Phellodendri Cortex: A Phytochemical, Pharmacological, and Pharmacokinetic Review. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:7621929. [PMID: 31057654 PMCID: PMC6463642 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7621929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Phellodendri Cortex (PC) or Huang Bai. According to the scientific database of China Plant Species and Chinese pharmacopeia 2015 edition, PC has two main species which are Phellodendron amurense Rupr (PAR) or “Guan Huang bai” in Chinese and Phellodendron chinense Schneid (PCS) or “Chuan Huang bai” in Chinese. The crude drugs of PAR and PCS are also called Phellodendri amurensis cortex (PAC) and Phellodendri chinense cortex (PCC), respectively. The medicinal part of the plant is the dried trunk bark. PC has comprehensive therapeutic effects which include anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, hypotensive, antiarrhythmic, antioxidant, and antipyretic agents. The exact ingredients in PC and its species are not fully summarised. Aim of the Study This study was designed to review and evaluate the pharmacological actions of compounds and to explore the pharmacokinetic knowledge of PC and its species and to also identify the chemical compound(s) with a potential therapeutic effect on atopic dermatitis. Methods “Huang Bai” and its English, botanical, and pharmaceutical names were used as keywords to perform database search in Encyclopaedia of traditional Chinese Medicines, PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, and China Network Knowledge Infrastructure. The data selection criteria included all the studies that were related to the phytochemical, pharmacological, and pharmacokinetic perspectives of PC and its species or their active constituents. More importantly, the voucher number has been provided to ensure the genuine bark of PC used as the medicinal part in the studies. Results 140 compounds were summarized from PC and its species: specifically, 18 compounds from PCC, 44 compounds from PCS, 34 compounds from PAC, and 84 compounds from PAR. Obacunone and obaculactone are probably responsible for antiatopic dermatitis effect. PC and its species possess a broad spectrum of pharmacological actions including anti-inflammatory effect, antibacterial effect, antiviral effect, antitumor effect, antigout effect, antiulcer effect, neuroprotective effect, and antiatopic dermatitis effect. PC could widely distribute in plasma, liver, spleen, kidney, and brain. Berberine may be responsible for the toxic effect on the susceptible users with hemolytic disease or in the peripartum and neonatal period. Conclusions The compounds of the crude bark of PC and its subspecies have showcased a wide range of pharmacological effects. Pharmacological efficacies of PC are supported by its diverse class of alkaloid, limonoid, phenolic acid, quinic acid, lignan, and flavonoid. Obacunone and obaculactone could be the bioactive compounds for atopic dermatitis management. PC and its subspecies are generally safe to use but extra care is required for certain conditions and group of people.
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Wang Z, Song M, Cui B, Ren Y, Zhu W, Yang B, Kuang H. A LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of seven alkaloids in rat plasma after oral administration of Phellodendri chinensis cortex extract and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:1351-1363. [PMID: 30667161 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed for simultaneous determination of berberine (I), jateorhizine (II), palmatine (III), tetrahydropalmatine (IV), phellodendrine (V), protopine (VI) and columbamine (VII) in rat plasma after oral administration of Phellodendri chinensis cortex extraction. The plasmas were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction. The tandem mass spectrometric detection was performed in the multiple reaction monitoring mode in the positive ionization. The intra- and interday precisions and accuracies were in range from -12.18 to 13.21%. Mean absolute recoveries of all analytes and internal standard were between 78.6 and 98.9%. The seven alkaloids were proven to be stable during sample storage and analysis procedures. The established method was validated and successfully applied to pharmacokinetics study in rat plasma after oral administration of Phellodendri chinensis cortex extract. The t1/2 of palmatine, columbamine, pellodendrine, berberine, tetrahydropalmaine, jatrorrhizine, and protopine were 5.16, 5.96, 7.18, 19.84, 6.28, 7.08, 6.90 h, respectively. The seven compounds could be rapidly absorbed into blood (time for maximal concentration, 1.80-1.93 h). This study could establish a foundation for further research of Phellodendri chinensis cortex and might provide more useful information to guide the clinical usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese MateriaMedica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Mengmeng Song
- Key Laboratory of Chinese MateriaMedica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Binbin Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjang, P. R. China
| | - Yixuan Ren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjang, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese MateriaMedica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Bingyou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese MateriaMedica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Haixue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese MateriaMedica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, P. R. China
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Quality Evaluation of Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex by Fingerprint⁻Chemical Pattern Recognition. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092307. [PMID: 30201911 PMCID: PMC6225206 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex (PCC) and Phellodendri Amurensis Cortex (PAC) are increasingly being used as traditional herbal medicines, but they are often mistaken for each other. In this study, the fingerprints of PCC from six different geographical sources were obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography, and multivariate chemometric methods were used for comprehensive analysis. Two unsupervised pattern recognition models (principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis) and a supervised pattern recognition model (partial least squares discriminant analysis) were established on the basis of the chemical composition and physical traits of PCC and PAC. PCC and PAC were found to be distinguishable by these methods. The PCC category was divisible into two categories, one with more crude cork and a maximum thickness of ~1.5 mm, and the other with less net crude cork and a maximum thickness of 0.5 mm. According to the model established by partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), the important chemical marker berberine hydrochloride was obtained and analyzed quantitatively. From these results combined with chemometric and content analyses, the preliminary classification standards for phellodendron were established as three grades: superior, first-order and mixed. Compared with the traditional identification methods of thin layer chromatography identification and microscopic identification, our method for quality evaluation is relatively simple. It provides a basis and reference for identification of PCC and enables establishment of grade standards. It also could be applied in quality control for compound preparations containing PCC.
