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Ramírez Hernández E, Hernández Zimbrón LF, Segura Pérez E, Sánchez Salgado JL, Pereyra Morales MA, Zenteno E. Galectin-9 and Tim-3 are upregulated in response to microglial activation induced by the peptide Amyloid-β (25-35). Neuropeptides 2024; 105:102426. [PMID: 38527407 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2024.102426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Galectins are a group of β-galactoside-binding lectins associated with regulating immunological response. In the brains of AD patients and 5xFAD (familial AD) mice, galectin-3 (Gal-3) was highly upregulated and found to be expressed in microglia associated with Aβ plaques. However, the participation of other galectins, specifically galectin-9 (Gal-9) and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) receptors, are unknown in the inflammatory response. The experimental model of the Aβ25-35 peptide will allow us to study the mechanisms of neuroinflammation and describe the changes in the expression of the Gal-9 and Tim-3 receptor. This study aimed to evaluate whether Aβ25-35 peptide administration into the lateral ventricles of rats upregulated Gal-9 and Tim-3 implicated in the modulation of neuroinflammation. The vehicle or Aβ25-35 peptide (1 μg/μL) was bilaterally administered into the lateral ventricles of the rat, and control group. After the administration of the Aβ25-35 peptide, animals were tested for learning (day 29) and spatial memory (day 30) in the novel object recognition test (NOR). On day 31, hippocampus was examined for morphological changes by Nilss stain, biochemical changes by NO2 and MDA, immunohistochemical analysis by astrocytes (GFAP), microglia (Iba1), Gal-9 and Tim-3, and western blot. Our results show the administration of the Aβ25-35 peptide into the lateral ventricles of rats induce memory impairment in the NOR by increases the oxidative stress and inflammatory response. This result is associated with an upregulation of Gal-9 and Tim-3 predominantly detected in the microglia cells of Aβ25-35-treated rats with respect to the control group. Gal-9 and Tim-3 are upregulated in activated microglia that could modulate the inflammatory response and damage in neurodegenerative processes induced by the Aβ25-35 peptide. Therefore, we suggest that Gal-9 and Tim-3 participate in the inflammatory process induced by the administration of the Aβ25-35 peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleazar Ramírez Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | | | - Emmanuel Segura Pérez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Luis Sánchez Salgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mohamed Ali Pereyra Morales
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Sauer N, Janicka N, Szlasa W, Skinderowicz B, Kołodzińska K, Dwernicka W, Oślizło M, Kulbacka J, Novickij V, Karłowicz-Bodalska K. TIM-3 as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy in a wide range of tumors. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:3405-3425. [PMID: 37567938 PMCID: PMC10576709 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03516-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3) expression has been a trending topic in recent years due to its differential expression in a wide range of neoplasms. TIM-3 is one of the key immune checkpoint receptors that interact with GAL-9, PtdSer, HMGB1 and CEACAM1. Initially identified on the surface of T helper 1 (Th1) lymphocytes and later on cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs), monocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells (NKs), and dendritic cells (DCs), TIM-3 plays a key role in immunoregulation. Recently, a growing body of evidence has shown that its differential expression in various tumor types indicates a specific prognosis for cancer patients. Here, we discuss which types of cancer TIM-3 can serve as a prognostic factor and the influence of coexpressed immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as LAG-3, PD-1, and CTLA-4 on patients' outcomes. Currently, experimental medicine involving TIM-3 has significantly enhanced the anti-tumor effect and improved patient survival. In this work, we summarized clinical trials incorporating TIM-3 targeting monoclonal and bispecific antibodies in monotherapy and combination therapy and highlighted the emerging role of cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sauer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Janicka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Szlasa
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Wioletta Dwernicka
- Faculty of Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Julita Kulbacka
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Immunology, Vilnius, Lithuania.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Vitalij Novickij
