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Checkpoints and Immunity in Cancers: Role of GNG12. Pharmacol Res 2022; 180:106242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abou-Fadel J, Bhalli M, Grajeda B, Zhang J. CmP Signaling Network Leads to Identification of Prognostic Biomarkers for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in Caucasian Women. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2022; 26:198-219. [PMID: 35481969 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2021.0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) constitutes ∼15% of all diagnosed invasive breast cancer cases with limited options for treatment since immunotherapies that target ER, PR, and HER2 receptors are ineffective. Progesterone (PRG) can induce its effects through either classic, nonclassic, or combined responses by binding to classic nuclear PRG receptors (nPRs) or nonclassic membrane PRG receptors (mPRs). Under PRG-induced actions, we previously demonstrated that the CCM signaling complex (CSC) can couple both nPRs and mPRs into a CmPn signaling network, which plays an important role during nPR(+) breast cancer tumorigenesis. We recently defined the novel CmP signaling network in African American women (AAW)-derived TNBC cells, which overlapped with our previously defined CmPn network in nPR(+) breast cancer cells. Methods: Under mPR-specific steroid actions, we measured alterations to key tumorigenic pathways in Caucasian American women (CAW)- derived TNBC cells, with RNAseq/proteomic and systems biology approaches. Exemption from ethics approval from IRB: This study only utilized cultured NBC cell lines with publicly available TNBC clinical data sets. Results: Our results demonstrated that TNBCs in CAW share similar altered signaling pathways, as TNBCs in AAW, under mPR-specific steroid actions, demonstrating the overall aggressive nature of TNBCs, regardless of racial differences. Furthermore, in this report, we have deconvoluted the CmP signalosome, using systems biology approaches and CAW-TNBC clinical data, to identify 21 new CAW-TNBC-specific prognostic biomarkers that reinforce the definitive role of CSC and mPR signaling during CAW-TNBC tumorigenesis. Conclusion: This new set of potential prognostic biomarkers may revolutionize molecular mechanisms and currently known concepts of tumorigenesis in CAW-TNBCs, leading to hopeful new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Abou-Fadel
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Muaz Bhalli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Brian Grajeda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
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Effects of the Bone/Bone Marrow Microenvironments on Prostate Cancer Cells and CD59 Expression. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2753414. [PMID: 32337233 PMCID: PMC7165328 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2753414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effects of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) and osteoblasts (hFOB1.19) on PC3 prostate cancer cells. Methods To simulate the in vivo interaction between the bone/bone marrow microenvironments and prostate cancer cells, we established cocultures of PC3 cells with hBMSC or hFOB1.19 cells and evaluated their effects on the proliferation, cell cycle distribution, cell migration, and invasion of PC3 cells. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to detect CD59 mRNA expression in PC3 cells. The expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor- (NF-) κB (RANK), RANK ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), CD59, NF-κB (p50 subunit), and cyclin D1 in PC3 cells was analyzed by immunofluorescence and western blotting. Results hBMSCs and hFOB1.19 cells enhanced the proliferation, migration, and invasion of PC3 cells; increased the proportion of PC3 cells in the S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle; and upregulated RANK, RANKL, OPG, CD59, cyclin D1, and NF-κB (p50 subunit) expression by PC3 cells. The RANKL inhibitor, scutellarin, inhibited these effects in PC3-hFOB1.19 cocultures. Conclusion hBMSCs and hFOB1.19 cells modulate the phenotype of PC3 prostate cancer cells and the expression of CD59 by activating the RANK/RANKL/OPG signaling pathway.
