1
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Zhang Y, Lu Y, Gao Y, Liang X, Zhang R, Wang X, Zou X, Yang W. Effects of Aire on perforin expression in BMDCs via TLR7/8 and its therapeutic effect on type 1 diabetes. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109890. [PMID: 36805202 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Type 1 diabetes, as a kind of autoimmune diseases, usually results from the broken-down of self-tolerance. Autoimmune regulator (Aire), as a transcription factor, induces peripheral tolerance by regulating Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression in dendritic cells (DCs). Several studies have recently identified a small population of perforin-expressing DCs, which is an important population of tolerogenic DCs (tolDCs) that restricts autoreactive T cells in vivo through a perforin-mediated mechanism. Thus, the present study explored the specific relationship among Aire, perforin-expressing DCs and immune tolerance, as well as their roles in type 1 diabetes. METHODS We conducted studies based on the Aire-overexpressing bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (BMDC) model. And through in vitro and in vivo experiments to observe that Aire-overexpressing BMDCs which express perforin induce immune tolerance and treat type 1 diabetes via TLR7/8. RESULTS Aire enhances the expression of perforin in BMDCs after treatment with the TLR7/8 ligand as well as promotes the expression of TLR7/8 and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-dependent pathway molecules. Aire-overexpressing BMDCs mediate apoptosis of allogeneic CD8+ T cells via perforin in vitro. Moreover, Aire-overexpressing BMDCs enhance the therapeutic effect of type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice via perforin and induce apoptosis of autoreactive CD8+ T cells in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These results provide an experimental basis for comprehensively elucidating the role and significance of Aire expression in peripheral DCs, thereby providing new ideas for the treatment of autoimmune diseases by using Aire as a target to induce the production of perforin-expressing DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yaoping Lu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaojing Liang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rongchao Zhang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoya Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xueyang Zou
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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2
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Wolff ASB, Braun S, Husebye ES, Oftedal BE. B Cells and Autoantibodies in AIRE Deficiency. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1274. [PMID: 34572460 PMCID: PMC8466229 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1) is a rare but severe monogenetic autoimmune endocrine disease caused by failure of the Autoimmune Regulator (AIRE). AIRE regulates the negative selection of T cells in the thymus, and the main pathogenic mechanisms are believed to be T cell-mediated, but little is known about the role of B cells. Here, we give an overview of the role of B cells in thymic and peripheral tolerance in APS-1 patients and different AIRE-deficient mouse models. We also look closely into which autoantibodies have been described for this disorder, and their implications. Based on what is known about B cell therapy in other autoimmune disorders, we outline the potential of B cell therapies in APS-1 and highlight the unresolved research questions to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette S. B. Wolff
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (A.S.B.W.); (S.B.); (E.S.H.)
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- KG Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Disorders, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Sarah Braun
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (A.S.B.W.); (S.B.); (E.S.H.)
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eystein S. Husebye
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (A.S.B.W.); (S.B.); (E.S.H.)
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- KG Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Disorders, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Bergithe E. Oftedal
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (A.S.B.W.); (S.B.); (E.S.H.)
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- KG Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Disorders, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
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3
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Zhao B, Chang L, Fu H, Sun G, Yang W. The Role of Autoimmune Regulator (AIRE) in Peripheral Tolerance. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:3930750. [PMID: 30255105 PMCID: PMC6142728 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3930750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune regulator (AIRE), whose gene mutation is considered to be a causative factor of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (APS1), is an important transcriptional regulator. Studies on the role of AIRE in the central immune system have demonstrated that AIRE can eliminate autoreactive T cells by regulating the expression of a series of tissue specific antigens promiscuously in medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) and induce regulatory T cell (Treg) production to maintain central immune tolerance. However, the related research of AIRE in peripheral tolerance is few. In order to understand the current research progress on AIRE in peripheral tolerance, this review mainly focuses on the expression and distribution of AIRE in peripheral tissues and organs, and the role of AIRE in peripheral immune tolerance such as regulating Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression and the maturation status of antigen presenting cells (APCs), inducing T cell tolerance and differentiation. This review will show us that AIRE also plays an indispensable role in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Zhao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lu Chang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Haiying Fu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Guangyu Sun