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Huang YS, Yu QQ, Chen Y, Cheng MJ, Xie LP. Phenolic constituents from Alisma plantago-aquatica Linnaeus and their anti-chronic prostatitis activity. Chem Cent J 2017; 11:120. [PMID: 29159429 PMCID: PMC5696274 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-017-0350-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The plant Alisma plantago-aquatica Linnaeus, which is widely distributed in southwest of China, is the main material of traditional Chinese medicine “Zexie”. It was used as folk medicine for immune-modulation, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial. Previous chemical studies on A. plantago-aquatica reported the identification of triterpenes, diterpenes, sesquiterpenes, steroids, alkaloids and phenolic acid. Terpenes and phenolic acid were regard as major secondary metabolites from this medicine plant. Results A new phenolic acid, plantain A (1), along with four known compounds (2–5) were isolated and identified from A. plantago-aquatica by extensive chromatographic and spectrometric methods. In the present study, the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, PEG2 and TGF-β1 were increased in model group rats, whereas on treatment with the isolated compound (1 and 4) at 50 mg/kg, there was a significant decrease in the cytokine levels. Therefore, the anti-CNP effect of 1 and 4 may be related to their anti-inflammatory properties. Conclusions A new phenolic acid and four known phenolic compounds were isolated from A. plantago-aquatica. Moreover, compounds 1 and 4 shows significant anti-chronic prostatitis activity in rats. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13065-017-0350-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Sheng Huang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,Department of Urology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Qi-Qi Yu
- Department of Urology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yin Chen
- Department of Urology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Min-Jie Cheng
- Department of Urology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Li-Ping Xie
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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Xu K, He G, Qin J, Cheng X, He H, Zhang D, Peng W. High-efficient extraction of principal medicinal components from fresh Phellodendron bark (cortex phellodendri). Saudi J Biol Sci 2017; 25:811-815. [PMID: 29740248 PMCID: PMC5936877 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There are three key medicinal components (phellodendrine, berberine and palmatine) in the extracts of Phellodendron bark, as one of the fundamental herbs of traditional Chinese medicine. Different extraction methods and solvent combinations were investigated to obtain the optimal technologies for high-efficient extraction of these medicinal components. Results: The results showed that combined solvents have higher extracting effect of phellodendrine, berberine and palmatine than single solvent, and the effect of ultrasonic extraction is distinctly better than those of distillation and soxhlet extraction. Conclusion: The hydrochloric acid/methanol-ultrasonic extraction has the best effect for three medicinal components of fresh Phellodendron bark, providing an extraction yield of 103.12 mg/g berberine, 24.41 mg/g phellodendrine, 1.25 mg/g palmatine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees (Ministry of Education) & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Gongxiu He
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees (Ministry of Education) & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Jieming Qin
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees (Ministry of Education) & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Xuexiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees (Ministry of Education) & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Hanjie He
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees (Ministry of Education) & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Dangquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees (Ministry of Education) & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Wanxi Peng
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees (Ministry of Education) & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
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Akihisa T, Yokokawa S, Ogihara E, Matsumoto M, Zhang J, Kikuchi T, Koike K, Abe M. Melanogenesis-Inhibitory and Cytotoxic Activities of Limonoids, Alkaloids, and Phenolic Compounds from Phellodendron amurense Bark. Chem Biodivers 2017; 14. [PMID: 28425165 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Four limonoids, 1 - 4, five alkaloids, 5 - 9, and four phenolic compounds, 10 - 13, were isolated from a MeOH extract of the bark of Phellodendron amurense (Rutaceae). Among these, compound 13 was new, and its structure was established as rel-(1R,2R,3R)-5-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-6-methoxy-1-(methoxycarbonylmethyl)indane-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (γ-di(methyl ferulate)) based on the spectrometric analysis. Upon evaluation of compounds 1 - 13 against the melanogenesis in the B16 melanoma cells induced with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), four compounds, limonin (1), noroxyhydrastinine (6), haplopine (7), and 4-methoxy-1-methylquinolin-2(1H)-one (8), exhibited potent melanogenesis-inhibitory activities with almost no toxicity to the cells. Western blot analysis revealed that compound 6 inhibited melanogenesis, at least in part, by inhibiting the expression of protein levels of tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2 in α-MSH-stimulated B16 melanoma cells. In addition, when compounds 1 - 13 were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against leukemia (HL60), lung (A549), duodenum (AZ521), and breast (SK-BR-3) cancer cell lines, five compounds, berberine (5), 8, canthin-6-one (9), α-di-(methyl ferulate) (12), and 13, exhibited cytotoxicities against one or more cancer cell lines with IC50 values in the range of 2.6 - 90.0 μm. In particular, compound 5 exhibited strong cytotoxicity against AZ521 (IC50 2.6 μm) which was superior to that of the reference cisplatin (IC50 9.5 μm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Akihisa