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Peng H, Qin YT, He XW, Li WY, Zhang YK. Epitope Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Nanoparticles for Chemo-/Photodynamic Synergistic Cancer Therapy Guided by Targeted Fluorescence Imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:13360-13370. [PMID: 32101405 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
It is a still tough task to precisely target cancer cells and efficiently improve the therapeutic efficacy of various therapies at the same time. Here, dual-template imprinting polymer nanoparticles (MIPs) with a core-shell structure were prepared, in which fluorescent silica nanoparticles (FSiO2) were the core and the imprinted polymer layers were the outermost shell. The imprinted layer was designed and constructed via free-radical precipitation approach on the surface of FSiO2, which simultaneously encapsulated gadolinium-doped silicon quantum dots and photosensitizers (Ce6). During the polymerization process, two template molecules were introduced into the mixtures, one was the epitope of CD59 protein (YNCPNPTADCK), which was overexpressed on the surface of a great deal of the solid cancers, and the other was antitumor agent doxorubicin (DOX) to be used for chemotherapy. Furthermore, the embedded Ce6 could generate toxic 1O2 under 655 nm laser irradiation to kill cancer cells, combining with the loaded-DOX to obtain a synergistic cancer therapy. Moreover, owing to the introduction of gadolinium-doped silicon quantum dots, Ce6, and DOX, the MIPs were endowed with targeted fluorescence imaging (FI) and MR imaging (MRI). In vitro and in vivo experiments had been conducted to demonstrate the excellent targeting ability and desirable treatment effect with negligible toxicity to healthy tissues and organs. As a consequence, the designed MIPs can promote the development of targeted recognition against biomarkers and precise treatment guided with cell imaging tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ya-Ting Qin
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xi-Wen He
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wen-You Li
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yu-Kui Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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Kumar D, Romero Y, Schuck KN, Smalley H, Subedi B, Fleming SD. Drivers and regulators of humoral innate immune responses to infection and cancer. Mol Immunol 2020; 121:99-110. [PMID: 32199212 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The complement cascade consists of cell bound and serum proteins acting together to protect the host from pathogens, remove cancerous cells and effectively links innate and adaptive immune responses. Despite its usefulness in microbial neutralization and clearance of cancerous cells, excessive complement activation causes an immune imbalance and tissue damage in the host. Hence, a series of complement regulatory proteins present at a higher concentration in blood plasma and on cell surfaces tightly regulate the cascade. The complement cascade can be initiated by B-1 B cell production of natural antibodies. Natural antibodies arise spontaneously without any known exogenous antigenic or microbial stimulus and protect against invading pathogens, clear apoptotic cells, provide tissue homeostasis, and modulate adaptive immune functions. Natural IgM antibodies recognize microbial and cancer antigens and serve as an activator of complement mediated lysis. This review will discuss advances in complement activation and regulation in bacterial and viral infections, and cancer. We will also explore the crosstalk of natural antibodies with bacterial populations and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Yeni Romero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Kaitlynn N Schuck
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Haley Smalley
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Bibek Subedi
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Sherry D Fleming
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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Yan B, Chen B, Min S, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Xu P, Li C, Chen J, Luo G, Liu C. iTRAQ-based Comparative Serum Proteomic Analysis of Prostate Cancer Patients with or without Bone Metastasis. J Cancer 2019; 10:4165-4177. [PMID: 31413735 PMCID: PMC6691707 DOI: 10.7150/jca.33497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Once prostate cancer developed bone metastasis, the quality of life and prognosis of patients are seriously affected as no effective treatment is currently available. It is necessary to explore the mechanism of bone metastasis and new therapeutic targets. Purpose: To find out the differentially expressed serum proteins in prostate cancer patients with bone metastasis and analyze the expression of key proteins in prostate cancer tissues, serum and prostate cancer cell lines. So as to provide a basis for revealing the mechanism of bone metastasis and designing new therapeutic targets. Methods: iTRAQ-based proteomics method was used to compare serum differential proteins in prostate cancer patients with and without bone metastasis. Three key proteins (CD59, haptoglobin and tetranectin) which had significant fold changes were selected to validate the results of mass spectrometry. Immunohistochemistry and ELISA were applied to tissues and serum samples from prostate cancer patients, respectively, for validation. Finally, western blot, flow