1
|
Gillespie A, Loonie K, Zhang F, Prendergast J, Connelley T, Baldwin CL. Next generation sequencing of transcribed genes in ruminant γδ T cell populations. Mol Immunol 2022; 149:129-142. [PMID: 35810664 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bovine γδ T cells are distinguished by expression of WC1, hybrid pattern recognition receptors and co-receptors to the T cell receptor (TCR), or their absence. WC1 molecules bind pathogens and the ability of γδ T cells to respond to pathogens largely correlates with their expression of particular WC1 genes. Following activation, the TCR and WC1 molecules co-localize and knocking down WC1 abrogates the ability of WC1-expressing γδ T cells to respond to antigen. It is known that these two major populations, WC1+ and WC1-, differ in their TCR gene expression and previous studies showed other differences using semi-quantitative RT-PCR and serial analysis of gene expression. Differences in genes expressed would influence the functional outcome when WC1+ vs. WC1- γδ T cells respond to pathogens. To identify unique aspects of their transcriptome, here we performed RNA-Seq of flow cytometrically sorted bovine WC1+ and WC1- γδ T cells and compared them to all mononuclear cells in blood. The greatest differences in gene expression were found between γδ T cells and other mononuclear cells and included those involved in lymphocyte activation and effector processes. Only minor differences occurred between ex vivo WC1+ vs. WC1- γδ T cells with those gene products being involved in cell adhesion and chemotaxis. After culturing cells from primed animals with Leptospira antigens major difference in the transcriptome was evident, with over 600 genes significantly differentially expressed including those focused on cytokine signaling. Unexpectedly, antigen-responding and non-responding populations of WC1+ γδ T cells had few differences in their transcriptomes outside of cytotoxic factors although they had more WC1-1, WC1-2 and WC1-13 transcripts. Through differential gene expression we were able to define properties of ex vivo and stimulated WC1+ cells which will be useful in understanding their functional biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Gillespie
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen Loonie
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Fengqiu Zhang
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Cynthia L Baldwin
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; Program in Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Le Page L, Baldwin CL, Telfer JC. γδ T cells in artiodactyls: Focus on swine. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:104334. [PMID: 34919982 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective medical strategy for disease prevention but there is a need to improve livestock vaccine efficacy. Understanding the structure of the immune system of swine, which are considered a γδ T cell "high" species, and thus, particularly how to engage their γδ T cells for immune responses, may allow for development of vaccine optimization strategies. The propensity of γδ T cells to home to specific tissues, secrete pro-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines, exhibit memory or recall responses and even function as antigen-presenting cells for αβ T cells supports the concept that they have enormous potential for priming by next generation vaccine constructs to contribute to protective immunity. γδ T cells exhibit several innate-like antigen recognition properties including the ability to recognize antigen in the absence of presentation via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules enabling γδ T cells to recognize an array of peptides but also non-peptide antigens in a T cell receptor-dependent manner. γδ T cell subpopulations in ruminants and swine can be distinguished based on differential expression of the hybrid co-receptor and pattern recognition receptors (PRR) known as workshop cluster 1 (WC1). Expression of various PRR and other innate-like immune receptors diversifies the antigen recognition potential of γδ T cells. Finally, γδ T cells in livestock are potent producers of critical master regulator cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-17, whose production orchestrates downstream cytokine and chemokine production by other cells, thereby shaping the immune response as a whole. Our knowledge of the biology, receptor expression and response to infectious diseases by swine γδ T cells is reviewed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Le Page
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Cynthia L Baldwin
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Janice C Telfer
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gillespie A, Gervasi MG, Sathiyaseelan T, Connelley T, Telfer JC, Baldwin CL. Gamma Delta TCR and the WC1 Co-Receptor Interactions in Response to Leptospira Using Imaging Flow Cytometry and STORM. Front Immunol 2021; 12:712123. [PMID: 34394114 PMCID: PMC8356672 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.712123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The WC1 cell surface family of molecules function as hybrid gamma delta (γδ) TCR co-receptors, augmenting cellular responses when cross-linked with the TCR, and as pattern recognition receptors, binding pathogens. It is known that following activation, key tyrosines are phosphorylated in the intracytoplasmic domains of WC1 molecules and that the cells fail to respond when WC1 is knocked down or, as shown here, when physically separated from the TCR. Based on these results we hypothesized that the colocalization of WC1 and TCR will occur following cellular