- Research Institute for Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan.,Akihisa Medical Clinic, 1086-3 Kamo, Sanda-shi, Hyogo, 669-1311, Japan
| | - Satoru Yokokawa
- College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, 1-8-14 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8308, Japan
| | - Eri Ogihara
- College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, 1-8-14 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8308, Japan
| | - Masahiro Matsumoto
- College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, 1-8-14 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8308, Japan
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Natural Medicine Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Takashi Kikuchi
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki-shi, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Kazuo Koike
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiko Abe
- Research Institute for Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
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Abushouk AI, Negida A, Ahmed H, Abdel-Daim MM. Neuroprotective mechanisms of plant extracts against MPTP induced neurotoxicity: Future applications in Parkinson's disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 85:635-645. [PMID: 27890431 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease, affecting about seven to 10 million patients worldwide. The major pathological features of PD are loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway and accumulation of alpha-synuclein molecules, forming Lewy bodies. Until now, there is no effective cure for PD, and investigators are searching for neuroprotective strategies to stop or slow the disease progression. The MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) induced neurotoxicity of the nigrostriatal pathway has been used to initiate PD in animal models. Multiple experimental studies showed the ability of several plant extracts to protect against MPTP induced neurotoxicity through activation of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase enzymes, which reduce the cellular concentration of free radicals, preventing intracellular Ca++ release and subsequent apoptosis signaling. Other neuroprotective mechanisms of plant extracts include promoting autophagy of alpha-synuclein molecules and exerting an antiapoptotic activity via inhibition of proteolytic poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and preventing caspase cleavage. The variety of neuroprotective mechanisms of natural plant extracts may allow researchers to target PD progression in different pathological stages and may be through multiple pathways. Further investigations are required to translate these neuroprotective mechanisms into safe and effective treatments for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk
- Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; NovaMed Medical research Association, Cairo, Egypt; Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Negida
- Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, El-Sharkia, Egypt; Student Research Unit, Zagazig University, Zagazig, El-Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Hussien Ahmed
- Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, El-Sharkia, Egypt; Student Research Unit, Zagazig University, Zagazig, El-Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Pharmacology department, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
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Li Y, Liu XG, Wang HY, Dong X, Gao W, Xu XJ, Li P, Yang H. Pharmacokinetic studies of phellodendrine in rat plasma and tissues after intravenous administration using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1029-1030:95-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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16
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Jung HW, Kim KH, Park YK. Inhibitory effect of the extract of Phellodendron amurense ruprecht root on collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Chin J Integr Med 2016; 23:755-762. [PMID: 27460490 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-016-2094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the dried root of Phellodendron amurense Ruprecht (Phellodendri cortex; PC) extract improves arthritic symptoms through anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory effects in collagen-induced arthritis in mice. METHODS Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was induced in male DBA/1 mice by immunization with type II collagen (ColII). CIA mice were divided into 5 groups (n=10 per a group) with normal, CIA control, PC extract (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg)-treated, and meloxicam (50 mg/kg)-treated as the reference drug. The PC extract or meloxicam were administered orally