cytometry, and immunocytochemistry were used to analyze the expression of the three differentially expressed proteins in the prostate cancer cell lines PC3, LNCap, and Du145. Results: Thirty-two differentially expressed proteins related to bone metastasis of prostate cancer were identified, of which 11 were up-regulated and 21 were down-regulated. CD59 and haptoglobin were up-regulated in prostate cancer with bone metastasis while tetranectin was down-regulated. Tetranectin showed differential expression in epithelial and stromal cells of prostate cancer and hyperplasia tissues.The expression of CD59 was highest in PC3 and lowest in LNCap, while the expression of haptoglobin and tetranectin was the highest in DU145 and lowest in PC3. Conclusion: Mass spectrometry analysis showed that there were more differentially expressed proteins in the serum of patients with bone metastasis than those without metastasis. It has been verified that CD59, haptoglobin and tetranectin are prostate cancer bone metastasis related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yan
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Medical College of Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Binshen Chen
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaoju Min
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yubo Gao
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chaoming Li
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiasheng Chen
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guangheng Luo
- Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Medical College of Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Chunxiao Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Geller A, Yan J. The Role of Membrane Bound Complement Regulatory Proteins in Tumor Development and Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1074. [PMID: 31164885 PMCID: PMC6536589 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been understood that the control and surveillance of tumors within the body involves an intricate dance between the adaptive and innate immune systems. At the center of the interplay between the adaptive and innate immune response sits the complement system—an evolutionarily ancient response that aids in the destruction of microorganisms and damaged cells, including cancer cells. Membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins (mCRPs), such as CD46, CD55, and CD59, are expressed throughout the body in order to prevent over-activation of the complement system. These mCRPs act as a double-edged sword however, as they can also over-regulate the complement system to the extent that it is no longer effective at eliminating cancerous cells. Recent studies are now indicating that mCRPs may function as a biomarker of a malignant transformation in numerous cancer types, and further, are being shown to interfere with anti-tumor treatments. This highlights the critical roles that therapeutic blockade of mCRPs can play in cancer treatment. Furthermore, with the complement system having the ability to both directly and indirectly control adaptive T-cell responses, the use of a combinatorial approach of complement-related therapy along with other T-cell activating therapies becomes a logical approach to treatment. This review will highlight the biomarker-related role that mCRP expression may have in the classification of tumor phenotype and predicted response to different anti-cancer treatments in the context of an emerging understanding that complement activation within the Tumor Microenvironment (TME) is actually harmful for tumor control. We will discuss what is known about complement activation and mCRPs relating to cancer and immunotherapy, and will examine the potential for combinatorial approaches of anti-mCRP therapy with other anti-tumor therapies, especially checkpoint inhibitors such as anti PD-1 and PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Overall, mCRPs play an essential role in the immune response to tumors, and understanding their role in the immune response, particularly in modulating currently used cancer therapeutics may lead to better clinical outcomes in patients with diverse cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Geller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Jun Yan
- Immuno-Oncology Program, Department of Medicine, The James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
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Jia Y, Qi Y, Wang Y, Ma X, Xu Y, Wang J, Zhang X, Gao M, Cong B, Han S. Overexpression of CD59 inhibits apoptosis of T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia via AKT/Notch1 signaling pathway. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:9. [PMID: 30636930 PMCID: PMC6325688 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0714-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) was a hematological malignancy characterized by the accumulation of immature T cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood. In this study, we tried to explore the physiological role of CD59 in T-ALL. METHODS In this study, we collected the bone marrow samples from 17 T-ALL patients and 38 healthy participants to find differences in CD59 expression patterns. Then, CD59 was over-expressed in T-ALL cell line Jurkat, and its biological functions were detected. In addition, in order to understand the active site of CD59, the Trp40 was mutated. Further, we constructed a mouse model by transplanting Jurkat cells into the nude mice to verify the function of CD59 in