activation thereby allowing signaling to ensue. We evaluated the spatio-temporal dynamics of their interaction using imaging flow cytometry and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy. We found that in quiescent γδ T cells both WC1 and TCR existed in separate and spatially stable protein domains (protein islands) but after activation using Leptospira, our model system, that they concatenated. The association between WC1 and TCR was close enough for fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Prior to concatenating with the WC1 co-receptor, γδ T cells had clustering of TCR-CD3 complexes and exclusion of CD45. γδ T cells may individually express more than one variant of the WC1 family of molecules and we found that individual WC1 variants are clustered in separate protein islands in quiescent cells. However, the islands containing different variants merged following cell activation and before merging with the TCR islands. While WC1 was previously shown to bind Leptospira in solution, here we showed that Leptospira bound WC1 proteins on the surface of γδ T cells and that this could be blocked by anti-WC1 antibodies. In conclusion, γδ TCR, WC1 and Leptospira interact directly on the γδ T cell surface, further supporting the role of WC1 in γδ T cell pathogen recognition and cellular activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Gillespie
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Maria Gracia Gervasi
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Janice C Telfer
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States.,Program in Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Cynthia L Baldwin
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States.,Program in Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gillespie A, Yirsaw A, Kim S, Wilson K, McLaughlin J, Madigan M, Loonie K, Britton E, Zhang F, Damani-Yokota P, Gunasekaran KP, Telfer J, Baldwin CL. Gene characterization and expression of the γδ T cell co-receptor WC1 in sheep. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 116:103911. [PMID: 33137393 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sheep are known to express the hybrid co-receptor/pattern recognition receptor WC1 on their γδ T cells but details of the ovine WC1 multigenic array and gene expression were unknown. Annotation of the sheep genome assembly (Oar_rambouillet_v1.0) yielded 15 complete and 42 partial WC1 genes predicted to code for six different protein structures. RT-PCR amplification of the most distal scavenger receptor cysteine rich (SRCR) domain known as a1, which serves as the gene signature, from genomic and cDNA templates verified the majority of annotated genes. As for cattle and goats, sheep a1 domain sequences included WC1.1 and WC1.2 types. A unique ovine gene, WC1-16, had multiple SRCR a-pattern domains in tandem similar to one found in goats. Intracytoplasmic domains of WC1 transcripts had splice variants that may affect signal transduction. The larger number of WC1 genes in sheep and differences in structures and splice variants relative to cattle could have implications in expression patterns and engagement of γδ T cells by pathogens or vaccine constructs.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cattle
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Genome/genetics
- Goats
- Membrane Glycoproteins/classification
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/classification
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sheep/genetics
- Sheep/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Gillespie
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Al Yirsaw
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Sookyung Kim
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Katherine Wilson
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Julie McLaughlin
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Mackenzie Madigan
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Kathleen Loonie
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Emily Britton
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Fengqiu Zhang
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Payal Damani-Yokota
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Karthick P Gunasekaran
- College of Information and Computer Sciences, 140 Governors Drive, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Janice Telfer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Cynthia L Baldwin
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Baldwin CL, Yirsaw A, Gillespie A, Le Page L, Zhang F, Damani-Yokota P, Telfer JC. γδ T cells in livestock: Responses to pathogens and vaccine potential. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67 Suppl 2:119-128. [PMID: 31515956 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The immediate objective of our research is to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying activation and potentiation of the protective functional response of WC1+ γδ T cells to pathogens afflicting livestock species. The long-term goal is to incorporate stimulation of these cells into the next generation of vaccine constructs. γδ T cells have roles in the immune response to many infectious diseases including viral, bacterial, protozoan and worm infections, and their functional responses overlap with those of canonical αβ T cells, for example they produce cytokines including interferon-γ and IL-17. Stimulation of non-conventional lymphocytes including γδ T cells and αβ natural killer T (NKT) cells has been shown to contribute to protective immunity in mammals, bridging the gap between the innate and adaptive immune responses. Because of their innate-like early response, understanding how to engage γδ T-cell responses has the potential to optimize strategies of those that aim to induce pro-inflammatory responses as discussed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Baldwin
