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Harnessing the Complete Repertoire of Conventional Dendritic Cell Functions for Cancer Immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12070663. [PMID: 32674488 PMCID: PMC7408110 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The onset of checkpoint inhibition revolutionized the treatment of cancer. However, studies from the last decade suggested that the sole enhancement of T cell functionality might not suffice to fight malignancies in all individuals. Dendritic cells (DCs) are not only part of the innate immune system, but also generals of adaptive immunity and they orchestrate the de novo induction of tolerogenic and immunogenic T cell responses. Thus, combinatorial approaches addressing DCs and T cells in parallel represent an attractive strategy to achieve higher response rates across patients. However, this requires profound knowledge about the dynamic interplay of DCs, T cells, other immune and tumor cells. Here, we summarize the DC subsets present in mice and men and highlight conserved and divergent characteristics between different subsets and species. Thereby, we supply a resource of the molecular players involved in key functional features of DCs ranging from their sentinel function, the translation of the sensed environment at the DC:T cell interface to the resulting specialized T cell effector modules, as well as the influence of the tumor microenvironment on the DC function. As of today, mostly monocyte derived dendritic cells (moDCs) are used in autologous cell therapies after tumor antigen loading. While showing encouraging results in a fraction of patients, the overall clinical response rate is still not optimal. By disentangling the general aspects of DC biology, we provide rationales for the design of next generation DC vaccines enabling to exploit and manipulate the described pathways for the purpose of cancer immunotherapy in vivo. Finally, we discuss how DC-based vaccines might synergize with checkpoint inhibition in the treatment of malignant diseases.
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Abstract
Respiratory fungal infection is a severe clinical problem, especially in patients with compromised immune functions. Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Pneumocystis, and endemic fungi are major pulmonary fungal pathogens that are able to result in life-threatening invasive diseases. Growing data being reported have indicated that multiple cells and molecules orchestrate the host's response to a fungal infection in the lung. Upon fungal challenge, innate myeloid cells including macrophages, dendritic cells (DC), and recruited neutrophils establish the first line of defense through the phagocytosis and secretion of cytokines. Natural killer cells control the fungal expansion in the lung via the direct and indirect killing of invading organisms. Adaptive immune cells including Th1 and Th17 cells confer anti-fungal activity by producing their signature cytokines, interferon-γ, and IL-17. In addition, lung epithelial cells (LEC) also participate in the resistance against fungal infection by internalization, inflammatory cytokine production, or antimicrobial peptide secretion. In the host cells mentioned above, various molecules with distinct functions modulate the immune defense signaling: Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as dectin-1 expressed on the cell surface are involved in fungal recognition; adaptor proteins such as MyD88 and TRAF6 are required for transduction of signals to the nucleus for transcriptional regulation; inflammasomes also play crucial roles in the host's defense against a fungal infection in the lung. Furthermore, transcriptional factors modulate the transcriptions of a series of genes, especially those encoding cytokines and chemokines, which are predominant regulators in the infectious microenvironment, mediating the cellular and molecular immune responses against a fungal infection in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou, China
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Gen Lu
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangxun Meng
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
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Fang DA, Zhao CS, Jiang SL, Zhou YF, Xu DP. Toxic function of CD28 involving in the TLR/MyD88 signal pathway in the river pufferfish (Takifugu obscurus) after exposed to tributyltin chloride (TBT-Cl). Gene 2019; 688:84-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Riccardi C, Ronchetti S, Nocentini G. Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related gene (GITR) as a therapeutic target for immunotherapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:783-797. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1512588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Riccardi
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Miska J, Rashidi A, Chang AL, Muroski ME, Han Y, Zhang L, Lesniak MS. Anti-GITR therapy promotes immunity against malignant glioma in a murine model. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:1555-1567. [PMID: 27734112 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1912-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are potently immunosuppressive cells that accumulate within the glioma microenvironment. The reduction in their function and/or trafficking has been previously shown to enhance survival in preclinical models of glioma. Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR) is a tumor necrosis factor superfamily receptor enriched on Tregs that has shown promise as a target for immunotherapy. An agonistic antibody against GITR has been demonstrated to inhibit Tregs in a number of models and has only been recently addressed in glioma. In this study, we examined the modality of the antibody function at the tumor site as opposed to the periphery as the blood-brain barrier prevents efficient antibody delivery to brain tumors. Mice harboring established GL261 tumors were treated with anti-GITR monotherapy and were shown to have a significant increase in overall survival (p < 0.01) when antibodies were injected directly into the glioma core, whereas peripheral antibody treatment only had a modest effect. Peripheral treatment resulted in a significant decrease in granzyme B (GrB) expression by Tregs, whereas intratumoral treatment resulted in both a decrease in GrB expression by Tregs and their selective depletion, which was largely mediated by FcγR-mediated destruction. We also discovered that anti-GITR treatment results in the enhanced survival and functionality of dendritic cells (DCs)-a previously unreported effect of this immunotherapy. In effect, this study demonstrates that the targeting of GITR is a feasible and noteworthy treatment option for glioma, but is largely dependent on the anatomical location in which the antibodies are delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Miska
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Aida Rashidi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Alan L Chang
- Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Megan E Muroski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lingjiao Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St. Clair, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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SHEN PEI, SU ZHAOLIANG, WANG TING, LIU YANFANG, ZHAO YANG, HAN QINGZHEN, XU HUAXI, WANG SHENGJUN. Expression and purification of the mGITR-Fc fusion protein and its effect on CD4+ T cells and dendritic cells in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3965-3971. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Clouthier DL, Watts TH. Cell-specific and context-dependent effects of GITR in cancer, autoimmunity, and infection. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:91-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Liu Y, Quang P, Braggio E, Ngo H, Badalian-Very G, Flores L, Zhang Y, Sacco A, Maiso P, Azab AK, Azab F, Carrasco R, Rollins BJ, Roccaro AM, Ghobrial IM. Novel tumor suppressor function of glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor GITR in multiple myeloma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66982. [PMID: 23785514 PMCID: PMC3681775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor (GITR) plays a crucial role in modulating immune response and inflammation, however the role of GITR in human cancers is poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that GITR is inactivated during tumor progression in Multiple Myeloma (MM) through promoter CpG island methylation, mediating gene silencing in primary MM plasma cells and MM cell lines. Restoration of GITR expression in GITR deficient MM cells led to inhibition of MM proliferation in vitro and in vivo and induction of apoptosis. These findings were supported by the presence of induction of p21 and PUMA, two direct downstream targets of p53, together with modulation of NF-κB in GITR-overexpressing MM cells. Moreover, the unbalanced expression of GITR in clonal plasma cells correlated with MM disease progression, poor prognosis and survival. These findings provide novel insights into the pivotal role of GITR in MM pathogenesis and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Phong Quang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Esteban Braggio
- Department of Medicine, Division of Haematology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Hai Ngo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gayane Badalian-Very
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ludmila Flores
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Antonio Sacco
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Patricia Maiso
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Abdel Kareem Azab
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Feda Azab
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ruben Carrasco
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Barrett J. Rollins
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aldo M. Roccaro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Irene M. Ghobrial
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Carrier Y, Whitters MJ, Miyashiro JS, LaBranche TP, Ramon HE, Benoit SE, Ryan MS, Keegan SP, Guay H, Douhan J, Collins M, Dunussi-Joannopoulos K, Medley QG. Enhanced GITR/GITRL interactions augment IL-27 expression and induce IL-10-producing Tr-1 like cells. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1393-404. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark S. Ryan
- Inflammation and Immunology; Pfizer; Cambridge; MA; USA
| | | | - Heath Guay
- Inflammation and Immunology; Pfizer; Cambridge; MA; USA
| | - John Douhan
- Inflammation and Immunology; Pfizer; Cambridge; MA; USA
| | - Mary Collins
- Inflammation and Immunology; Pfizer; Cambridge; MA; USA