in CIA mice once a day for 14 days after arthritis induction. Arthritic score, levels of anti-ColII IgG2a antibody, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-17 in the sera of CIA mice were measured. Histopathological changes in the ankle joints of CIA mice were also analyzed by staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H and E), safranin-O and immunohistochemistry using anti-TNF-α and anti-IL-17 antibodies. RESULTS The arthritic score was increased in CIA mice in a time-dependent manner, as were the serum levels of anti-ColII IgG2a antibody, PGE2, TNF-α, and IL-17. However, the oral administration of PC extract at 50 and 100 mg/kg in CIA mice significantly decreased the arthritic scores, and the serum levels of anti-ColII IgG2a, PGE2, TNF-α, and IL-17 compared with those in the CIA group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Furthermore, histopathological improvement of the joint architecture in CIA mice was observed after administration of PC extract. PC extract also significantly inhibited the expression of TNF-α and IL-17 in the joints of CIA mice by suppressing the expression of their mRNA and proteins. CONCLUSION PC extract may improve the pathological progression of RA through the inhibition of joint destruction by synovial inflammation and immune-stimulation, therefore, it would be a potential anti-arthritic agent in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Won Jung
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, 740-814, Republic of Korea.
- Korean Medicine Research and Development Center, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, 740-814, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Ho Kim
- Department of Acupuncture, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, 740-814, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ki Park
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, 740-814, Republic of Korea
- Korean Medicine Research and Development Center, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, 740-814, Republic of Korea
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Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Yao H, Liu H, Zhang B, Liao Y. Comparative Analysis of DNA Barcoding and HPLC Fingerprint to Trace Species of Phellodendri Cortex, an Important Traditional Chinese Medicine from Multiple Sources. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:1325-30. [PMID: 27298183 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phellodendri Cortex is derived from the dried barks of Phellodendron genus species, has been extensively used in traditional Chinese medicine. The cortex is divided into two odorless crude drugs Guanhuangbo and Huangbo. Historically, it has been difficult to distinguish their identities due to a lack of identification methods. This study was executed to confirm the identity and to ensure the species traceability of Phellodendri Cortex. In the current study, analysis is based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and psbA-trnH intergenic spacer (psbA-trnH) barcodes and HPLC fingerprint was carried out to guarantee the species traceability of Guanhuangbo and Huangbo. DNA barcoding data successfully identified the three plants of the Phellodendron genus species by ITS+psbA-trnH, with the ability to distinguish the species origin of Huangbo. Moreover, the psbA-trnH data distinguished Guanhuangbo and Huangbo except to trace species. The HPLC fingerprint data showed that Guanhuangbo was clearly different from Huangbo, but there was no difference between the two origins of Huangbo. Additionally, the result of hierarchical clustering analysis, based on chlorogenic acid, phellodendrine, magnoflorine, jatrorrhizine, palmatine and berberine, was consistent with the HPLC fingerprint analysis. These results show that DNA barcoding and HPLC fingerprint can discriminate Guanhuangbo and Huangbo. However, DNA barcoding is more powerful than HPLC fingerprint for species traceability in the identification of related species that are genetically similar. DNA barcoding is a useful scientific tool to accurately confirm the identities of medicinal materials from multiple sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education/Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College
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Cortex phellodendri Extract Relaxes Airway Smooth Muscle. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:8703239. [PMID: 27239213 PMCID: PMC4863113 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8703239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cortex phellodendri is used to reduce fever and remove dampness and toxin. Berberine is an active ingredient of C. phellodendri. Berberine from Argemone ochroleuca can relax airway smooth muscle (ASM); however, whether the nonberberine component of C. phellodendri has similar relaxant action was unclear. An n-butyl alcohol extract of C. phellodendri (NBAECP, nonberberine component) was prepared, which completely inhibits high K+- and acetylcholine- (ACH-) induced precontraction of airway smooth muscle in tracheal rings and lung slices from control and asthmatic mice, respectively. The contraction induced by high K+ was also blocked by nifedipine, a selective blocker of L-type Ca2+ channels. The ACH-induced contraction was partially inhibited by nifedipine and pyrazole 3, an inhibitor of TRPC3 and STIM/Orai channels. Taken together, our data demonstrate that NBAECP can relax ASM by inhibiting L-type Ca2+ channels and TRPC3 and/or STIM/Orai channels, suggesting that NBAECP could be developed to a new drug for relieving bronchospasm.