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Immunology, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Wittrahm R, Takalo M, Kuulasmaa T, Mäkinen PM, Mäkinen P, Končarević S, Fartzdinov V, Selzer S, Kokkola T, Antikainen L, Martiskainen H, Kemppainen S, Marttinen M, Jeskanen H, Rostalski H, Rahunen E, Kivipelto M, Ngandu T, Natunen T, Lambert JC, Tanzi RE, Kim DY, Rauramaa T, Herukka SK, Soininen H, Laakso M, Pike I, Leinonen V, Haapasalo A, Hiltunen M. Protective Alzheimer's disease-associated APP A673T variant predominantly decreases sAPPβ levels in cerebrospinal fluid and 2D/3D cell culture models. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 182:106140. [PMID: 37120095 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The rare A673T variant was the first variant found within the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene conferring protection against Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thereafter, different studies have discovered that the carriers of the APP A673T variant show reduced levels of amyloid beta (Aβ) in the plasma and better cognitive performance at high age. Here, we analyzed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of APP A673T carriers and control individuals using a mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach to identify differentially regulated targets in an unbiased manner. Furthermore, the APP A673T variant was introduced into 2D and 3D neuronal cell culture models together with the pathogenic APP Swedish and London mutations. Consequently, we now report for the first time the protective effects of the APP A673T variant against AD-related alterations in the CSF, plasma, and brain biopsy samples from the frontal cortex. The CSF levels of soluble APPβ (sAPPβ) and Aβ42 were significantly decreased on average 9-26% among three APP A673T carriers as compared to three well-matched controls not carrying the protective variant. Consistent with these CSF findings, immunohistochemical assessment of cortical biopsy samples from the same APP A673T carriers did not reveal Aβ, phospho-tau, or p62 pathologies. We identified differentially regulated targets involved in protein phosphorylation, inflammation, and mitochondrial function in the CSF and plasma samples of APP A673T carriers. Some of the identified targets showed inverse levels in AD brain tissue with respect to increased AD-associated neurofibrillary pathology. In 2D and 3D neuronal cell culture models expressing APP with the Swedish and London mutations, the introduction of the APP A673T variant resulted in lower sAPPβ levels. Concomitantly, the levels of sAPPα were increased, while decreased levels of CTFβ and Aβ42 were detected in some of these models. Our findings emphasize the important role of APP-derived peptides in the pathogenesis of AD and demonstrate the effectiveness of the protective APP A673T variant to shift APP processing towards the non-amyloidogenic pathway in vitro even in the presence of two pathogenic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Wittrahm
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mari Takalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Teemu Kuulasmaa
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Petra M Mäkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Petri Mäkinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | | | - Stefan Selzer
- Proteome Sciences GmbH & Co. KG, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Tarja Kokkola
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Leila Antikainen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Henna Martiskainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Susanna Kemppainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mikael Marttinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Heli Jeskanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Hannah Rostalski
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Eija Rahunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Miia Kivipelto
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Center for Alzheimer Research, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; The Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Tiia Ngandu
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Center for Alzheimer Research, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Jean-Charles Lambert
- U1167, University of Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Doo Yeon Kim
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Tuomas Rauramaa
- Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Unit of Pathology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Sanna-Kaisa Herukka
- Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; NeuroCenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Ian Pike
- Proteome Sciences plc, Hamilton House, London, WC1H 9BB, UK.
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Unit of Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Phosphatidylserine in the Nervous System: Cytoplasmic Regulator of the AKT and PKC Signaling Pathways and Extracellular "Eat-Me" Signal in Microglial Phagocytosis. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1050-1066. [PMID: 36401705 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) is an important anionic phospholipid found in eukaryotic cells and has been proven to serve as a beneficial factor in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. PtdSer resides in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, where it is involved in regulating the AKT and PKC signaling pathways; however, it becomes exposed to the extracellular leaflet during neurodevelopmental processes and neurodegenerative diseases, participating in microglia-mediated synaptic and neuronal phagocytosis. In this paper, we review several characteristics of PtdSer, including the synthesis and translocation of PtdSer, the functions of cytoplasmic and exposed PtdSer, and different PtdSer-detection materials used to further understand the role of PtdSer in the nervous system.
