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Griffiths KL, Villarreal DO, Weiner DB, Khader SA. A novel multivalent tuberculosis vaccine confers protection in a mouse model of tuberculosis. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:2649-2653. [PMID: 27322875 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1197454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects one third of the world's population. Due to variable efficacy of the Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine, development of novel TB vaccines remains a priority. Here, we demonstrate the protective efficacy of a novel multivalent DNA vaccine, which contains 15 synthetic antigens targeting the Mtb ESX secretion system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Griffiths
- a Department of Molecular Microbiology , Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Daniel O Villarreal
- b Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - David B Weiner
- b Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- a Department of Molecular Microbiology , Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis , MO , USA
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Tufariello JM, Chapman JR, Kerantzas CA, Wong KW, Vilchèze C, Jones CM, Cole LE, Tinaztepe E, Thompson V, Fenyö D, Niederweis M, Ueberheide B, Philips JA, Jacobs WR. Separable roles for Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESX-3 effectors in iron acquisition and virulence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E348-57. [PMID: 26729876 PMCID: PMC4725510 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1523321113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) encodes five type VII secretion systems (T7SS), designated ESX-1-ESX-5, that are critical for growth and pathogenesis. The best characterized is ESX-1, which profoundly impacts host cell interactions. In contrast, the ESX-3 T7SS is implicated in metal homeostasis, but efforts to define its function have been limited by an inability to recover deletion mutants. We overcame this impediment using medium supplemented with various iron complexes to recover mutants with deletions encompassing select genes within esx-3 or the entire operon. The esx-3 mutants were defective in uptake of siderophore-bound iron and dramatically accumulated cell-associated mycobactin siderophores. Proteomic analyses of culture filtrate revealed that secretion of EsxG and EsxH was codependent and that EsxG-EsxH also facilitated secretion of several members of the proline-glutamic acid (PE) and proline-proline-glutamic acid (PPE) protein families (named for conserved PE and PPE N-terminal motifs). Substrates that depended on EsxG-EsxH for secretion included PE5, encoded within the esx-3 locus, and the evolutionarily related PE15-PPE20 encoded outside the esx-3 locus. In vivo characterization of the mutants unexpectedly showed that the ESX-3 secretion system plays both iron-dependent and -independent roles in Mtb pathogenesis. PE5-PPE4 was found to be critical for the siderophore-mediated iron-acquisition functions of ESX-3. The importance of this iron-acquisition function was dependent upon host genotype, suggesting a role for ESX-3 secretion in counteracting host defense mechanisms that restrict iron availability. Further, we demonstrate that the ESX-3 T7SS secretes certain effectors that are important for iron uptake while additional secreted effectors modulate virulence in an iron-independent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn M Tufariello
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Jessica R Chapman
- Office of Collaborative Science, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Christopher A Kerantzas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Ka-Wing Wong
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Education/Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Catherine Vilchèze
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Christopher M Jones
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Laura E Cole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Emir Tinaztepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Victor Thompson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - David Fenyö
- Laboratory of Computational Proteomics, Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Michael Niederweis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Office of Collaborative Science, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Jennifer A Philips
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016;
| | - William R Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461;
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Logunova N, Korotetskaya M, Polshakov V, Apt A. The QTL within the H2 Complex Involved in the Control of Tuberculosis Infection in Mice Is the Classical Class II H2-Ab1 Gene. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005672. [PMID: 26618355 PMCID: PMC4664271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The level of susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB) infection depends upon allelic variations in numerous interacting genes. In our mouse model system, the whole-genome quantitative trait loci (QTLs) scan revealed three QTLs involved in TB control on chromosomes 3, 9, and in the vicinity of the H2 complex on chromosome 17. For the present study, we have established a panel of new congenic, MHC-recombinant mouse strains bearing differential small segments of chromosome 17 transferred from the TB-susceptible I/St (H2j) strain onto the genetic background of TB-resistant C57BL/6 (B6) mice (H2b). This allowed narrowing the QTL interval to 17Ch: 33, 77–34, 34 Mb, containing 36 protein-encoding genes. Cloning and sequencing of the H2j allelic variants of these genes demonstrated profound