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Gamma-hydroxybutyrate, acting through an anti-apoptotic mechanism, protects native and amyloid-precursor-protein-transfected neuroblastoma cells against oxidative stress-induced death. Neuroscience 2014; 263:203-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Xian YF, Lin ZX, Ip SP, Su ZR, Chen JN, Lai XP. Comparison the neuropreotective effect of Cortex Phellodendri chinensis and Cortex Phellodendri amurensis against beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:187-193. [PMID: 23123224 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cortex Phellodendron chinensis (CPC) and Cortex Phellodendron amurensis (CPA) derived from the dried bark of Phellodendron chinense Schneid. or Phellodendron amurense Rupr., respectively, are used interchangeably in clinical practice under the name "Huang Bai" for centuries in Chinese medicine for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions. Previous study in our laboratory demonstrated that CPC and CPA had different anti-diarrheal, anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. In this present study, we aimed to compare the protective effect of ethanol extract of Cortex Phellodendri chinensis (ECPC) and Cortex Phellodendri Amurensis (ECPA) against beta-amyloid (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells, a typical model of Alzheimer's disease. The results showed that ECPC and ECPA contain four common chemical markers such as berberine, but palmatine and jatrorrhizin were not found in CPC in contrast to the presence in CPA. In addition, both ECPC and ECPA can significantly increase the cell viability in Aβ-treated PC12 cells. Moreover, ECPC and ECPA can markedly elevate the ratio of the protein and mRNA levels of Bcl-2/Bax, while remarkably decrease the release of cytochrome c, and the protein and mRNA expression of caspase-3. Interestingly, ECPA has better protective effect than ECPC against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. These results indicate that both ECPC and ECPA have potential protective effect against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells, and ECPA is more potential of the two species to be used in traditional medicine as a neuroprotective agent for the treatment of AD. The neuroprotective effect of the two species may be mediated, at least in part, via suppressing of the cellular apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fang Xian
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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21
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Jiang C, Zhang S, Liu H, Zeng Q, Xia T, Chen Y, Kuang G, Zhao G, Wu X, Zhang X, Wang A. The role of the IRE1 pathway in PBDE-47-induced toxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells in vitro. Toxicol Lett 2012; 211:325-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Song JX, Sze SCW, Ng TB, Lee CKF, Leung GPH, Shaw PC, Tong Y, Zhang YB. Anti-Parkinsonian drug discovery from herbal medicines: what have we got from neurotoxic models? JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 139:698-711. [PMID: 22212501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Herbal medicines are used to treat Parkinson's disease (PD) in ancient medical systems in Asian countries such as India, China, Japan and Korea based on their own anecdotal or experience-based theories. AIM OF THE REVIEW To systematically summarize and analyze the anti-Parkinsonian activities of herbal preparations (including active compounds, herbal extracts and formulations) investigated in the neurotoxic models of PD and provide future references for basic and clinical investigations. MATERIALS AND METHODS All the herbal materials tested on in vitro and in vivo neurotoxic models of PD were retrieved from PubMed database by using pre-set searching strings. The relevant compounds and herbal extracts with anti-Parkinsonian activities were included and analyzed according to their chemical classifications or biological activities. RESULTS A total of 51 herbal medicines were analyzed. A diversity of compounds isolated from herbal materials were reported to be effective on neurotoxic models of PD by modulating multiple key events or signaling pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. The main structure types of these compounds belong to catechols, stilbenoids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids and lignans, phenylethanoid glycosides and terpenes. Although some herbal extracts and formulations have shown positive results on PD animal models, the relative compounds accounting for the effects and the underlying mechanisms remain to be further investigated. CONCLUSIONS Herbal medicines can be an alternative and valuable source for anti-Parkinsonian drug discovery. Compounds classified into stilbenoids, flavonoids, catechols and terpenes may be the most promising candidates for further investigation. Some well-studies compounds such as baicalein, puerarin, resveratrol, curcumin and ginsenosides deserve further consideration in clinical trials. In-depth experimental studies are still needed to evaluate the efficacy of herbal extracts and formulations in PD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Xian Song
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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23