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Zhang H, Lv QW, Zheng ZQ, Shen LJ, Zhou J, Guo M. Prognostic Role of Serum Soluble Tim-3 in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Prospective Observational Study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2023; 19:153-169. [PMID: 36698699 PMCID: PMC9868801 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s396771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (Tim-3) may be implicated in neuroinflammation. Herein, we attempted to discern the role of serum soluble (s) Tim-3 as an inflammatory prognostic biomarker of severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI). METHODS In this prospective observational study of 112 sTBI patients and 112 controls, serum sTim-3 levels were determined, Rotterdam computed tomography (CT) classification and Glasgow coma scale (GCS) were selected as the two severity indicators, serum C-reactive protein (CRP) was regarded as an inflammatory biomarker, and poor prognosis was referred to as extended Glasgow outcome scale (GOSE) scores 1-4 at 180 days after trauma. RESULTS Serum sTim-3 levels were markedly higher in patients than in controls (median, 4.2 ng/mL versus 0.7 ng/mL; P<0.001). Serum sTim-3 levels of patients were independently related to Rotterdam CT scores (β=1.126), GCS scores (β=-0.589), serum CRP levels (β=0.155) and GOSE scores (β=-0.211). Serum sTim-3 appeared as an independent predictor of post-traumatic 180-day mortality (odds ratio=1.289), overall survival (hazard ratio=1.208) and poor prognosis (odds ratio=1.293). Serum sTim-3 levels discriminated patients at risk of post-injury 180-day mortality and poor prognosis with areas under curve (AUCs) at 0.753 and 0.782, respectively. Serum sTim-3 levels combined with GCS scores and Rotterdam CT scores (AUC=0.869) exhibited significantly higher AUC than Rotterdam CT scores (P=0.026), but not than GCS scores (P=0.181) for death prediction and their combination (AUC=0.895) had significantly higher AUC than GCS scores (P=0.036) or Rotterdam CT scores (P=0.005) for outcome prediction. CONCLUSION Elevated serum sTim-3 levels, in close correlation with traumatic severity and inflammation, are substantially associated with long-term death and poor outcome, indicating that serum sTim-3, as an inflammatory biomarker, may be of clinical significance in severity assessment and prediction of prognosis following sTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Shengzhou Branch), Shengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Wei Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Shengzhou Branch), Shengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Qiang Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Shengzhou Branch), Shengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang-Jun Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Shengzhou Branch), Shengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Shengzhou Branch), Shengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Shengzhou Branch), Shengzhou, People's Republic of China
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Zhen-Gang L, Fan Y, Jingwei S, Pengyu C, Shengman Y, Bo-Yin Z. Revisiting the immune landscape post spinal cord injury: More than black and white. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:963539. [PMID: 36570540 PMCID: PMC9768195 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.963539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) induced catastrophic neurological disability is currently incurable, especially in elderly patients. Due to the limited axon regeneration capacity and hostile microenvironment in the lesion site, essential neural network reconstruction remains challenging. Owing to the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) created immune cells and cytokines isolation, the immune elements were incorrectly recognized as innocent bystanders during the SCI pathological process traditionally. Emerging evidence demonstrated that the central nervous system (CNS) is an "immunological quiescent" rather than "immune privileged" area, and the CNS-associated immune response played mixed roles which dedicate beneficial and detrimental contributions throughout the SCI process. Consequently, coordinating double-edged immunomodulation is vital to promote tissue repair and neurological recovery post-SCI. The comprehensive exploration and understanding of the immune landscape post-SCI are essential in establishing new avenues for further basic and clinical studies. In this context, this review summarizes the recent significant breakthroughs in key aspects of SCI-related immunomodulation, including innate and adaptive immune response, immune organ changes, and holistic immune status modification. Moreover, the currently existing immune-oriented therapies for SCI will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Zhen-Gang
- Department of Orthopaedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Fan
- Department of Orthopaedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shi Jingwei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chang Pengyu
- Radiotherapy Department, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Shengman
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Zhang Bo-Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Zhang Bo-Yin
