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Morii A, Katayama S, Inazu T. Establishment of a Simple Method for Inducing Neuronal Differentiation of P19 EC Cells without Embryoid Body Formation and Analysis of the Role of Histone Deacetylase 8 Activity in This Differentiation. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:1096-1103. [PMID: 32612072 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
P19 pluripotent embryonic carcinoma (EC) stem cells are derived from pluripotent germ cell tumours and can differentiate into three germ layers. Treatment of these cells in suspension culture with retinoic acid induces their differentiation into neurons and glial cells. Hence, these cells are an excellent in vitro model to study the transition from the upper blastoderm to the neuroectoderm. However, because of the complex nature of the techniques involved, the results are highly dependent on the skills of the experimenter. Herein, we developed a simple method to induce neuronal differentiation of adherent P19 EC cells in TaKaRa NDiff® 227 serum-free medium (originally N2B27 medium). This medium markedly induced neuronal differentiation of P19 EC cells. The addition of retinoic acid to the NDiff® 227 medium further enhanced differentiation. Furthermore, cells differentiated by the conventional method, as well as the new method, showed identical expression of the mature neuronal marker, neuronal nuclei. To determine whether our approach could be applied for neuronal studies, we measured histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8) activity using an HDAC8 inhibitor and HDAC8-knockout P19 EC cells. Inhibition of HDAC8 activity suppressed neuronal maturation. Additionally, HDAC8-knockout cell lines showed immature differentiation compared to the wild-type cell line. These results indicate that HDAC8 directly regulates the neuronal differentiation of P19 EC cells. Thus, our method involving P19 EC cells can be used as an experimental system to study the nervous system. Moreover, this method is suitable for screening drugs that affect the nervous system and cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Morii
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Syouichi Katayama
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Tetsuya Inazu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
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Alam S, Phan HTT, Okazaki M, Takagi M, Kawahara K, Tsukahara T, Suzuki H. Computational extraction of a neural molecular network through alternative splicing. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:934. [PMID: 25523101 PMCID: PMC4320441 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generally, the results of high throughput analyses contain information about gene expressions, and about exon expressions. Approximately 90% of primary protein-coding transcripts undergo alternative splicing in mammals. However, changes induced by alternative exons have not been properly analyzed for their impact on important molecular networks or their biological events. Even when alternative exons are identified, they are usually subjected to bioinformatics analysis in the same way as the gene ignoring the possibility of functionality change because of the alteration of domain caused by alternative exon. Here, we reveal an effective computational approach to explore an important molecular network based on potential changes of functionality induced by alternative exons obtained from our comprehensive analysis of neuronal cell differentiation. RESULTS From our previously identified 262 differentially alternatively spliced exons during neuronal cell differentiations, we extracted 241 sets that changed the amino acid sequences between the alternatively spliced sequences. Conserved domain searches indicated that annotated domain(s) were changed in 128 sets. We obtained 49 genes whose terms overlapped between domain description and gene annotation. Thus, these 49 genes have alternatively differentially spliced in exons that affect their main functions. We performed pathway analysis using these 49 genes and identified the EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling pathway as being involved frequently. Recent studies reported that the mTOR pathway is associated with neuronal cell differentiation, vindicating that our approach extracted an important molecular network successfully. CONCLUSIONS Effective informatics approaches for exons should be more complex than those for genes, because changes in alternative exons affect protein functions via alterations of amino acid sequences and functional domains. Our method extracted alterations of functional domains and identified key alternative splicing events. We identified the EGFR and mTOR signaling pathway as the most affected pathway. The mTOR pathway is important for neuronal differentiation, suggesting that this in silico extraction of alternative splicing networks is useful. This preliminary analysis indicated that automated analysis of the effects of alternative splicing would provide a rich source of biologically relevant information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafiul Alam
- />School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292 Japan
| | - Huong Thi Thanh Phan
- />School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292 Japan
| | - Mio Okazaki
- />Department of Chemicals and Engineering, Miyakonojo National College of Technology, Miyakonojo, Miyazaki, 885-0006 Japan
| | - Masahiro Takagi
- />School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292 Japan
| | - Kozo Kawahara
- />World Fusion Co., Ltd, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0013 Japan
| | - Toshifumi Tsukahara
- />School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Suzuki