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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4
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Perri V, Gianchecchi E, Scarpa R, Valenzise M, Rosado MM, Giorda E, Crinò A, Cappa M, Barollo S, Garelli S, Betterle C, Fierabracci A. Altered B cell homeostasis and Toll-like receptor 9-driven response in patients affected by autoimmune polyglandular syndrome Type 1: Altered B cell phenotype and dysregulation of the B cell function in APECED patients. Immunobiology 2017; 222:372-383. [PMID: 27622939 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
APECED is a T-cell mediated disease with increased frequencies of CD8+ effector and reduction of FoxP3+ T regulatory cells. Antibodies against affected organs and neutralizing to cytokines are found in the peripheral blood. The contribution of B cells to multiorgan autoimmunity in Aire-/- mice was reported opening perspectives on the utility of anti-B cell therapy. We aimed to analyse the B cell phenotype of APECED patients compared to age-matched controls. FACS analysis was conducted on PBMC in basal conditions and following CpG stimulation. Total B and switched memory (SM) B cells were reduced while IgM memory were increased in patients. In those having more than 15 years from the first clinical manifestation the defect included also mature and transitional B cells; total memory B cells were increased, while SM were unaffected. In patients with shorter disease duration, total B cells were unaltered while SM and IgM memory behaved as in the total group. A defective B cell proliferation was detected after 4day-stimulation. In conclusion APECED patients show, in addition to a significant alteration of the B cell phenotype, a dysregulation of the B cell function involving peripheral innate immune mechanisms particularly those with longer disease duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Perri
- Immuno-Infectivology and Clinical Trials Research Area, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Gianchecchi
- Immuno-Infectivology and Clinical Trials Research Area, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Scarpa
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Mariella Valenzise
- Unit of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Ezio Giorda
- Research Laboratories, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Crinò
- Endocrinology Department, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Cappa
- Endocrinology Department, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Susi Barollo
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Garelli
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Corrado Betterle
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fierabracci
- Immuno-Infectivology and Clinical Trials Research Area, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy.
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5
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Sun J, Niu K, Fu H, Li H, Li Y, Yang W. Autoimmune Regulator Expression in DC2.4 Cells Regulates the NF-κB Signaling and Cytokine Expression of the Toll-Like Receptor 3 Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E2002. [PMID: 27916941 PMCID: PMC5187802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune regulator (Aire) mutations result in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy (APECED), which manifests as multi-organ autoimmunity and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC). Indendritic cells (DCs), pattern recognition receptors (PRR), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), are closely involved in the recognition of various pathogens, activating the intercellular signaling pathway, followed by the activation of transcription factors and the expression of downstream genes, which take part in mediating the immune response and maintaining immune tolerance. In this study, we found that Aire up-regulated TLR3 expression and modulated the downstream cytokine expression and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) of the TLR3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitong Sun
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Kunwei Niu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Haiying Fu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Haijun Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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6
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Crossland KL, Abinun M, Arkwright PD, Cheetham TD, Pearce SH, Hilkens CMU, Lilic D. AIRE is not essential for the induction of human tolerogenic dendritic cells. Autoimmunity 2016; 49:211-8. [PMID: 26912174 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2016.1148692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations of the Autoimmune Regulator (AIRE) gene results in organ-specific autoimmunity and disease Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy type 1 (APS1)/Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy Candidiasis Ectodermal Dystrophy (APECED). The AIRE protein is crucial in the induction of central tolerance, promoting ectopic expression of tissue-specific antigens in medullary thymic epithelial cells and enabling removal of self-reactive T-cells. AIRE expression has recently been detected in myeloid dendritic cells (DC), suggesting AIRE may have a significant role in peripheral tolerance. DC stimulation of T-cells is critical in determining the initiation or lack of an immune response, depending on the pattern of costimulation and cytokine production by DCs, defining immunogenic/inflammatory (inflDC) and tolerogenic (tolDC) DC. In AIRE-deficient patients and healthy controls, we validated the role of AIRE in the generation and function of monocyte-derived inflDC and tolDCs by determining mRNA and protein expression of AIRE and comparing activation markers (HLA-DR/DP/DQ,CD83,CD86,CD274(PDL-1),TLR-2), cytokine production (IL-12p70,IL-10,IL-6,TNF-α,IFN-γ) and T-cell stimulatory capacity (mixed lymphocyte reaction) of AIRE+ and AIRE- DCs. We show for the first time that: (1) tolDCs from healthy individuals express AIRE; (2) AIRE expression is not significantly higher in tolDC compared to inflDC; (3) tolDC can be generated from APECED patient monocytes and (4) tolDCs lacking AIRE retain the same phenotype and reduced T-cell stimulatory function. Our findings suggest that AIRE does not have a role in the induction and function of monocyte-derived tolerogenic DC in humans, but these findings do not exclude a role for AIRE in peripheral tolerance mediated by other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Crossland