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The role of A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase (ADAM)-10 in T helper cell biology. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119192. [PMID: 34982961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinases (ADAM)-10 is a member of a family of membrane-anchored proteinases that regulate a broad range of cellular functions with central roles within the immune system. This has spurred the interest to modulate ADAM activity therapeutically in immunological diseases. CD4 T helper (Th) cells are the key regulators of adaptive immune responses. Their development and function is strongly dependent on Notch, a key ADAM-10 substrate. However, Th cells rely on a variety of additional ADAM-10 substrates regulating their functional activity at multiple levels. The complexity of both, the ADAM substrate expression as well as the functional consequences of ADAM-mediated cleavage of the various substrates complicates the analysis of cell type specific effects. Here we provide an overview on the major ADAM-10 substrates relevant for CD4 T cell biology and discuss the potential effects of ADAM-mediated cleavage exemplified for a selection of important substrates.
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8
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Cao Y, Li Q, Liu H, He X, Huang F, Wang Y. Role of Tim-3 in regulating tumorigenesis, inflammation, and antitumor immunity therapy. Cancer Biomark 2021; 32:237-248. [PMID: 34092621 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-210114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, cancer immunotherapy, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICRs), has attained considerable progresses in clinical practice. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (Tim-3) act as next ICRs, and originally function as a co-inhibitory receptor expressed on interferon (IFN)-γ producing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. Furthermore, Tim-3 has also been found to express on innate immune cells and several types of tumors, signifying the pivotal role that Tim-3 plays in chronic viral infections and cancer. In addition, Tim-3 and multiple ICRs are concurrently expressed and regulated on dysfunctional or exhausted T-cells, leading to improved antitumor immune responses in preclinical or clinical cancer therapy through co-blockade of Tim-3 and other ICRs such as programmed cell death-1 (PD-1). In this review, the biological characteristics of Tim-3 and the function of Tim-3 in regulating tumorigenesis and inflammation have been summarized. The usage of a single blockade of Tim-3 or in combination with multiple immunotherapy regimens have drawn attention to antitumor potential as a target for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Cao
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiang Li
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianglei He
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yigang Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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9
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Ganjalikhani Hakemi M, Jafarinia M, Azizi M, Rezaeepoor M, Isayev O, Bazhin AV. The Role of TIM-3 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Promising Target for Immunotherapy? Front Oncol 2020; 10:601661. [PMID: 33425759 PMCID: PMC7793963 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.601661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most common tumors in the world is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and its mortality rates are still on the rise, so addressing it is considered an important challenge for universal health. Despite the various treatments that have been developed over the past decades, the prognosis for advanced liver cancer is still poor. Recently, tumor immunotherapy has opened new opportunities for suppression of tumor progression, recurrence, and metastasis. Besides this, investigation into this malignancy due to high immune checkpoint expression and the change of immunometabolic programming in immune cells and tumor cells is highly considered. Because anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated protein (CTLA)-4 antibodies and anti-programmed cell death protein (PD)-1 antibodies have shown therapeutic effects in various cancers, studies have shown that T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (TIM-3), a new immune checkpoint molecule, plays an important role in the development of HCC. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on signal transduction events of TIM-3, its role as a checkpoint target for HCC therapy, and the immunometabolic situation in the progression of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morteza Jafarinia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Azizi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahsa Rezaeepoor
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Orkhan Isayev
- Department of Cytology, Embryology and Histology, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan.,Genetic Resources Institute, Azerbaijan National Academy of Scince, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Alexandr V Bazhin
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
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10