- />School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292 Japan
- />Center for Nano Materials and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292 Japan
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Kobayashi T, Komori R, Ishida K, Kino K, Tanuma SI, Miyazawa H. Tal2 expression is induced by all-trans retinoic acid in P19 cells prior to acquisition of neural fate. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4935. [PMID: 24816818 PMCID: PMC4017210 DOI: 10.1038/srep04935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
TAL2 is a member of the basic helix-loop-helix family and is essential for the normal development of the mouse brain. However, the function of TAL2 during brain development is unclear. P19 cells are pluripotent mouse embryonal carcinoma cells that adopt neural fates upon exposure to all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) and culture in suspension. We found that the expression of Tal2 gene was induced in P19 cells after addition of atRA in suspension culture. Tal2 expression was detected within 3 h after the induction, and had nearly returned to basal levels by 24 h. When GFP-tagged TAL2 (GFP-TAL2) was expressed in P19 cells, we observed GFP-TAL2 in the nucleus. Moreover, we showed that atRA and retinoic acid receptor α regulated Tal2 expression. These results demonstrate for the first time that atRA induces Tal2 expression in P19 cells, and suggest that TAL2 commits to the acquisition of neural fate in brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu Kobayashi
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1 Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Rie Komori
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1 Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ishida
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1 Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Katsuhito Kino
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1 Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Sei-ichi Tanuma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyazawa
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1 Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
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Liu Y, Yang S, Yang J, Que H, Liu S. Relative expression of type II MAGE genes during retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation of mouse embryonic carcinoma P19 cells: a comparative real-time PCR analysis. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 32:1059-68. [PMID: 22410673 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-012-9826-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, the type II melanoma antigen (MAGE) protein family is constituted by at least ten closely related members, but our understanding of their function in the developing nervous system remains poor. To systematically study the expression pattern of type II MAGE genes during neurogenesis, we employed mouse embryonic carcinoma P19 cells as an in vitro model for neural differentiation by retinoic acid (RA) induction. The expression of type II MAGE genes was investigated under distinct steps of differentiation by a comparative ΔΔC (T) paradigm of real-time quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). The relative levels of each gene expression at various steps of differentiation were expressed as a fold change compared with that in RA-untreated P19 cells. The results revealed that: (1) the expression of MAGE-E1, E2, and Necdin transcripts was steadily increased, and the relative levels of MAGE-D1, D2, D3, F1, G1, and H1 mRNA were fluctuantly elevated after the RA-treatment at embryoid body and neural stages; (2) during RA-treatment and subsequent differentiation, the expression of MAGE-L2 mRNA was decreased. Therefore, our results suggested that MAGE-D1, D2, D3, E1, E2, F1, G1, H1, and Necdin might be involved in the early process of neurogenesis, and MAGE-L2 connected with maintenance of pluripotency of stem cells. These studies may present some clues for a better understanding of the fundamental aspects of type II MAGE genes during neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Taira S, Osaka I, Shimma S, Kaneko D, Hiroki T, Kawamura-Konishi Y, Ichiyanagi Y. Oligonucleotide analysis by nanoparticle-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Analyst 2012; 137:2006-10. [PMID: 22337326 DOI: 10.1039/c2an16237g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed oligonucleotides by nanoparticle-assisted laser desorption/ionization (nano-PALDI) mass spectrometry (MS). To this end, we prepared several kinds of nanoparticles (Cr-, Fe-, Mn-, Co-based) and optimized the nano-PALDI MS method to analyze the oligonucleotides. Iron oxide nanoparticles with diammonium hydrogen citrate were found to serve as an effective ionization-assisting reagent in MS. The mass spectra showed both [M - H](-) and [M + xMe(2+)- H](-) (Me: transition metal) peaks. The number of metal-adducted ion signals depended on the length of the oligonucleotide. This phenomenon was only observed using bivalent metal core nanoparticles, not with any other valency metal core nanoparticles. Our pilot study demonstrated that iron oxide nanoparticles could easily ionize samples such as chemical drugs and peptides as well as oligonucleotides without the aid of an oligonucleotide-specific chemical matrix (e.g., 3-hydroxypicolinic acid) used in conventional MS methods. These results suggested that iron-based nanoparticles may serve as the assisting material of ionization for genes and other biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Taira
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, School of Material Science, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi City, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan.
