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Wyatt A, Levy D. Modeling the Effect of Memory in the Adaptive Immune Response. Bull Math Biol 2020; 82:124. [PMID: 32926238 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-020-00798-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is well understood that there are key differences between a primary immune response and subsequent responses. Specifically, memory T cells that remain after a primary response drive the clearance of antigen in later encounters. While the existence of memory T cells is widely accepted, the specific mechanisms that govern their function are generally debated. In this paper, we develop a mathematical model of the immune response. This model follows the creation, activation, and regulation of memory T cells, which allows us to explore the differences between the primary and secondary immune responses. Through the incorporation of memory T cells, we demonstrate how the immune system can mount a faster and more effective secondary response. This mathematical model provides a quantitative framework for studying chronic infections and auto-immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asia Wyatt
- Department of Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Doron Levy
- Department of Mathematics and Center for Scientific Computation and Mathematical Modeling (CSCAMM), University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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Bhide Y, Dong W, Meijerhof T, de Vries-Idema J, Niesters HG, Huckriede A. Characterization of humoral immune responses and degree of protection induced by influenza vaccine in cotton rats: Effects of low vaccine dose and single vs booster vaccination. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2020; 8:279-291. [PMID: 32319216 PMCID: PMC7416045 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Cotton rats are a suitable model for the study of influenza disease symptoms and responses to influenza vaccination. We have previously shown that two immunizations with 15 µg whole inactivated virus (WIV) influenza vaccine could completely protect animals from infection with the H1N1pdm09 virus. Methods To further explore the cotton rat model, we here investigated the protective potential of a single intramuscular immunization and of prime/boost intramuscular immunizations with a low amount of antigen. Results A single intramuscular immunization with doses more than or equal to 0.5 µg WIV reliably evoked antibody responses and doses more than or equal to 1 µg protected the animals from virus replication in the lungs and from severe weight loss. However, clinical symptoms like an increased respiration rate were still apparent. Administration of a booster dose significantly increased the humoral immune responses but did not or only moderately improved protection from clinical symptoms. Conclusion Our data suggest that complete and partial protection by influenza vaccines can be mimicked in cotton rats by using specific vaccination regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshita Bhide
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Dong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tjarko Meijerhof
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline de Vries-Idema
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hubert G Niesters
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anke Huckriede
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Patel MC, Wang W, Pletneva LM, Rajagopala SV, Tan Y, Hartert TV, Boukhvalova MS, Vogel SN, Das SR, Blanco JCG. Enterovirus D-68 Infection, Prophylaxis, and Vaccination in a Novel Permissive Animal Model, the Cotton Rat (Sigmodon hispidus). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166336. [PMID: 27814404 PMCID: PMC5096705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a significant increase in detection of Enterovirus D-68 (EV-D68) among patients with severe respiratory infections worldwide. EV-D68 is now recognized as a re-emerging pathogen; however, due to lack of a permissive animal model for EV-D68, a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis and immune response against EV-D68 has been hampered. Recently, it was shown that EV-D68 has a strong affinity for α2,6-linked sialic acids (SAs) and we have shown previously that α2,6-linked SAs are abundantly present in the respiratory tract of cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus). Thus, we hypothesized that cotton rats could be a potential model for EV-D68 infection. Here, we evaluated the ability of two recently isolated EV-D68 strains (VANBT/1 and MO/14/49), along with the historical prototype Fermon strain (ATCC), to infect cotton rats. We found that cotton rats are permissive to EV-D68 infection without virus adaptation. The different strains of EV-D68 showed variable infection profiles and the ability to produce neutralizing antibody (NA) upon intranasal infection or intramuscular immunization. Infection with the VANBT/1 resulted in significant induction of pulmonary cytokine gene expression and lung pathology. Intramuscular immunization with live VANBT/1 or MO/14/49 induced strong homologous antibody responses, but a moderate heterologous NA response. We showed that passive prophylactic administration of serum with high content of NA against VANBT/1 resulted in an efficient antiviral therapy. VANBT/1-immunized animals showed complete protection from VANBT/1 challenge, but induced strong pulmonary Th1 and Th2 cytokine responses and enhanced lung pathology, indicating the generation of exacerbated immune response by immunization. In conclusion, our data illustrate that the cotton rat is a powerful animal model that provides an experimental platform to investigate pathogenesis, immune response, anti-viral therapies and vaccines against EV-D68 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira C. Patel
- Sigmovir Biosystems Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wei Wang
- Infectious Diseases Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Seesandra V. Rajagopala
- Infectious Diseases Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yi Tan
- Infectious Diseases Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tina V. Hartert
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | | | - Stefanie N. Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Suman R. Das