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Alehegne Yirsaw
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Alexandria Gillespie
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Lauren Le Page
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Fengqiu Zhang
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Payal Damani-Yokota
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Janice C Telfer
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
McGill JL, Sacco RE. γδ T cells and the immune response to respiratory syncytial virus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 181:24-29. [PMID: 26923879 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
γδ T cells are a subset of nonconventional T cells that play a critical role in bridging the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. γδ T cells are particularly abundant in ruminant species and may constitute up to 60% of the circulating lymphocyte pool in young cattle. The frequency of circulating γδ T cells is highest in neonatal calves and declines as the animal ages, suggesting these cells may be particularly important in the immune system of the very young. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a significant cause of respiratory infection in calves, and is most severe in animals under one year of age. BRSV is also a significant factor in the development of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in feedlot cattle. Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is closely related to BRSV and a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children worldwide. BRSV infection in calves shares striking similarities with RSV infection in human infants. To date, there have been few studies defining the role of γδ T cells in the immune response to BRSV or RSV infection in animals or humans, respectively. However, emerging evidence suggests that γδ T cells may play a critical role in the early recognition of infection and in shaping the development of the adaptive immune response through inflammatory chemokine and cytokine production. Further, while it is clear that γδ T cells accumulate in the lungs during BRSV and RSV infection, their role in protection vs. immunopathology remains unclear. This review will summarize what is currently known about the role of γδ T cells in the immune response to BRSV and BRDC in cattle, and where appropriate, draw parallels to the role of γδ T cells in the human response to RSV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L McGill
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan, KS 66503, USA.
| | - Randy E Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Ave., Ames, IA 50010, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bovine gamma delta T cells and the function of gamma delta T cell specific WC1 co-receptors. Cell Immunol 2015; 296:76-86. [PMID: 26008759 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The study of γδ T cells in ruminants dates to the discovery of the γδ TCR in humans and mice. It is important since cattle offer an alternative model to the mouse for evaluating the role of γδ T cells in zoonotic disease research and for control of disease reservoirs in non-human animals. In addition, maintaining the health of cattle and other members of the order Artiodactyla is critical to meet the global human need for animal-source protein. In this review, we examine the bovine γδ T cell responses to Mycobacteria, which infects a third of the human population, and bovine γ and δ TCR diversity and the relationship to the TCR of human mycobacteria-responsive γδ T cells. We review the utilization of the γδ T cell specific scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) glycoproteins known as WC1, and that are part of the CD163 family, which function as both γδ T cell activating co-receptors and pattern recognition receptors (PRR) for bovine γδ T cells and highlight the presence and evolution of this multigenic array, with potential for the same function, in birds, reptiles, jawless and bony fishes, and prototherian and eutherian mammals.
Collapse
|
8
|
Hsu H, Chen C, Nenninger A, Holz L, Baldwin CL, Telfer JC. WC1 is a hybrid γδ TCR coreceptor and pattern recognition receptor for pathogenic bacteria. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2280-8. [PMID: 25632007 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
WC1 proteins are uniquely expressed on γδ T cells and belong to the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) superfamily. While present in variable, and sometimes high, numbers in the genomes of mammals and birds, in cattle there are 13 distinct genes (WC1-1 to WC1-13). All bovine WC1 proteins can serve as coreceptors for the TCR in a tyrosine phosphorylation dependent manner, and some are required for the γδ T cell response to Leptospira. We hypothesized that individual WC1 receptors encode Ag specificity via coligation of bacteria with the γδ TCR. SRCR domain binding was directly correlated with γδ T cell response, as WC1-3 SRCR domains from Leptospira-responsive cells, but not WC1-4 SRCR domains from Leptospira-nonresponsive cells, bound to multiple serovars of two Leptospira species, L. borgpetersenii, and L. interrogans. Three to five of eleven WC1-3 SRCR domains, but none of the eleven WC1-4 SRCR domains, interacted with Leptospira spp. and Borrelia burgdorferi, but not with Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus. Mutational analysis indicated that the active site for bacterial binding in one of the SRCR domains is composed of amino acids in three discontinuous regions. Recombinant WC1 SRCR domains with the ability to bind leptospires inhibited Leptospira growth. Our data suggest that WC1 gene arrays play a multifaceted role in the γδ T cell response to bacteria, including acting as hybrid pattern recognition receptors and TCR coreceptors, and they may function as antimicrobials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoting Hsu