vitro. At last, mechanism studies were performed by western blot. RESULTS We found that the proportion of T lymphocytes expressing CD59 in bone marrow of T-ALL patients was significantly higher than that of healthy individuals. Then, we found that the overexpression of CD59 in Jurkat cells was beneficial to the cell survival by inhibiting apoptosis and promoting IL-2 secretion. In this process, Trp40 of CD59 was a key functional site. Further, the high expression of CD59 inhibited apoptosis of bone marrow and peripheral blood cells, and promoted IL-2 secretion in mouse model. At last, mechanism studies showed that the activation of AKT, STAT5 and Notch1 signaling pathways in Jurkat cells, may be involved in the regulation of apoptosis by CD59; and mutation in the Trp40 affect the interaction of CD59 with these signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, CD59 inhibited apoptosis of T-ALL by regulating AKT/Notch1 signaling pathway, providing a new perspective for the treatment of T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Jia
- Medical Research and Laboratory Diagnostic Center, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 115 Jie Fang Road, Jinan, Shandong 250013 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Qi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunshan Wang
- Medical Research and Laboratory Diagnostic Center, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 115 Jie Fang Road, Jinan, Shandong 250013 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- Medical Research and Laboratory Diagnostic Center, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 115 Jie Fang Road, Jinan, Shandong 250013 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yihui Xu
- Medical Research and Laboratory Diagnostic Center, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 115 Jie Fang Road, Jinan, Shandong 250013 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- Medical Research and Laboratory Diagnostic Center, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 115 Jie Fang Road, Jinan, Shandong 250013 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Medical Research and Laboratory Diagnostic Center, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 115 Jie Fang Road, Jinan, Shandong 250013 People’s Republic of China
| | - Meihua Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Beibei Cong
- Medical Research and Laboratory Diagnostic Center, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 115 Jie Fang Road, Jinan, Shandong 250013 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuyi Han
- Medical Research and Laboratory Diagnostic Center, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 115 Jie Fang Road, Jinan, Shandong 250013 People’s Republic of China
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Xiong H, Jin X, You C. Expression of the CD59 Glycoprotein Precursor is Upregulated in an Estrogen Receptor-alpha (ER-α)-Negative and a Tamoxifen-Resistant Breast Cancer Cell Line In Vitro. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:7883-7890. [PMID: 30391994 PMCID: PMC6232914 DOI: 10.12659/msm.910647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among women. Tamoxifen (TAM) therapy is one of the most widely and successfully used endocrine treatments for estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive breast cancer. However, resistance to TAM has been a major challenge. In addition, the mechanisms underlying endocrine resistance remain unclear. Here, we report that CD59, a phosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein, is a candidate resistant gene for TAM therapies. Material/Methods The breast cancer cell line MCF-7, the MCF-10A cell line, and the TAM-resistant breast cancer cell line TAMR-MCF-7 were cultured. The TAMR-MCF-7 cells were transfected with CD59 siRNA and control siRNA. Then, the CD59 glycoprotein precursor expression was detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Cell counting kit-8 and flow cytometry assay were performed to examine cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, and cell cycle. In addition, the expressions of Bax, Bcl2, cleaved-caspase-8, cleaved-caspase-6, cleaved-caspase-3, and cleaved-PARP were analyzed by western blot analysis in the TAMR-MCF-7 cells treated with CD59 siRNA. Results In the present study, we found that the CD59 glycoprotein precursor was aberrantly upregulated in the ERα-negative breast cancer MCF-10A cells but not the MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, the CD59 glycoprotein precursor expression was elevated in the TAM-resistant breast cancer cells. Importantly, RNAi-mediated attenuation of CD59 was sufficient to rescue the resistance to TAM in the TAMR-MCF-7 cells. Conclusions In summary, our results proposed a candidate biomarker for predicting TAM resistance in ERα-positive breast cancer via targeting CD59, therefore it could be a novel therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiru Xiong
- Department of Oncology, Suqian People's Hospital, Group of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Suqian People's Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaowei Jin
- Department of Oncology, Suqian People's Hospital, Group of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Suqian People's Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Chuanwen You
- Department of Oncology, Suqian People's Hospital, Group of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Suqian People's Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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Abstract