- a Primary Immune Deficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Mario Abinun
- a Primary Immune Deficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
- b Department of Paediatric Immunology , Great North Children's Hospital , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Peter D Arkwright
- c Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Timothy D Cheetham
- d Department of Paediatric Endocrinology , Great North Children's Hospital , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Simon H Pearce
- e Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Catharien M U Hilkens
- f Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK , and
| | - Desa Lilic
- a Primary Immune Deficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
- g Department of Regional Immunology and Allergy , Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
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7
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Li H, Li D, Sun J, Li Y, Yang W, Li Y. Autoimmune regulator‑overexpressing dendritic cells induce T helper 1 and T helper 17 cells by upregulating cytokine expression. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:565-71. [PMID: 26548750 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The autoimmune regulator (Aire) protein is a transcriptional activator that is essential in central immune tolerance, as it regulates the ectopic expression of many tissue‑restricted antigens in medullary thymic epithelial cells. Aire expression has also been described in hematopoietic cells, such as monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), in the peripheral immune system. However, the role of Aire expression in peripheral immune system cells, including DCs, remains to be elucidated. In the present study, the effects of secreted cytokines from Aire‑overexpressing DCs on cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ T cell subsets were investigated. The dendritic cell line, DC2.4, which overexpresses Aire, was co‑cultured with CD4+ T cells from splenocytes using Transwell inserts. The results indicate that Aire‑overexpressing cells induce T helper (Th)1 subsets by increasing interleukin (IL)‑12 expression, and induce Th17 subsets by upregulating IL‑6 and transforming growth factor (TGF)‑β production. In addition, it was observed that increased levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal‑regulated kinases and p38 upregulated the expression of cytokines in Aire‑overexpressing cells. These data suggest that Aire may have a role in inducing Th1 and Th17 differentiation by upregulating cytokine expression in DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Li
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Dongbei Li
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jitong Sun
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yinan Li
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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8
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Li D, Li H, Fu H, Niu K, Guo Y, Guo C, Sun J, Li Y, Yang W. Aire-Overexpressing Dendritic Cells Induce Peripheral CD4⁺ T Cell Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 17:E38. [PMID: 26729097 PMCID: PMC4730283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune regulator (Aire) can promote the ectopic expression of peripheral tissue-restricted antigens (TRAs) in thymic medullary epithelial cells (mTECs), which leads to the deletion of autoreactive T cells and consequently prevents autoimmune diseases. However, the functions of Aire in the periphery, such as in dendritic cells (DCs), remain unclear. This study's aim was to investigate the effect of Aire-overexpressing DCs (Aire cells) on the functions of CD4⁺ T cells and the treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1D). We demonstrated that Aire cells upregulated the mRNA levels of the tolerance-related molecules CD73, Lag3, and FR4 and the apoptosis of CD4⁺ T cells in STZ-T1D mouse-derived splenocytes. Furthermore, following insulin stimulation, Aire cells decreased the number of CD4⁺ IFN-γ⁺ T cells in both STZ-T1D and WT mouse-derived splenocytes and reduced the expression levels of TCR signaling molecules (Ca(2+) and p-ERK) in CD4⁺ T cells. We observed that Aire cells-induced CD4⁺ T cells could delay the development of T1D. In summary, Aire-expressing DCs inhibited TCR signaling pathways and decreased the quantity of CD4⁺IFN-γ⁺ autoreactive T cells. These data suggest a mechanism for Aire in the maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance and provide a potential method to control autoimmunity by targeting Aire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbei Li
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Haijun Li
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Haiying Fu
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Kunwei Niu
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yantong Guo
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Chuan Guo
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Jitong Sun
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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9