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003; and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Chuang Chen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003; and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Ariel Nenninger
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003; and
| | - Lauren Holz
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003; and
| | - Cynthia L Baldwin
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003; and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Janice C Telfer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003; and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Baldwin CL, Telfer JC. The bovine model for elucidating the role of γδ T cells in controlling infectious diseases of importance to cattle and humans. Mol Immunol 2014; 66:35-47. [PMID: 25547715 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
There are several instances of co-investigation and related discoveries and achievements in bovine and human immunology; perhaps most interesting is the development of the BCG vaccine, the tuberculin skin test and the more recent interferon-gamma test that were developed first in cattle to prevent and diagnosis bovine tuberculosis and then applied to humans. There are also a number of immune-physiological traits that ruminant share with humans including the development of their immune systems in utero which increases the utility of cattle as a model for human immunology. These are reviewed here with a particular focus on the use of cattle to unravel γδ T cell biology. Based on the sheer number of γδ T cells in this γδ T cell high species, it is reasonable to expect γδ T cells to play an important role in protective immune responses. For that reason alone cattle may provide good models for elucidating at least some of the roles γδ T cells play in protective immunity in all species. This includes fundamental research on γδ T cells as well as the responses of ruminant γδ T cells to a variety of infectious disease situations including to protozoan and bacterial pathogens. The role that pattern recognition receptors (PRR) play in the activation of γδ T cells may be unique relative to αβ T cells. Here we focus on that of the γδ T cell specific family of molecules known as WC1 or T19 in ruminants, which are part of the CD163 scavenger receptor cysteine rich (SRCR) family that includes SCART1 and SCART2 expressed on murine γδ T cells. We review the evidence for WC1 being a PRR as well as an activating co-receptor and the role that γδ T cells bearing these receptors play in immunity to leptospirosis and tuberculosis. This includes the generation of memory responses to vaccines, thereby continuing the tradition of co-discovery between cattle and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Baldwin
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, United States.
| | - Janice C Telfer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Walusimbi SS, Pate JL. Luteal Cells from Functional and Regressing Bovine Corpora Lutea Differentially Alter the Function of Gamma Delta T Cells1. Biol Reprod 2014; 90:140. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.117564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
|
11
|
McGill JL, Sacco RE, Baldwin CL, Telfer JC, Palmer MV, Ray Waters W. The role of gamma delta T cells in immunity to Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 159:133-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
12
|
McGill JL, Sacco RE, Baldwin CL, Telfer JC, Palmer MV, Waters WR. Specific Recognition of Mycobacterial Protein and Peptide Antigens by γδ T Cell Subsets following Infection with VirulentMycobacterium bovis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2756-69. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
13
|
McGill JL, Nonnecke BJ, Lippolis JD, Reinhardt TA, Sacco RE. Differential chemokine and cytokine production by neonatal bovine γδ T-cell subsets in response to viral toll-like receptor agonists and in vivo respiratory syncytial virus infection. Immunology 2013; 139:227-44. [PMID: 23368631 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells respond to stimulation via toll-like receptors (TLR). Bovine γδ T cells express TLR3 and TLR7, receptors that are key for the recognition of viruses such as bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV); however, responses of γδ T cells to stimulation via these receptors, and their role during viral infections, remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that neonatal bovine γδ T cells exhibit robust chemokine and cytokine production in response to the TLR3 agonist, Poly(I:C), and the TLR7 agonist, Imiquimod. Importantly, we observe a similar phenotype in γδ T-cell subsets purified from calves infected with BRSV. Bovine γδ T cells are divided into subsets based upon their expression of WC1, and the response to TLR stimulation and viral infection differs between these subsets, with WC1.1(+) and WC1(neg) γδ T cells producing macrophage inflammatory protein-1α and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and WC1.2(+) γδ T cells preferentially producing the regulatory cytokines interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β. We further report that the active vitamin D metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 does not alter γδ T-cell responses to TLR agonists or BRSV. To our knowledge, this is the first characterization of the γδ T-cell response during in vivo BRSV infection and the first suggestion that WC1.1(+) and WC1(neg) γδ T cells contribute to the recruitment of inflammatory populations during viral infection. Based on our results, we propose that circulating γδ T cells are poised to rapidly respond to viral infection and suggest an important role for γδ T cells in the innate immune response of the bovine neonate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L McGill