CD59 has been identified as a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein that acts as an inhibitor of the formation of the membrane attack complex to regulate complement activation. Recent studies have shown that CD59 is highly expressed in several cancer cell lines and tumor tissues. CD59 also regulates the function, infiltration and phenotypes of a variety of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Herein, we summarized recent advances related to the functions and mechanisms of CD59 in the tumor microenvironment. Therapeutic strategies that seek to modulate the functions of CD59 in the tumor microenvironment could be a promising direction for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Qiaofei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Quan Liao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Yupei Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
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Wang LN, Gao MH, Wang B, Cong BB, Zhang SC. A role for GPI-CD59 in promoting T-cell signal transduction via LAT. Oncol Lett 2018. [PMID: 29541246 PMCID: PMC5835848 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 59 (CD59) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein. Cross-linking of CD59 with specific monoclonal antibodies can cause a series of intracellular signal transduction events. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Linker for activation of T-cells (LAT) is a crucial adaptor protein in T-cell signaling, and its phosphorylation and palmitoylation are essential for its localization and function. In a previous study by the present authors, it was demonstrated that CD59 may be responsible for LAT palmitoylation, thereby regulating T-cell signal transduction. The present study detected the co-localization of LAT and CD59 in lipid rafts by transfecting Jurkat cells with lentivirus vectors carrying the LAT-enhanced green fluorescent protein fusion protein. In addition, LAT and CD59 were shown to have a synergistic effect on the proliferation of Jurkat cells. The results also indicated that CD59 may transfer the palmitate group from phosphatidylinositol to LAT to form LAT palmitate, which then localizes to lipid rafts to regulate T-cell activation. The results of the present study provided novel insights into the role of CD59 in T-cell signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Wang
- Department of Immunology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China.,Department of Blood Transfusion, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Hua Gao
- Department of Immunology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Immunology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Bei-Bei Cong
- Department of Immunology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Chao Zhang
- Department of Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
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Zhou Z, Li Y, Yan X, Wang X, Yang C, Wei H, Yang X, Xiao J. Does rarity mean imparity? Biological characteristics of osteosarcoma cells originating from the spine. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 143:1959-1969. [PMID: 28551767 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Osteosarcoma is one of the most common malignancies in bones and is often found in limbs. Until now, it is not clear why osteosarcoma is rare in the spine. On the other hand, previous biological characteristics study about osteosarcoma of spine was also rare because of its low incidence. To explore the biology of spinal osteosarcoma, a stable osteosarcoma cell line derived from spine is necessary. METHODS A novel osteosarcoma cell line named NEO217 was established from spinal osteosarcoma tissues obtained from a Chinese male patient. We performed a series of experiments to investigate the biological properties of NEO217, including cell morphology, the kinetics of cell growth, biomarkers and tumorigenicity. RESULTS The cell line NEO217 was passaged in vitro for more than 50 generations. Ultramicroscopic structural features of these cells were consistent with the pleomorphism characteristic of cancer cells. The average cell doubling time was 26 h. The chromosomal morphology was that of a human karyotype, with the number of chromosomes more than 80. NEO217 cells and available osteosarcoma cell lines such as MG-63 and MNNG/HOS were all CD29+CD59+ phenotype as detected by flow cytometry. Inoculation of NEO217 cells to immunodeficient mice led to tumor formation. The biological and molecular properties of NEO217 cell line are not exactly the same as some human osteosarcoma cell lines derived from the extremities. CONCLUSION We have established a novel osteosarcoma cell line NEO217 derived from the spine, which will provide a useful model for biological or therapeutical studies of spinal osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No.415, Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The 455th Hospital of PLA, Shanghai, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No.415, Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No.415, Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Haifeng Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No.415, Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Xinghai Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No.415, Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Jianru Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No.415, Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China.