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Kim HG, Ju MS, Kim DH, Hong J, Cho SH, Cho KH, Park W, Lee EH, Kim SY, Oh MS. Protective effects of Chunghyuldan against ROS-mediated neuronal cell death in models of Parkinson's disease. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 107:958-64. [PMID: 20629656 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2010.00612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous reports have suggested that the herbal medicine Chunghyuldan (CHD, Qingxue-dan in Chinese and Daio-Orengedokuto in Japanese) has wide-ranging biological effects, including anti-hyperlipidaemic, anti-ischaemic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction is thought to be one of the major pathological mechanisms responsible for Parkinson's disease (PD) and may underlie the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) that is a hallmark of this disease. In this study, we examined the neuroprotective effects of CHD in PD models produced by treatment with neurotoxins that act via ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. In an in vitro PD model using 6-hydroxydopamine, CHD applied at concentrations of 10 and 100 μg/ml exhibited significant protective effects in PC12 cells by inhibiting intracellular ROS generation. CHD applied at 10 and 100 μg/ml also prevented 6-hydroxydopamine-induced mitochondrial depolarization and elevation of caspase-3 activity. At the same doses, CHD showed regulatory effects on the haem oxygenase-1 and gp91 phagocytic oxidase which have critical roles in generating ROS. In addition, CHD protected dopaminergic neurons in a primary mesencephalic culture against MPP+ neurotoxicity. In an in vivo PD model produced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine treatment (20 mg/kg, 4 times, i.p.), co-administration of CHD (50 mg/kg, 5 days, p.o.) ameliorated PD-like behavioural symptoms (bradykinesia) and reduced dopaminergic neuronal damage in the SNpc and striatum as measured by immunocytochemistry. These results demonstrate the neuroprotective effects of CHD in PD models that are mediated through inhibition of ROS generation and associated mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Geun Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Mazzio EA, Soliman YI, Soliman KFA. Variable toxicological response to the loss of OXPHOS through 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced mitochondrial damage and anoxia in diverse neural immortal cell lines. Cell Biol Toxicol 2010; 26:527-39. [PMID: 20401737 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-010-9161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Immortal cell lines are used to investigate various aspects of neurodegeneration. These cells display high glycolytic turnover rate and produce an abundant amounts of lactate. Our previous studies indicate that these cells survive the loss of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) with ample glucose supply. In the current study, we investigate if cell type (w/variation in basal metabolic rate (MR)), can alter glucose utilization patterns which in turn may affect LC(50) for the mitochondrial toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) in various cell lines. The data obtained indicate that cell lines MRs examined were generally consistent with the average of species adult body weight where mouse N-2A > rat-PC-12 > human SH-SY5Y. A higher MR was associated with accelerated utilization of glucose and earlier cell death with MPP(+): LC(50) mouse = 294 µM, rat = 695 µM, and human = 5.25 mM at 24 h. Cell death appears to be a function of the velocity by which glucose disappears, leading to the failure of glycolysis and subsequent halt of energy production. Similar effects were also observed at higher plating densities where the demand for glucose is amplified. A time-lapse study of MPP(+) toxicity (0-36 h) in N-2A cells indicates that an anaerobic shift occurs as early as 2 h (evidenced by a rise in lactate), followed by a descent in glucose concentrations at 4 h and exhaustion of glucose supplies at 22 h which was associated with the first detectable sign of cell death. It was also noted that MPP(+) toxicity was not associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (O (2) (-) , H(2)0(2), and NO(2)) and was not attenuated by adding catalase or superoxide dismutase to the media. On the other hand, MPP(+) toxicity was reversed by providing additional supply of glucose, pyruvate ± mitochondrial monocarboxylate transporter blocker (α-cyano-4-HCA), or pyruvate ± pyruvate dehydrogenase inhibitor (octanoyl-CoA), suggesting that the exclusive anaerobic survival compensates for the loss of OXPHOS by MPP(+). To examine if neuroblastoma were capable of surviving the deprivation of O(2) for 24 h, a range of hypoxia to anoxia was established with various concentrations of dithionite. The data suggest that cell lines examined continue to thrive when incubated with high-glucose media (25 mM). In summary, vulnerability of immortal neuroblastoma cell lines to MPP(+) toxicity is dependent upon glucose concentrations within the media and cell MR, which indirectly dominates the velocity of glucose use and its end point disappearance, leading to cell death by ergogenic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Mazzio
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, Dyson Building-Room 104, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
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