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen C, Herzig CTA, Alexander LJ, Keele JW, McDaneld TG, Telfer JC, Baldwin CL. Gene number determination and genetic polymorphism of the gamma delta T cell co-receptor WC1 genes. BMC Genet 2012; 13:86. [PMID: 23072335 PMCID: PMC3511184 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-13-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background WC1 co-receptors belong to the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) superfamily and are encoded by a multi-gene family. Expression of particular WC1 genes defines functional subpopulations of WC1+ γδ T cells. We have previously identified partial or complete genomic sequences for thirteen different WC1 genes through annotation of the bovine genome Btau_3.1 build. We also identified two WC1 cDNA sequences from other cattle that did not correspond to sequences in the Btau_3.1 build. Their absence in the Btau_3.1 build may have reflected gaps in the genome assembly or polymorphisms among animals. Since the response of γδ T cells to bacterial challenge is determined by WC1 gene expression, it was critical to understand whether individual cattle or breeds differ in the number of WC1 genes or display polymorphisms. Results Real-time quantitative PCR using DNA from the animal whose genome was sequenced (“Dominette”) and sixteen other animals representing ten breeds of cattle, showed that the number of genes coding for WC1 co-receptors is thirteen. The complete coding sequences of those thirteen WC1 genes is presented, including the correction of an error in the WC1-2 gene due to mis-assembly in the Btau_3.1 build. All other cDNA sequences were found to agree with the previous annotation of complete or partial WC1 genes. PCR amplification and sequencing of the most variable N-terminal SRCR domain (domain 1 which has the SRCR “a” pattern) of each of the thirteen WC1 genes showed that the sequences are highly conserved among individuals and breeds. Of 160 sequences of domain 1 from three breeds of cattle, no additional sequences beyond the thirteen described WC1 genes were found. Analysis of the complete WC1 cDNA sequences indicated that the thirteen WC1 genes code for three distinct WC1 molecular forms. Conclusion The bovine WC1 multi-gene family is composed of thirteen genes coding for three structural forms whose sequences are highly conserved among individual cattle and breeds. The sequence diversity necessary for WC1 genes to function as a multi-genic pattern recognition receptor array is encoded in the genome, rather than generated by recombinatorial diversity or hypermutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Chen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Plattner BL, Huffman EL, Hostetter JM. Gamma-delta T-cell responses during subcutaneous Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis challenge in sensitized or naive calves using matrix biopolymers. Vet Pathol 2012; 50:630-7. [PMID: 23051915 DOI: 10.1177/0300985812463404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a model to explore the early immune response against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) infection in the bovine calf using subcutaneously placed liquid gel matrix biopolymer (matrigel) containing live Map. Matrigel rapidly polymerizes in vivo, retains recruited cellular infiltrates and soluble immune mediators, and can be rapidly removed 48 hours later and depolymerized for analysis. In this study, we examined early host immune events at matrigel/Map sites; recruited cells were evaluated by histopathology and flow cytometry, and cytokines were measured by flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Luminex bead immunoassay. Our results demonstrate earlier recruitment of gamma-delta (γδ) T cells to matrigel/Map challenge sites compared to CD4+ T cells. We also show that significantly more γδ T cells were recruited to matrigel/Map sites postinfection day 7 compared to postinfection day 30 and that these cells produced significant amounts of the cytokine interferon gamma. We also provide evidence that peripheral blood-derived γδ T-cell subsets in cattle differentially generate interferon gamma, suggesting distinct roles for these cells. These data provide unique insight into initial antimycobacterial host cellular immune responses following Map infection in calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B L Plattner