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OUYANG QIANWEN, ZHANG LONG, JIANG YIZHOU, NI XIAOJIAN, CHEN SHENG, YE FUGUI, DU YIQUN, HUANG LIANG, DING PEIPEI, WANG NA, YANG CHAOQUN, HUANG TIANBAO, SUN YUJING, LI SHAN, XIA YUN, HU WEIGUO, LUO RONGCHENG, SHAO ZHIMING. The membrane complement regulatory protein CD59 promotes tumor growth and predicts poor prognosis in breast cancer. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:2015-24. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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14
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Zhu J, Zheng Z, Wang J, Sun J, Wang P, Cheng X, Fu L, Zhang L, Wang Z, Li Z. Different miRNA expression profiles between human breast cancer tumors and serum. Front Genet 2014; 5:149. [PMID: 24904649 PMCID: PMC4033838 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A bunch of microRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to be aberrantly expressed in cancer tumor tissue and serum. The miRNA signatures identified from the serum samples could serve as potential noninvasive diagnostic markers for breast cancer. The role of the miRNAs in cancerigenesis is unclear. In this study, we generated the expression profiles of miRNAs from the paired breast cancer tumors, normal, tissue, and serum samples from eight patients using small RNA-sequencing. Serum samples from eight healthy individuals were used as normal controls. We identified total 174 significantly differentially expressed miRNAs between tumors and the normal tissues, and 109 miRNAs between serum from patients and serum from healthy individuals. There are only 10 common miRNAs. This suggests that only a small portion of tumor miRNAs are released into serum selectively. Interestingly, the expression change pattern of 28 miRNAs is opposite between breast cancer tumors and serum. Functional analysis shows that the differentially expressed miRNAs and their target genes form a complex interaction network affecting many biological processes and involving in many types of cancer such as prostate cancer, basal cell carcinoma, acute myeloid leukemia, and more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- Clinical laboratory, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhibao Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Tumor Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinhua Sun
- JoinGenome Bioinformatics Company, Hangzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Clinical laboratory, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianying Cheng
- JoinGenome Bioinformatics Company, Hangzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Lun Fu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Clinical laboratory, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China Zhejiang, China
| | - Zuojun Wang
- Clinical laboratory, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhaoyun Li
- Clinical laboratory, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China Zhejiang, China ; School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
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15
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Yang F, Li B, Chu XM, Lv CY, Xu YJ, Yang P. Molecular mechanism of inhibitory effects of C-phycocyanin combined with all-trans-retinoic acid on the growth of HeLa cells in vitro. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:5619-28. [PMID: 24563337 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1744-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the effects of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), C-phycocyanin (C-PC), or ATRA+C-PC on the growth of cervical cells (HeLa cells), cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis. The anticancer mechanism of the drug combination was revealed. MTT assay was adopted to determine the effects of C-PC and ATRA on the growth of HeLa cells. The expression quantities of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4, cyclin D1, Bcl-2, caspase-3, and CD59 were determined by in situ hybridization, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry staining, Western blot, and RT-PCR. TUNEL assay was adopted to determine the cellular apoptosis levels. Both C-PC and ATRA could inhibit the growth of HeLa cells, and the combination of ATRA+C-PC functioned cooperatively to induce apoptosis in HeLa cells. The dosage of ATRA was reduced when it cooperated with C-PC to reduce the toxicity. ATRA treated with C-PC could induce more cell cycle arrests than the single drug used by decrease in cyclin D1 and CDK4 expression. The combination of the two drugs could upregulate caspase-3 and downregulate the Bcl-2 gene and induce cell apoptosis. Moreover, the combination therapy has an important immunological significance in decreased expression of the CD59 protein. Singly, C-PC or ATRA could inhibit the growth of HeLa cells, and the effects of treatment were further enhanced in the combination group. In combination with C-PC, the dosage of ATRA was effectively reduced. The C-PC + ATRA combination might take effect by inhibiting the progress of the cell cycle, inducing cell apoptosis and promoting complement-mediated cytolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Biology, Medical College of Qingdao University, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266021, People's Republic of China,