polymorphic variations compare to the H2b haplotype. In two recombinant strains, B6.I-249.1.15.100 and B6.I-249.1.15.139, recombination breakpoints occurred in different sites of the H2-Aβ 1 gene (beta-chain of the Class II heterodimer H2-A), providing polymorphic variations in the domain β1 of the Aβ-chain. These variations were sufficient to produce different TB-relevant phenotypes: the more susceptible B6.I-249.1.15.100 strain demonstrated shorter survival time, more rapid body weight loss, higher mycobacterial loads in the lungs and more severe lung histopathology compared to the more resistant B6.I-249.1.15.139 strain. CD4+ T cells recognized mycobacterial antigens exclusively in the context of the H2-A Class II molecule, and the level of IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells in the lungs was significantly higher in the resistant strain. Thus, we directly demonstrated for the first time that the classical H2- Ab1 Class II gene is involved in TB control. Molecular modeling of the H2-Aj product predicts that amino acid (AA) substitutions in the Aβ-chain modify the motif of the peptide–MHC binding groove. Moreover, unique AA substitutions in both α- and β-chains of the H2-Aj molecule might affect its interactions with the T-cell receptor (TCR). Many genes of the host regulate interactions with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and determine the level of susceptibility to, and severity of, tuberculosis (TB). Identification of these genes and their alleles is continuing and contributes new knowledge about the host-pathogen interactions. So far, forward genetic approaches (from phenotype to gene) have identified several chromosomal segments involved in genetic control of TB in mice (quantitative trait loci—QTL), but only one particular gene, Ipr1, has been identified. Here, we report the identification of a second TB-controlling gene. On the basis of a pair of mouse inbred strains with polar susceptibility to TB infection (susceptible I/St and more resistant C57BL/6) we established a panel of recombinant strains carrying small segments of Chromosome 17 from I/St on the genetic background of C57BL/6. A combination of genetic mapping, gene sequencing, TB phenotypes assessment and immunological approaches demonstrates that the H2-Ab1 gene encoding the beta-chain of the Class II heterodimer H2-A determines susceptibility to TB infection. The importance of allelic polymorphisms in Class II genes encoding antigen-presenting molecules in susceptibility to infection has been suspected. This is the first prove of this role obtained by the methods of classical forward genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Logunova
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail: (NL); (AA)
| | - Maria Korotetskaya
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Polshakov
- Center for Magnetic Tomography & Spectroscopy, School of Fundamental Medicine, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Apt
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology, School of Biology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail: (NL); (AA)
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Niazi MKK, Dhulekar N, Schmidt D, Major S, Cooper R, Abeijon C, Gatti DM, Kramnik I, Yener B, Gurcan M, Beamer G. Lung necrosis and neutrophils reflect common pathways of susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in genetically diverse, immune-competent mice. Dis Model Mech 2015. [PMID: 26204894 PMCID: PMC4582107 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.020867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in susceptible humans. Here, we infected Diversity Outbred (DO) mice with ∼100 bacilli by aerosol to model responses in a highly heterogeneous population. Following infection, ‘supersusceptible’, ‘susceptible’ and ‘resistant’ phenotypes emerged. TB disease (reduced survival, weight loss, high bacterial load) correlated strongly with neutrophils, neutrophil chemokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and cell death. By contrast, immune cytokines were weak correlates of disease. We next applied statistical and machine learning approaches to our dataset of cytokines and chemokines from lungs and blood. Six molecules from the lung: TNF, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL5, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin 12 (IL-12); and two molecules from blood – IL-2 and TNF – were identified as being important by applying both statistical and machine learning methods. Using molecular features to generate tree classifiers, CXCL1, CXCL2 and CXCL5 distinguished four classes (supersusceptible, susceptible, resistant and non-infected) from each other with approximately 77% accuracy using completely independent experimental data. By contrast, models based on other molecules were less accurate. Low to no IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-2 and IL-10 successfully discriminated non-infected mice from infected mice but failed to discriminate disease status amongst supersusceptible, susceptible and resistant M.-tuberculosis-infected DO mice. Additional analyses identified CXCL1 as a promising peripheral biomarker of disease and of CXCL1 production in the lungs. From these results, we conclude that: (1) DO mice respond variably to M. tuberculosis infection and will be useful to identify pathways involving necrosis and neutrophils; (2) data from DO mice is suited for machine learning methods to build, validate and test models with independent data based solely on molecular biomarkers; (3) low levels of immunological cytokines best indicate a lack of exposure to M. tuberculosis but cannot distinguish infection from disease. Summary: Molecular biomarkers of tuberculosis are identified and used to classify disease status of Diversity Outbred mice that have been infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad K K Niazi