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Holm D, Fink DR, Steffensen MA, Schlosser A, Nielsen O, Moeller JB, Holmskov U. Characterization of a novel human scavenger receptor cysteine-rich molecule SCART1 expressed by lymphocytes. Immunobiology 2012; 218:408-17. [PMID: 22795646 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) superfamily is a group of membrane bound and secreted proteins expressed by cells of the immune system. Several members act as pattern recognition receptors that bind to conserved molecular structures of pathogens. We have previously characterized a member of the SRCR superfamily, mSCART1, which primarily is expressed on a large subset of γδ T cells in mice. Here we report the cloning and characterization of human SCART1 (hSCART1) mainly expressed by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes. The hSCART1 gene maps to chromosome 10, region q26.3, a region that displays synteny to the position of mSCART1 in the murine genome. The primary structure of hSCART1 was established by molecular cloning. The longest cDNA sequence of hSCART1 that was found is 2200bp and encodes a protein composed of a signal peptide, 5 SRCR domains, and an in-frame potential cytoplasmic domain. Shorter splice forms have also been isolated. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis on human blood-fractions has shown that hSCART1 is expressed primarily by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes with either αβ or γδ T cell receptors, and real-time PCR on 22 different human tissues showed high expression of hSCART1 in the small intestine and colon. An antibody raised against an N-terminal hSCART1 peptide stains a subset of cells in the small intestine, stomach, and gall bladder, and it also stains placental villi. In conclusion, the characterization of hSCART1 at the mRNA and protein level suggests that the protein plays a role in the immune system, perhaps as a co-receptor on αβ and γδ T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorte Holm
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
BCG vaccination of neonatal calves: potential roles for innate immune cells in the induction of protective immunity. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 35:219-26. [PMID: 22169020 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis is a disease of increasing incidence in the UK causing major economic losses and with significant impact on bovine and, potentially human health: the causative agent Mycobacterium bovis is a zoonotic pathogen. Neonatal vaccination with the attenuated M. bovis Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine confers a significant degree of protection in cattle, and is a widely used control strategy for human TB. The adaptive immune system is relatively immature in neonates and increased numbers of innate effector cells present in young animals and human infants may compensate for this, enabling effective immune responses to vaccination. Natural killer cells and subsets of γδ TCR+ T lymphocytes secrete high levels of interferon gamma and can interact with antigen presenting cells to promote both innate and adaptive immune responses. These cell populations may be pivotal in determining immune bias following neonatal vaccination with BCG.
Collapse
|
18
|
Plattner BL, Hostetter JM. Comparative gamma delta T cell immunology: a focus on mycobacterial disease in cattle. Vet Med Int 2011; 2011:214384. [PMID: 21647391 PMCID: PMC3103839 DOI: 10.4061/2011/214384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A theme among many pathogenic mycobacterial species affecting both humans and animals is a prolonged asymptomatic or latent period that can last years to decades. The mechanisms that favor progression to active disease are not well understood. Pathogen containment is often associated with an effective cell-mediated or T-helper 1 immune profile. With certain pathogenic mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, a shift to active clinical disease is associated with loss of T-helper 1 immunity and development of an ineffective humoral or T-helper 2 immune response. Recently γδ T cells have been shown to play a role early in mycobacterial infections and have been hypothesized to influence disease outcome. The purpose of this paper is to compare recent advancements in our understanding of γδ T cells in humans, cattle, and mice and to discuss roles of γδ T cells in host response to mycobacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Plattner
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Antigenic basis of diversity in the γδ T cell co-receptor WC1 family. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:2565-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
20
|
Holm D, Fink DR, Grønlund J, Hansen S, Holmskov U. Cloning and characterization of SCART1, a novel scavenger receptor cysteine-rich type I transmembrane molecule. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:1663-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
21
|
Herzig CTA, Baldwin CL. Genomic organization and classification of the bovine WC1 genes and expression by peripheral blood gamma delta T cells. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:191. [PMID: 19393067 PMCID: PMC2681482 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background WC1 co-receptors are group B scavenger receptor cysteine-rich molecules that are found exclusively on γδT cells and are thought to be encoded by a multi-gene family. Previous studies have shown γδT cells that respond to a particular stimulus have unique WC1 molecules expressed. Prior to the onset of the studies described here only one full-length WC1 nucleotide sequence was publicly available, though three WC1 molecules had been distinguished based on monoclonal antibody reactivity. Furthermore, the number of WC1 genes found in the bovine genome and their sequences had not yet been resolved. Results By annotating the bovine genome Btau_3.1 assembly, here we show the existence of 13 members in the WC1 gene family and their organization within two loci on chromosome 5 including three distinct exon-intron gene structures one of which coded for a potentially more primitive and smaller WC1 molecule that is similar to the swine WC1 gene. We also provide cDNA evidence as verification for many of the annotated sequences and show transcripts for isoforms derived by alternative splicing. Conclusion It is possible that WC1 diversity contributes to functional differences that have been observed between γδT cell populations. The studies described here demonstrate that WC1 molecules are encoded by a large, multi-gene family whose transcripts undergo extensive alternative splicing. Similar to other non-rearranging immunoreceptors, it is likely that the WC1 gene repertoire underwent expansion in order to keep pace with rapidly changing ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn T A Herzig