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Vantaggiato C, Bondioni S, Airoldi G, Bozzato A, Borsani G, Rugarli EI, Bresolin N, Clementi E, Bassi MT. Senataxin modulates neurite growth through fibroblast growth factor 8 signalling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 134:1808-28. [PMID: 21576111 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Senataxin is encoded by the SETX gene and is mainly involved in two different neurodegenerative diseases, the dominant juvenile form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 4 and a recessive form of ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2. Based on protein homology, senataxin is predicted to be a putative DNA/RNA helicase, while senataxin interactors from patients' lymphoblast cell lines suggest a possible involvement of the protein in different aspects of RNA metabolism. Except for an increased sensitivity to oxidative DNA damaging agents shown by some ataxia with neuropathy patients' cell lines, no data are available about possible functional consequences of dominant SETX mutations and no studies address the function of senataxin in neurons. To start elucidating the physiological role of senataxin in neurons and how disease-causing mutations in this protein lead to neurodegeneration, we analysed the effect of senataxin on neuronal differentiation in primary hippocampal neurons and retinoic acid-treated P19 cells by modulating the expression levels of wild-type senataxin and three different dominant mutant forms of the protein. Wild-type senataxin overexpression was required and sufficient to trigger neuritogenesis and protect cells from apoptosis during differentiation. These actions were reversed by silencing of senataxin. In contrast, overexpression of the dominant mutant forms did not affect the regular differentiation process in primary hippocampal neurons. Analysis of the cellular pathways leading to neuritogenesis and cytoprotection revealed a role of senataxin in modulating the expression levels and signalling activity of fibroblast growth factor 8. Silencing of senataxin reduced, while overexpression enhanced, fibroblast growth factor 8 expression levels and the phosphorylation of related target kinases and effector proteins. The effects of senataxin overexpression were prevented when fibroblast growth factor 8 signalling was inhibited, while exogenous fibroblast growth factor 8 reversed the effects of senataxin silencing. Overall, these results reveal a key role of senataxin in neuronal differentiation through the fibroblast growth factor 8 signalling and provide initial molecular bases to explain the neurodegeneration associated with loss-of-function mutations in senataxin found in recessive ataxia. The lack of effect on neuritogenesis observed with the overexpression of the dominant mutant forms of senataxin apparently excludes a dominant negative effect of these mutants while favouring haploinsufficiency as the pathogenic mechanism implicated in the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 4-related degenerative condition. Alternatively, a different protein function, other than the one involved in neuritogenesis, may be implicated in these dominant degenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Vantaggiato
- E. Medea Scientific Institute, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Via D. L. Monza 20, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
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Oury F, Yadav VK, Wang Y, Zhou B, Liu XS, Guo XE, Tecott LH, Schutz G, Means AR, Karsenty G. CREB mediates brain serotonin regulation of bone mass through its expression in ventromedial hypothalamic neurons. Genes Dev 2010; 24:2330-42. [PMID: 20952540 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1977210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin is a bioamine regulating bone mass accrual differently depending on its site of synthesis. It decreases accrual when synthesized in the gut, and increases it when synthesized in the brain. The signal transduction events elicited by gut-derived serotonin once it binds to the Htr1b receptor present on osteoblasts have been identified and culminate in cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) regulation of osteoblast proliferation. In contrast, we do not know how brain-derived serotonin favors bone mass accrual following its binding to the Htr2c receptor on neurons of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMH). We show here--through gene expression analysis, serotonin treatment of wild-type and Htr2c(-/-) hypothalamic explants, and cell-specific gene deletion in the mouse--that, following its binding to the Htr2c receptor on VMH neurons, serotonin uses a calmodulin kinase (CaMK)-dependent signaling cascade involving CaMKKβ and CaMKIV to decrease the sympathetic tone and increase bone mass accrual. We further show that the transcriptional mediator of these events is CREB, whose phosphorylation on Ser 133 is increased by CaMKIV following serotonin treatment of hypothalamic explants. A microarray experiment identified two genes necessary for optimum sympathetic activity whose expression is regulated by CREB. These results provide a molecular understanding of how serotonin signals in hypothalamic neurons to regulate bone mass accrual and identify CREB as a critical determinant of this function, although through different mechanisms depending on the cell type, neuron, or osteoblast in which it is expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Oury
- Department of Genetics and Development, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Retinoic acid treatment and cell aggregation independently regulate alternative splicing in P19 cells during neural differentiation. Cell Biol Int 2010; 34:631-43. [PMID: 20230377 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20090332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To induce neural differentiation of P19 cells, two different treatments, RA (retinoic acid) and cell aggregation, are required. However, there has been no report that RA treatment alone or cell aggregation alone could control alternative splicing regulation in P19 cells. Therefore, we focused on alternative splicing effects by neural induction (RA treatment and/or cell aggregation) in P19 cells. We analysed the splicing patterns of several genes, including 5-HT3R-A (5-hydroxytryptamine receptor), Actn1 (actinin alpha1), CUGBP2 (CUG-binding protein) and PTB (polypyrimidine track-binding protein), which showed different responses during the early neural induction of P19 cells. We show here that RA treatment alone changes the alternative splice mechanism of 5-HT3R-A. Cell aggregation alone controls alternative splicing regulation of Actn1. Both treatments (RA and cell aggregation) compensate and regulate the alternative splicing mechanism of CUGBP2. However, PTB is independent of RA and cell aggregation. Taken together, our results suggest that RA treatment and cell aggregation independently regulate the alternative splicing mechanism in the early stage of P19 cells during neural differentiation.
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