Cytotoxic T-cells specific for natural IgE peptides downregulate IgE production

Abrogation and homeostatic restoration of IgE responses by a universal IgE allergy CTL vaccine-The three signal self/non-self/self (S/NS/S) theory

Natural IgE cytotoxic peptides (nECPs), which are derived from the constant domain of the heavy chain of human IgE producing B cells via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, are decorated onto MHC class 1a molecules (MHCIa) as unique biomarkers for CTL (cytotoxic T lymphocyte)-mediated immune surveillance. Human IgE exhibits only one isotype and lacks polymorphisms; IgE is pivotal in mediating diverse, allergen-specific allergies. Therefore, by disrupting self-IgE tolerance via costimulation, the CTLs induced by nECPs can serve as universal allergy vaccines (UAVs) in humans to dampen IgE production mediated by diverse allergen-specific IgE-secreting B cells and plasma cells expressing surface nECP-MHCIa as targets. The study herein has enabled the identification of nECPs, A32 and SP-1/SP-2 nonameric natural peptides produced through the correspondence principle. Vaccination using nECP induced nECP-specific CTL that profoundly suppressed human IgE production in vitro as well as chimeric human IgE production in human IgE/HLA-A2.01/HLA-B7.02 triple transgenic rodents. Furthermore, nECP-tetramer-specific CTLs were found to be converted into CD4 Tregs that restored IgE competence via the homeostatic principle, mediatepred by SREBP-1c suppressed DCs. Thus, nECPs showed causal efficacy and safety as UAVs for treating categorically type I hypersensitivity IgE-mediated allergies. The applied vaccination concept presented provides the foundation to unify, integrate through a singular class of tetramer-specific TCR clonotypes for regulaing human IgE production. The three signal theory pertains to mechanisms of three cells underlying central tolerance (S), breaking self tolerance (NS) and regaining peripheral tolerance (S) via homeostasis concerning nECP as an efficacious and safe UAV to treat type I IgE-mediated hypersensitivity. The three signal theory impirically extended, may be heuritic for immuno-regulation of adaptive immune repertoire in general.

Abrogation and Homeostatic Restoration of IgE Responses by a Universal IgE Allergy CTL Vaccine-The Three Signal Self/Non-Self/Self (S/NS/S) Model

Natural IgE cytotoxic peptides (nECPs), which are derived from the constant domain of the heavy chain of human IgE producing B cells via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, are decorated onto MHC class 1a molecules (MHCIa) as unique biomarkers for CTL (cytotoxic T lymphocyte)-mediated immune surveillance. Human IgE exhibits only one isotype and lacks polymorphisms; IgE is pivotal in mediating diverse, allergen-specific allergies. Therefore, by disrupting self-IgE tolerance via costimulation, the cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) induced by nECPs can serve as universal allergy vaccines (UAVs) in humans to dampen IgE production mediated by diverse allergen-specific IgE- secreting B cells and plasma cells expressing surface nECP-MHCIa as targets. The study herein has enabled the identification of nECPs produced through the correspondence principle 1, 2 . Furthermore, nECP-tetramer-specific CTLs were found to be converted into CD4 Tregs that restored IgE competence via the homeostatic principle, mediated by SREBP-1c suppressed DCs. Thus, nECPs showed causal efficacy and safety as UAVs for treating type I hypersensitivity IgE-mediated allergies. The applied vaccination concept presented provides the foundation to unify, integrate through a singular class of tetramer-specific TCR clonotypes. The three signal model is proposed on the mechanisms underlying central tolerance, breaking tolerance and regaining peripheral tolerance via homeostasis concerning nECP as an efficacious and safe UAV to treat type I IgE-mediated hypersensitivity.

One Sentence Summary

Human IgE self-peptides are identified as universal allergy vaccines that inhibit IgE synthesis while allowing homeostatic IgE recovery.Graphic abstract textThree cell S/NS/S model of Universal Allergy Vaccines (UAV): Natural IgE peptides (nECPs) presented by enabler DCs break central IgE tolerance (Self), leading to CTLs that inhibit IgE production (Non-self). Generative DCs converted by the metabolic milieu transform the pre-existing nECP-specific CTLs into nECP-specific Tregs leading to homeostatic recovery of IgE competence (S).

IgE peptide-specific CTL inhibit IgE production: a transient IgE suppression model in wild-type and HLA-A2.1 transgenic mice

Effect of IgE peptide-specific CTL on IgE antibody production was studied in mouse models. CTL elicited in B6.A2Kb tg mice against a human IgE peptide nonamer, pWV, lysed human IgE-secreting U266 myeloma cells and inhibit IgE production by these cells. U266 transfected with mouse A2Kb transgene (U266-A2Kb) were optimally lysed by these CTL, because the alpha3 domain of A2Kb interacts well with the CD8 co-receptors. The CTL generated were more effective in inhibiting IgE production by U266-A2Kb cells than lysing these cells. IgE production by and progression of U266 myeloma were suppressed in B6.A2Kb tg mice rendered tolerant to these cells and vaccinated with pWV along with CpG. We also studied the CTL response elicited in wild-type mice by a mouse nonameric IgE peptide, PI-1, along with CpG. This treatment caused a transient suppression of the IgE response in mice previously sensitized to an antigen. In mice treated with this regimen repeatedly, the IgE response was fully recovered 20 days after each treatment. Notably, while IgE peptide/CpG-treated mice remained unresponsive to antigen challenge in vivo, antigen-specific IgE production can be elicited by antigen in cultured splenocytes from these mice. Moreover, IgE peptide/CpG also inhibited an on-going IgE response, including IgE production by bone marrow cells. Taken together, these observations indicate that a CTL-based IgE peptide vaccine targeting IgE-secreting B/plasma cells may be safely employed as a therapeutic approach for suppressing IgE production.