- Infectious Diseases Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JCGB); (SRD)
| | - Jorge C. G. Blanco
- Sigmovir Biosystems Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JCGB); (SRD)
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Green MG, Huey D, Niewiesk S. The cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) as an animal model for respiratory tract infections with human pathogens. Lab Anim (NY) 2013; 42:170-6. [PMID: 23604159 DOI: 10.1038/laban.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infection is a great human health concern, resulting in disease, death and economic losses. Cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) have been particularly useful in the study of the pathogenesis of human respiratory virus infections, including the development and testing of antiviral compounds and vaccines. In this article, the authors outline the advantages of the cotton rat compared with the mouse as a model for infection with measles virus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, human parainfluenza virus and human metapneumovirus. From the literature and their own experience, the authors summarize guidelines for handling, maintaining and breeding cotton rats. In addition, they offer technical tips for carrying out infection experiments and provide information about the large array of immunological assays and reagents available for the study of immune responses (macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, B cells, antibodies, chemokines and cytokines) in cotton rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gia Green
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Fox A, Le NMH, Horby P, van Doorn HR, Nguyen VT, Nguyen HH, Nguyen TC, Vu DP, Nguyen MH, Diep NTN, Bich VTN, Huong HTTK, Taylor WR, Farrar J, Wertheim H, Nguyen VK. Severe pandemic H1N1 2009 infection is associated with transient NK and T deficiency and aberrant CD8 responses. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31535. [PMID: 22363665 PMCID: PMC3282732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is unclear why the severity of influenza varies in healthy adults or why the burden of severe influenza shifts to young adults when pandemic strains emerge. One possibility is that cross-protective T cell responses wane in this age group in the absence of recent infection. We therefore compared the acute cellular immune response in previously healthy adults with severe versus mild pandemic H1N1 infection. Methods and Principal Findings 49 previously healthy adults admitted to the National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, Viet Nam with RT-PCR-confirmed 2009 H1N1 infection were prospectively enrolled. 39 recovered quickly whereas 10 developed severe symptoms requiring supplemental oxygen and prolonged hospitalization. Peripheral blood lymphocyte subset counts and activation (HLADR, CD38) and differentiation (CD27, CD28) marker expression were determined on days 0, 2, 5, 10, 14 and 28 by flow cytometry. NK, CD4 and CD8 lymphopenia developed in 100%, 90% and 60% of severe cases versus 13% (p<0.001), 28%, (p = 0.001) and 18% (p = 0.014) of mild cases. CD4 and NK counts normalized following recovery. B cell counts were not significantly associated with severity. CD8 activation peaked 6–8 days after mild influenza onset, when 13% (6–22%) were HLADR+CD38+, and was accompanied by a significant loss of resting/CD27+CD28+ cells without accumulation of CD27+CD28− or CD27−CD28− cells. In severe influenza CD8 activation peaked more than 9 days post-onset, and/or was excessive (30–90% HLADR+CD38+) in association with accumulation of CD27+CD28− cells and maintenance of CD8 counts. Conclusion Severe influenza is associated with transient T and NK cell deficiency. CD8 phenotype changes during mild influenza are consistent with a rapidly resolving memory response whereas in severe influenza activation is either delayed or excessive, and partially differentiated cells accumulate within blood indicating that recruitment of effector cells to the lung could be impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Fox
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Dong Da, Ha Noi, Viet Nam.
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Abstract
The cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) model has proven to be a suitable small animal model for measles virus pathogenesis to fill the niche between tissue culture and studies in macaques. Similar to mice, inbred cotton rats are available in a microbiologically defined quality with an ever-increasing arsenal of reagents and methods available for the study of infectious diseases. Cotton rats replicate measles virus in the respiratory tract and (depending on virus strain) in lymphoid organs. They can be infected with vaccine, wild-type, and recombinant measles viruses and have been used to study viruses with genetic modifications. Other areas of study include efficacy testing of antivirals and vaccines. The cotton rat also has been an informative animal model to investigate measles virus-induced immune suppression and suppression of vaccination by maternal antibodies. In addition, the cotton rat promises to be a useful model for the study of polymicrobial disease (interaction between measles virus and secondary pathogens).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Niewiesk
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Abstract
Influenza viruses continue to cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. With the threat of the emergence of a pandemic influenza strain, there is an urgency to develop new vaccine strategies that offer broad protection. The rational basis for the design of such vaccines comes from the use of animal models. Cotton rats are a helpful tool to study influenza disease pathogenesis and immunity because adaptation of human influenza strains is not required for virus replication in the lower respiratory tract and subsequent disease signs. This review describes innate and adaptive responses to influenza in infected cotton rats, and points out immune mechanisms that contribute to protection against disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryna C Eichelberger
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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