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Guo S, Li Y, Wei B, Liu W, Li R, Cheng W, Zhang X, He X, Li X, Duan C. Tim-3 deteriorates neuroinflammatory and neurocyte apoptosis after subarachnoid hemorrhage through the Nrf2/HMGB1 signaling pathway in rats. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:21161-21185. [PMID: 33168786 PMCID: PMC7695377 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is known to play an important role in early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (Tim-3) has emerged as a critical regulator of adaptive and innate immune responses, and has been identified to play a vital role in certain inflammatory diseases; The present study explored the effect of Tim-3 on inflammatory responses and detailed mechanism in EBI following SAH. We investigated the effects of Tim-3 on SAH models established by endovascular puncture method in Sprague–Dawley rats. The present studies revealed that SAH induced a significant inflammatory response and significantly increased Tim-3 expression. Tim-3-AAV administration aggravated neurocyte apoptosis, brain edema, blood-brain barrier permeability, and neurological dysfunction; significantly inhibited Nrf2 expression; and increased HMGB1 expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-17, and IL-18. However, Tim-3 siRNA or NK252 administration abolished the pro-inflammatory effects of Tim-3. Our results indicate a function for Tim-3 as a molecular player that links neuroinflammation and brain damage after SAH. We reveal that Tim-3 overexpression deteriorates neuroinflammatory and neurocyte apoptosis after subarachnoid hemorrhage through the Nrf2/HMGB1 signaling pathway in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenquan Guo
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanzhi Li
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hengyang Hospital, Southern Medical University (Hengyang Central Hospital), Hengyang, China
| | - Boyang Wei
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenchao Liu
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ran Li
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenping Cheng
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuying He
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xifeng Li
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanzhi Duan
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Antel JP, Becher B, Ludwin SK, Prat A, Quintana FJ. Glial Cells as Regulators of Neuroimmune Interactions in the Central Nervous System. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:251-255. [PMID: 31907266 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack P Antel
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada;
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel K Ludwin
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory, Center for Excellence in Neuromics, Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 3E4, Canada
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
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12
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Tim-3: A co-receptor with diverse roles in T cell exhaustion and tolerance. Semin Immunol 2020; 42:101302. [PMID: 31604535 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
T cell inhibitory co-receptors play a crucial role in maintaining the balance between physiologic immune responses and maladaptive ones. T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing-3 (Tim-3) is a unique inhibitory co-receptor in that its expression is chiefly restricted to interferon (IFN)γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Early reports firmly established its importance in maintaining peripheral tolerance in transplantation and autoimmunity. However, it has become increasingly clear that Tim-3 expression on T cells, together with other check-point molecules, in chronic infections and cancers can hinder productive immune responses. In this review, we outline what is currently known about the regulation of Tim-3 expression, its ligands and signaling. We discuss both its salutary and deleterious function in immune disorders, as well as the T cell-extrinsic and -intrinsic factors that regulate its function.
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13
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Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM3), a member of the TIM family, was originally identified as a receptor expressed on interferon-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Initial data indicated that TIM3 functioned as a 'co-inhibitory' or 'checkpoint' receptor, but due to the lack of a definable inhibitory signalling motif, it was also suggested that TIM3 might act as a co-stimulatory receptor. Recent studies have shown that TIM3 is part of a module that contains multiple co-inhibitory receptors (checkpoint receptors), which are co-expressed and co-regulated on dysfunctional or 'exhausted' T cells in chronic viral infections and cancer. Furthermore, co-blockade of TIM3 and programmed cell death 1 (PD1) can result in tumour regression in preclinical models and can improve anticancer T cell responses in patients with advanced cancers. Here, we highlight the developments in understanding TIM3 biology, including novel ligand identification and the discovery of loss-of-function mutations associated with human disease. In addition, we summarize emerging data from human clinical trials showing that TIM3 indeed acts as a 'checkpoint' receptor and that inhibition of TIM3 enhances the antitumour effect of PD1 blockade.