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Du Y, Teng X, Wang N, Zhang X, Chen J, Ding P, Qiao Q, Wang Q, Zhang L, Yang C, Yang Z, Chu Y, Du X, Zhou X, Hu W. NF-κB and enhancer-binding CREB protein scaffolded by CREB-binding protein (CBP)/p300 proteins regulate CD59 protein expression to protect cells from complement attack. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:2711-24. [PMID: 24338025 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.525501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system can be activated spontaneously for immune surveillance or induced to clear invading pathogens, in which the membrane attack complex (MAC, C5b-9) plays a critical role. CD59 is the sole membrane complement regulatory protein (mCRP) that restricts MAC assembly. CD59, therefore, protects innocent host cells from attacks by the complement system, and host cells require the constitutive and inducible expression of CD59 to protect themselves from deleterious destruction by complement. However, the mechanisms that underlie CD59 regulation remain largely unknown. In this study we demonstrate that the widely expressed transcription factor Sp1 may regulate the constitutive expression of CD59, whereas CREB-binding protein (CBP)/p300 bridge NF-κB and CREB, which surprisingly functions as an enhancer-binding protein to induce the up-regulation of CD59 during in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-triggered complement activation, thus conferring host defense against further MAC-mediated destruction. Moreover, individual treatment with LPS, TNF-α, and the complement activation products (sublytic MAC (SC5b-9) and C5a) could increase the expression of CD59 mainly by activating NF-κB and CREB signaling pathways. Together, our findings identify a novel gene regulation mechanism involving CBP/p300, NF-κB, and CREB; this mechanism suggests potential drug targets for controlling various complement-related human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Du
- From the Cancer Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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17
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CD59 underlines the antiatherosclerotic effects of C-phycocyanin on mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:729413. [PMID: 24319687 PMCID: PMC3844276 DOI: 10.1155/2013/729413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of C-phycocyanin (C-PC) on atherosclerosis and the regulatory effects of CD59 gene on anti-atherosclerotic roles of C-PC were investigated. Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE(−/−)) mice were randomly divided into four groups: control group, C-PC treatment group, CD59 transfection group and C-PC+CD59 synergy group. The mice were fed with high-fat-diet and treated with drug intervention at the same time. Results showed the atherosclerotic mouse model was successfully established. CD59 was over-expressed in blood and tissue cells. Single CD59 or C-PC could reduce blood lipid levels and promote the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 but inhibit pro-apoptotic Fas proteins in endothelial cells. The expression levels of cell cycle protein D1 (Cyclin D1) and mRNA levels of cyclin dependent protein kinase 4 (CDK4) in smooth muscle cells were restrained by CD59 and C-PC. CD59 or C-PC alone could inhibit the formation of atherosclerotic plaque by suppressing MMP-2 protein expression. In addition, C-PC could promote CD59 expression. So both CD59 and C-PC could inhibit the progress of atherosclerosis, and the anti-atherosclerotic effects of C-PC might be fulfilled by promoting CD59 expression, preventing smooth muscle cell proliferation and the apoptosis of endothelial cells, reducing blood fat levels, and at last inhibiting the development of atherosclerosis.
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KIM EUNHYE, HYUN SANGHWAN. Comparative analysis of various donor cell types for somatic cell nuclear transfer and its association with apoptosis and senescence. Mol Med Rep 2013; 9:63-8. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Khan KH. Gene expression in Mammalian cells and its applications. Adv Pharm Bull 2013; 3:257-63. [PMID: 24312845 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2013.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of proteins in appropriate quantity and quality is an essential requirement of the present time. There appears to be a progressive increase in the application of mammalian cells for proteins production. Expression systems utilizing mammalian cells for recombinant proteins are able to introduce proper protein folding, post-translational modifications, and product assembly, which are important for complete biological activity. This review article is totally based on literature survey. In this article much emphasis has been done on the mammalian expression system. The author focused on different mammalian cell lines that express the gene. The different vector systems that transfer the gene into mammalian cells like plasmid based expression vectors, adenovirus vectors, vaccinia vectors, retroviral vector and baculovirus as vectors were explored. The processes for the transfer of gene into mammalian cells were also reviewed. Application and limitations of mammalian expression system were also focused. The purpose of research in writing this article is to create awareness in researchers, starting their career in gene expression related to mammalian cells. The principal result and major conclusion of this article is to make available the molecular technologies, expression system and applications of gene expression in mammalian cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishwar Hayat Khan
- School of BioSciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore-632014, Tamil nadu, India
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Abstract