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Liao G, Detre C, Berger SB, Engel P, de Waal Malefyt R, Herzog RW, Bhan AK, Terhorst C. Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related protein regulates CD4(+)T cell-mediated colitis in mice. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:582-591.e8. [PMID: 22155173 PMCID: PMC3428052 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related protein (GITR; also called TNFRSF18 or CD357) regulates the T cell-mediated immune response and is present on surfaces of regulatory T (Treg) cells and activated CD4(+) T cells. We investigated the roles of GITR in the development of colitis in mice. METHODS Chronic enterocolitis was induced by the transfer of wild-type or GITR(-/-) CD4(+) T cells to GITR(-/-) × Rag(-/-) or Rag(-/-) mice. We determined the severity of colitis by using the disease activity index; measured levels of inflammatory cytokines, T cells, and dendritic cells; and performed histologic analysis of colon samples. RESULTS Transfer of nonfractionated CD4(+) cells from wild-type or GITR(-/-) donors induced colitis in GITR(-/-) × Rag(-/-) but not in Rag(-/-) mice. Among mice with transfer-induced colitis, the percentage of Treg and T-helper (Th) 17 cells was reduced but that of Th1 cells increased. Treg cells failed to prevent colitis in GITR(-/-) × Rag(-/-) recipients; this was not the result of aberrant function of GITR(-/-) Treg or T effector cells but resulted from an imbalance between the numbers of tolerogenic CD103(+) and PDCA1(+) plasmacytoid dendritic cells in GITR(-/-) mice. This imbalance impaired Treg cell development and expanded the Th1 population in GITR(-/-) × Rag(-/-) mice following transfer of nonfractionated CD4(+) cells. CONCLUSIONS GITR is not required on the surface of Treg and T effector cells to induce colitis in mice; interactions between GITR and its ligand are not required for induction of colitis. GITR instead appears to control dendritic cell and monocyte development; in its absence, mice develop aggravated chronic enterocolitis via an imbalance of colitogenic Th1 cells and Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongxian Liao
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
| | - Cynthia Detre
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115. USA
| | - Scott B. Berger
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115. USA
| | - Pablo Engel
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, C/Casanova 143, Barcelona E-08036, Spain
| | - Rene de Waal Malefyt
- Biologics Discovery, Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, 901 California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1104, USA
| | - Roland W. Herzog
- University of Florida, Cancer and Genetics Research Center, 1376 Mowry Road, Room 203, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Atul K. Bhan
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115. USA. Phone: (617) 735-4131; Fax: (617) 735-4135
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Snell LM, McPherson AJ, Lin GHY, Sakaguchi S, Pandolfi PP, Riccardi C, Watts TH. CD8 T Cell-Intrinsic GITR Is Required for T Cell Clonal Expansion and Mouse Survival following Severe Influenza Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:7223-34. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ronchetti S, Nocentini G, Petrillo MG, Bianchini R, Sportoletti P, Bastianelli A, Ayroldi EM, Riccardi C. Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR family Related gene (GITR) enhances dendritic cell activity. Immunol Lett 2010; 135:24-33. [PMID: 20883723 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR family Related gene (GITR), a Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily (TNFRSF) member involved in immune/inflammatory processes, has been previously shown to regulate T cell activation. To study GITR role in antigen presenting cells, we evaluated the capability of bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDC) from GITR(-/-) mice to stimulate the activation of CD4(+)CD25(-) T lymphocytes. We found that GITR(-/-) BMDC are weaker stimulators of T cell proliferation than GITR(+/+) BMDC, either in syngenic or allogenic BMDC/T cell co-cultures. Expression of GITR in GITR(-/-) BMDC restored their ability to activate T cells while GITR silencing in GITR(+/+) BMDC inhibited the capability to stimulate T cells. GITR(-/-) BMDC showed a reduced production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 and an increased production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Notably, co-culture of CD4(+)CD25(-) cells with GITR(-/-) BMDC originated FoxP3(+) cells, secreting IL-10 and TGF-β. Finally, in vivo injection of GITR(-/-) OVA-loaded BMDC led to a lower cell number and a lower activated cell number in draining lymph nodes than in GITR(+/+) OVA-loaded BMDC injected mice. Together, these results indicate that GITR plays a role in regulating BMDC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Ronchetti
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Chemotherapy Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122, Italy.
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Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related (GITR) protein and its ligand in antitumor immunity: functional role and therapeutic modulation. Clin Dev Immunol 2010; 2010:239083. [PMID: 20936139 PMCID: PMC2948872 DOI: 10.1155/2010/239083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family member GITR to modulate immune responses has been the subject of multiple studies. Initially thought to be critically involved in governing functions of regulatory T cells, GITR and its ligand GITRL have meanwhile been found to modulate the reactivity of various different cell types and to influence a broad variety of immunological conditions including the immune response against tumors. Not only GITR, but also GITRL is capable of transducing signals, and the consequences of GITR-GITRL interaction may vary among different effector cell types, differ upon signal transduction via the receptor, the ligand, or both, depend on the level of an ongoing immune response, and even differ among mice and men. In this paper, we address available data on GITR and its ligand in immune responses and discuss the role and potential therapeutic modulation of this molecule system in antitumor immunity.
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