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang F, Herzig C, Ozer D, Baldwin CL, Telfer JC. Tyrosine phosphorylation of scavenger receptor cysteine-rich WC1 is required for the WC1-mediated potentiation of TCR-induced T-cell proliferation. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:254-66. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
23
|
Chen C, Herzig CTA, Baldwin CL. Expressed gene sequence of bovine IL23A and IL23R. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 128:425-30. [PMID: 19117612 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The cloning and characterization of bovine IL23A and IL23 receptor cDNA from total RNA of PBMC and the genomic organization of the coding sequences are reported. The IL23A partial coding region was found to be 578 nucleotides coded for in 4 exons and shared 84% and 76% identity with human and mouse sequences, respectively. The IL23R complete coding region had 1890 nucleotides coded for in 10 exons and shared 87% and 73% homology with the human and mouse sequences, respectively. Both bovine sequences were more closely related to the human sequences than were mouse sequence. This work was done as part of the U.S. Veterinary Immune Reagent Network whose goal is to develop reagents for investigating diseases in livestock species, poultry and fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Chen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Davis TL, Pate JL. Bovine Luteal Cells Stimulate Proliferation of Major Histocompatibility Nonrestricted Gamma Delta T Cells1. Biol Reprod 2007; 77:914-22. [PMID: 17715431 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.106.059824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Luteal cells are potent activators of T cell proliferation in vitro. The purpose of this study was to determine which subset of T cells is stimulated by luteal cells and whether luteal cell-induced T cell activation elicits a proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory T cell response. The first objective was to determine if luteal cell-stimulated T cell proliferation was mediated by class I or II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. T cell proliferation was inhibited by anti-MHC class I but not anti-MHC class II antibodies. The second objective was to determine which T cell subtype proliferates when cultured with luteal cells. The proportions of CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells were unchanged, but the number of gamma delta T cells was increased by coculture with luteal cells. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of gamma delta T cells in midcycle and regressing corpus luteum. The final objective was to characterize T cell cytokine production stimulated by luteal cells. The concentrations of interferon-gamma (IFNG) and interleukin 10 (IL10) were increased in luteal cell-T cell cocultures, whereas IL4 was undetectable, and IL12 was barely detectable in culture medium. It was concluded that coculture of luteal cells and T cells resulted in activation of a somewhat unique T cell subset, gamma delta T cells, as well as production of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. To our knowledge, this is the first report of gamma delta T cell activation by luteal parenchymal cells of any species, raising the possibility that tissue-resident gamma delta T cells are involved in regulating the balance between tissue homeostasis and luteolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Davis
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University/Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
The production of monoclonal antibodies is very costly, and antibodies are only available for a limited number of species. Until a more cost effective method of antibody production is found, identification of cross-reactive antibodies is an alternative approach that can provide investigators studying immunity in minor species with valuable antibody reagents. Flow cytometry was used to test 21 monoclonal antibodies (mAb), raised against alphabeta and gammadelta T cell receptors and CD3 from human and five animal species, for cross-reactivity in 44 different species including 16 species of nonhuman primates, marsupials, carnivores, lagomorphs, rodents, ruminants, swine, cetacean, horse, birds, a reptile, and fish. Fifteen of the mAbs cross-reacted with orthologous molecules in one or more species. Two antibodies, anti-human TCR gammadelta (B1.1), and anti-human CD3 (SP34) were found to costain in 13 species of nonhuman primates. This study has identified valuable new reagents for studying T cell populations in different animal species and for the first time characterized antibodies useful for studying gammadelta T cell populations in many species of primates. These antibodies may be used for further immunity research in species with less well-characterized immune systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Conrad
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3N5.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|