Human Ly-6/uPAR molecules are a superfamily composed of two subfamilies; one is the membrane bound proteins with a GPI-anchor and the other are secreted proteins without the GPI-anchor. Ly-6/uPAR molecules have remarkable amino acid homology through a distinctive 8-10 cysteine-rich domain that is associated predominantly with O-linked glycans. These molecules are encoded by multiple tightly linked genes located on Chr. 8q23, and have a conserved genomic organization. Ly-6/uPAR molecules have an interesting expression pattern during hematopoiesis and on specific tumors indicating that Ly-6/uPAR molecules are associated with development of the immune system and carcinogenesis. Thus, Ly-6/uPAR molecules are useful antigens for diagnostic and therapeutic targets. This review summarizes our understanding of human Ly-6/ uPAR molecules with regard to molecular structure as well as what is known about their function in normal and malignant tissues and suggest Ly-6/uPAR molecules as target antigens for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kyung Kong
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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LI BAIJUN, LIN HUI, FAN JIAN, LAN JIAO, ZHONG YONGLONG, YANG YONG, LI HUI, WANG ZHIWEI. CD59 is overexpressed in human lung cancer and regulates apoptosis of human lung cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:850-8. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Identification of a novel short peptide seal specific to CD59 and its effect on HeLa cell growth and apoptosis. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2012; 35:355-65. [PMID: 22945508 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-012-0096-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past, some small peptide ligands identified by phage display technologies have successfully been used in early cancer diagnostics and therapy. In the present study, a novel CD59-binding peptide was identified and its effect on HeLa cell growth and apoptosis was investigated. METHODS A phage display library was screened yielding a novel short peptide, sp22, that specifically binds to CD59, a protein that shows altered expression in various diseases, including cancer. The effect of ectopic sp22 administration and exogenous sp22 expression on the growth and apoptosis of HeLa cells was assessed. For the latter, we constructed and transfected a sp22-pIRES vector into HeLa cells. RESULTS Our results show that sp22 peptides can inhibit the level of CD59 mRNA expression, down-regulate Bcl-2 expression, increase Fas and caspase-3 expression, increase the level of cytolysis, and increase the apoptosis of HeLa cells. In contrast, sp22 peptides had no effect on normal human embryonic lung (HEL) cells exhibiting a relatively low CD59 expression level. Compared to untransfected HeLa cells, exogenously sp22 expressing HeLa cells showed a reduced CD59 expression, an increased complement-mediated lysis, a decreased cellular survival ratio, and an increase in apoptotic cells. CONCLUSION The newly identified sp22 peptide can, in a dose-dependent manner, inhibit CD59 expression. Concomitantly, sp22 can increase complement-mediated lysis and apoptosis signals. This information may be instrumental for the design of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Zhao W, Ji X, Zhang F, Li L, Ma L. Embryonic stem cell markers. Molecules 2012; 17:6196-236. [PMID: 22634835 PMCID: PMC6268870 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17066196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cell (ESC) markers are molecules specifically expressed in ES cells. Understanding of the functions of these markers is critical for characterization and elucidation for the mechanism of ESC pluripotent maintenance and self-renewal, therefore helping to accelerate the clinical application of ES cells. Unfortunately, different cell types can share single or sometimes multiple markers; thus the main obstacle in the clinical application of ESC is to purify ES cells from other types of cells, especially tumor cells. Currently, the marker-based flow cytometry (FCM) technique and magnetic cell sorting (MACS) are the most effective cell isolating methods, and a detailed maker list will help to initially identify, as well as isolate ESCs using these methods. In the current review, we discuss a wide range of cell surface and generic molecular markers that are indicative of the undifferentiated ESCs. Other types of molecules, such as lectins and peptides, which bind to ESC via affinity and specificity, are also summarized. In addition, we review several markers that overlap with tumor stem cells (TSCs), which suggest that uncertainty still exists regarding the benefits of using these markers alone or in various combinations when identifying and isolating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Zhao
- Life Science Division, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (X.J.); (F.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Xiang Ji
- Life Science Division, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (X.J.); (F.Z.); (L.L.)
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fangfang Zhang
- Life Science Division, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (X.J.); (F.Z.); (L.L.)
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liang Li
- Life Science Division, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (X.J.); (F.Z.); (L.L.)
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Life Science Division, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (X.J.); (F.Z.); (L.L.)
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