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14
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Premeaux TA, D'Antoni ML, Abdel-Mohsen M, Pillai SK, Kallianpur KJ, Nakamoto BK, Agsalda-Garcia M, Shiramizu B, Shikuma CM, Gisslén M, Price RW, Valcour V, Ndhlovu LC. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid Galectin-9 is associated with central nervous system immune activation and poor cognitive performance in older HIV-infected individuals. J Neurovirol 2018; 25:150-161. [PMID: 30478799 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0696-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that galectin-9 (Gal-9), a soluble lectin with immunomodulatory properties, is elevated in plasma during HIV infection and induces HIV transcription. The link between Gal-9 and compromised neuronal function is becoming increasingly evident; however, the association with neuroHIV remains unknown. We measured Gal-9 levels by ELISA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of 70 HIV-infected (HIV+) adults stratified by age (older > 40 years and younger < 40 years) either ART suppressed or with detectable CSF HIV RNA, including a subgroup with cognitive assessments, and 18 HIV uninfected (HIV-) controls. Gal-9 tissue expression was compared in necropsy brain specimens from HIV- and HIV+ donors using gene datasets and immunohistochemistry. Among older HIV+ adults, CSF Gal-9 was elevated in the ART suppressed and CSF viremic groups compared to controls, whereas in the younger group, Gal-9 levels were elevated only in the CSF viremic group (p < 0.05). CSF Gal-9 positively correlated with age in all groups (p < 0.05). CSF Gal-9 tracked with CSF HIV RNA irrespective of age (β = 0.33; p < 0.05). Higher CSF Gal-9 in the older viremic HIV+ group correlated with worse neuropsychological test performance scores independently of age and CSF HIV RNA (p < 0.05). Furthermore, CSF Gal-9 directly correlated with myeloid activation (CSF-soluble CD163 and neopterin) in both HIV+ older groups (p < 0.05). Among HIV+ necropsy specimens, Gal-9 expression was increased in select brain regions compared to controls (p < 0.05). Gal-9 may serve as a novel neuroimmuno-modulatory protein that is involved in driving cognitive deficits in those aging with HIV and may be valuable in tracking cognitive abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Premeaux
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology & Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 325, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Michelle L D'Antoni
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology & Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 325, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.,Hawai'i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 225, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | | | - Satish K Pillai
- Blood Systems Research Institute, 270 Masonic Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
| | - Kalpana J Kallianpur
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology & Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 325, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.,Hawai'i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 225, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Beau K Nakamoto
- Hawai'i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 225, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.,Straub Medical Center, 888 S King St, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Melissa Agsalda-Garcia
- Hawai'i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 225, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Bruce Shiramizu
- Hawai'i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 225, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Cecilia M Shikuma
- Hawai'i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 225, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Magnus Gisslén
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Richard W Price
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Victor Valcour
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Lishomwa C Ndhlovu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology & Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 325, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA. .,Hawai'i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 225, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.