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210 OH, USA
| | - Nimit Dhulekar
- Department of Computer Science and Department of Electrical, Computer and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, 12810 NY, USA
| | - Diane Schmidt
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, 01536 MA, USA
| | - Samuel Major
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, 01536 MA, USA
| | - Rachel Cooper
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, 01536 MA, USA
| | - Claudia Abeijon
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, 01536 MA, USA
| | | | - Igor Kramnik
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 02215 MA, USA
| | - Bulent Yener
- Department of Computer Science and Department of Electrical, Computer and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, 12810 NY, USA
| | - Metin Gurcan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210 OH, USA
| | - Gillian Beamer
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, 01536 MA, USA
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Fragoso YD, Adoni T, Anacleto A, Brooks JBB, Carvalho MDJ, Claudino R, Damasceno A, Ferreira MLB, Gama PDD, Goncalves MVM, Grzesiuk AK, Matta APDC, Parolin MFK. How do we manage and treat a patient with multiple sclerosis at risk of tuberculosis? Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 14:1251-60. [PMID: 25242167 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2014.962517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis continues to be a serious health problem worldwide. The disease continues to be underdiagnosed and not properly treated. In conditions that affect the immune system, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), latent tuberculosis may thrive and reactivate during the use of immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive drugs. Among the best treatment options for patients with latent or active tuberculosis who have MS are IFN-β, glatiramer acetate and mitoxantrone. Drugs leading to a reduced number and/or function of lymphocytes should be avoided or used with caution. Tuberculosis must always be investigated in patients with MS and treated with rigor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Dadalti Fragoso
- Department of Neurology and MS Reference Center, Universidade Metropolitana de Santos, SP, Brazil
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Clonal expansions of CD8+ T cells with IL-10 secreting capacity occur during chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58612. [PMID: 23472214 PMCID: PMC3589362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact role of CD8+ T cells during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection has been heavily debated, yet it is generally accepted that CD8+ T cells contribute to protection against Mtb. In this study, however, we show that the Mtb-susceptible CBA/J mouse strain accumulates large numbers of CD8+ T cells in the lung as infection progresses, and that these cells display a dysfunctional and immunosuppressive phenotype (PD-1+, Tim-3+, CD122+). CD8+ T cell expansions from the lungs of Mtb-infected CBA/J mice were also capable of secreting the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10), although in vivo CD8+ T cell depletion did not significantly alter Mtb burden. Further analysis revealed that pulmonary CD8+ T cells from Mtb-infected CBA/J mice were clonally expanded, preferentially expressing T cell receptor (TcR) Vβ chain 8 (8.2, 8.3) or Vβ 14. Although Vβ8+ CD8+ T cells were responsible for the majority of IL-10 production, in vivo depletion of Vβ8+ did not significantly change the outcome of Mtb infection, which we hypothesize was a consequence of their dual IL-10/IFN-γ secreting profiles. Our data demonstrate that IL-10-secreting CD8+ T cells can arise during chronic Mtb infection, although the significance of this T cell population in tuberculosis pathogenesis remains unclear.
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Beamer GL, Cyktor J, Flaherty DK, Stromberg PC, Carruthers B, Turner J. CBA/J mice generate protective immunity to soluble Ag85 but fail to respond efficiently to Ag85 during natural Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:870-9. [PMID: 22531914 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In CBA/J mice, susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is associated with low interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) responses to antigens (Antigen 85 (Ag85) and early secreted antigenic target-6 (ESAT-6)) that have been defined as immunodominant. Here, we asked whether the failure of CBA/J mice to recognize Ag85 is a consequence of M.tb infection or whether CBA/J mice have a general defect in generating specific T-cell responses to this protein antigen. We compared CBA/J mice during primary M.tb infection, Ag85 vaccination followed by M.tb challenge, or M.tb memory immune mice for their capacity to generate Ag85-specific IFN-γ responses and to control M.tb infection. CBA/J mice did not respond efficiently to Ag85 in the context of natural infection or re-infection. In contrast, CBA/J mice could generate Ag85-specific IFN-γ responses and protective immunity when this antigen was delivered as a soluble protein. Our data indicate that although M.tb infection of CBA/J mice does not drive an Ag85 response, these mice can fully and protectively respond to Ag85 if it is delivered as a vaccine. The data from this experimental model suggest that the Ag85-containing vaccines in clinical trials should protect M.tb susceptible humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian L Beamer
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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