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Gene/environment interactions in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity: New insights on the role of Toll-like receptors. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:971-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Sun J, Fu H, Wu J, Zhu W, Li Y, Yang W. Macrophages overexpressing Aire induce CD4+Foxp3+ T cells. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:159-65. [PMID: 23128958 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aire plays an important role in central immune tolerance by regulating the transcription of thousands of genes. However, the role of Aire in the peripheral immune system is poorly understood. Regulatory T (Treg) cells are considered essential for the maintenance of peripheral tolerance, but the effect of Aire on Treg cells in the peripheral immune system is currently unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of macrophages overexpressing Aire on CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells by co-culturing Aire-overexpressing RAW264.7 cells or their supernatant with splenocytes. The results show that macrophages overexpressing Aire enhanced the expression of Foxp3 mRNA and induced different subsets of Treg cells in splenocytes through cell-cell contact or a co-culture supernatants. TGF-β is a key molecule in the increases of CD4+CD45RA+Foxp3hi T cell and activating Treg (aTreg) levels observed following cell‑supernatant co-culturing. Subsets of Treg cells were induced by Aire-overexpressing macrophages, and the manipulation of Treg cells by the targeting of Aire may provide a method for the treatment of inflammatory or autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitong Sun
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
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11
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Wu J, Zhu W, Fu H, Zhang Y, Sun J, Yang W, Li Y. DNA-PKcs interacts with Aire and regulates the expression of toll-like receptors in RAW264.7 cells. Scand J Immunol 2012; 75:479-88. [PMID: 22239103 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2012.02682.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The autoimmune regulator (Aire) is a key mediator of the central tolerance for peripheral tissue self-antigen (PTAs) and is involved in the transcriptional control of many antigens in thymic medullary epithelial cells (mTECs). However, the function of Aire in peripheral lymphoid tissues and haematopoietic cells, particularly in monocytes and macrophages, remains poorly understood. We previously found that the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 1, TLR3 and TLR8 was notably upregulated in pEGFPC1/Aire stably transfected RAW264.7 (GFP-Aire/RAW) cells, while the expressions of other TLRs were not significantly changed. The mechanism by which Aire affects TLR1, TLR3 and TLR8 expression is not clear. Interactions with other proteins, such as DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), are crucial for regulating the transcriptional activity of Aire. In this study, we found that Aire and DNA-PK catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) were co-located in the nucleus of GFP-Aire/RAW cells, and they interact with each other. Small interfering RNA knock-down of DNA-PKcs in these cells decreased the expression of TLR1, TLR3 and TLR8, but no change was observed in pEGFPC1 stably transfected RAW264.7 (GFP/RAW) cells. We did not observe any change in the expressions of other TLRs after DNA-PKcs knock-down in GFP-Aire/RAW or GFP/RAW cells. A similar observation has been made in pEGFPC1/Aire or pEGFPC1 transiently transfected primary peritoneal macrophages. Using a luciferase activity assay, we found the that the transcriptional activity of TLR1, TLR3 and TLR8 promoters was also decreased after knock-down of DNA-PKcs in GFP-Aire/RAW cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that DNA-PKcs may interact with Aire to promote the expression of TLRs in RAW264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wu
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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da Silva RAB, Ferreira PDF, De Rossi A, Nelson-Filho P, Silva LAB. Toll-like receptor 2 knockout mice showed increased periapical lesion size and osteoclast number. J Endod 2012; 38:803-13. [PMID: 22595116 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to characterize the formation and progression of experimentally induced periapical lesions in TLR2 knockout (TLR2 KO) mice. METHODS Periapical lesions were induced in molars of 28 wild type (WT) and 27 TLR2 KO mice. After 7, 21, and 42 days, the animals were euthanized, and the mandibles were subjected to histotechnical processing. Hematoxylin-eosin-stained sections were examined under conventional light microscopy for the description of pulpal, apical, and periapical features and under fluorescence microscopy for the determination of the periapical lesion size. The subsequent sections were evaluated by tartrate resistant acid phosphatase histoenzymology (osteoclasts), Brown and Brenn staining (bacteria), and immunohistochemistry (RANK, RANKL, and OPG). Data were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS The WT group showed significant differences (P < .05) in the periapical lesion size and the osteoclast number between 7 and 42 days and between 21 and 42 days. In the TLR2 KO group, significant differences (P < .05) in the periapical lesion size and the osteoclast number were found between 7 days and the other periods. There was a significant difference (P < .05) between the 2 types of animal regarding the periapical lesion size, which was larger in the TLR2 KO animals. No significant differences (P > .05) were found between WT and TLR2 KO mice related to the pulpal, apical, and periapical features; bacteria localization; and immunohistochemical results (except for RANK expression). CONCLUSIONS TLR2 KO animals developed larger periapical lesions with a greater number of osteoclasts, indicating the important role of this receptor in the host's immune and inflammatory response to root canal and periradicular infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Assed Bezerra da Silva
- Department of Pediatric Clinics, Preventive and Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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