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15
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Moghaddam Y, Andalib A, Mohammad-Ganji M, Homayouni V, Sharifi M, Ganjalikhani-Hakemi M. Evaluation of the effect of TIM-3 suppression by miR-498 and its effect on apoptosis and proliferation rate of HL-60 cell line. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:1482-1488. [PMID: 30107988 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a Cancer of hematopoietic stem cells with a rapid progression. TIM-3 is expressed on leukemic stem cells (LSCs) in most types of AML and might have a positive effect on maintenance of malignant phenotype. MicroRNAs play important roles in either cancer progression or suppression. In this study were evaluated, the inhibitory effect of miR-498 on TIM-3 expression and its impact on proliferation and survival of HL-60 cell line. METHODS Firstly, the probable inhibitory effect of miR-498 on TIM-3 expression was predicted. HL-60 cells were cultured and expression of TIM-3 was induced on the cells using phorbol miristate acetate. The cells were transfected with miR-498 and expression level of TIM-3 were measured using with q-RT-PCR and flow cytometry methods. In addition, the effect of suppression of TIM-3 expression in HL-60 cell line was analyzed with apoptosis and cell proliferation assays. RESULTS Bioinformatics analyses predicted that miR-498 has high ability to silence TIM-3 gene expression. Our experiments confirmed that miR-498 was able to strongly silence TIM-3 expression (68% silencing) in HL-60 cell line (P < 0.002). Also, the cells with suppressed expression of TIM-3 had a lower proliferation and higher apoptosis rates. CONCLUSION Based on our results, the miR-498 can effectively suppress TIM-3 expression in the AML cell line. TIM-3 suppression, in turn, inhibits malignant cell proliferation and induces its apoptosis. Collectively, suppression of TIM-3 by miR-498 can be considered as a potential powerful way for treatment of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Moghaddam
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Andalib
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Mohammad-Ganji
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Vida Homayouni
- Acqured Immunodeficiency Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Sharifi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mazdak Ganjalikhani-Hakemi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Acqured Immunodeficiency Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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16
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Ozen M, Novak C, Burd I. Placenta immune infiltrates and perinatal outcomes. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 79:e12850. [PMID: 29577494 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is a state of immunotolerance and loss of this immunotolerance may lead to fetal rejection, pregnancy complications, and neonatal complications. Immunobiology of pregnancy is complex and involves unique immune cell populations specific to pregnancy, changes in mucosal immune cells and peripheral immune system, and reciprocal adaptations between the mother and the fetus. The mechanisms required for sustaining a healthy feto-placental barrier and a healthy pregnancy such as activation of regulatory immune responses with a predominance of regulatory T cells lead to immune evasion and propagation of cancer. It is intriguing to note that the immune pathways which are effective in limiting or eliminating cancer form the very basis for loss of feto-maternal tolerance. In this article, we aim to compare and contrast immunobiology of healthy and pathological pregnancies mirroring with cancer immunobiology with a focus on immune checkpoint receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maide Ozen
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Novak
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Irina Burd
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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17
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Peña-Ortega F. Pharmacological Tools to Activate Microglia and their Possible use to Study Neural Network Patho-physiology. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:595-619. [PMID: 27697040 PMCID: PMC5543677 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160928151546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia are the resident immunocompetent cells of the CNS and also constitute a unique cell type that contributes to neural network homeostasis and function. Understanding microglia cell-signaling not only will reveal their diverse functions but also will help to identify pharmacological and non-pharmacological tools to modulate the activity of these cells. METHODS We undertook a search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research literature to identify microglial activators and their cell-specificity. We also looked for their effects on neural network function and dysfunction. RESULTS We identified several pharmacological targets to modulate microglial function, which are more or less specific (with the proper control experiments). We also identified pharmacological targets that would require the development of new potent and specific modulators. We identified a wealth of evidence about the participation of microglia in neural network function and their alterations in pathological conditions. CONCLUSION The identification of specific microglia-activating signals provides experimental tools to modulate the activity of this heterogeneous cell type in order to evaluate its impact on other components of the nervous system, and it also helps to identify therapeutic approaches to ease some pathological conditions related to microglial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Peña-Ortega
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM-Campus Juriquilla, México
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18
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Siddiqui TA, Lively S, Schlichter LC. Complex molecular and functional outcomes of single versus sequential cytokine stimulation of rat microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:66. [PMID: 27009332 PMCID: PMC4806433 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0531-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia are the "professional" phagocytes of the CNS. Phagocytosis is crucial for normal CNS development and maintenance, but it can be either beneficial or detrimental after injury or disease. For instance, white matter damage releases myelin debris that must be cleared by microglia in order for re-myelination to occur. However, phagocytosis can also produce damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, microglia can acquire pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) activation states that affect cell functions. Although microglia are exposed to a changing cytokine environment after injury or disease, little is known about the molecular and functional consequences. Therefore, we applied several microglial activation paradigms, with or without myelin debris. We assessed (i) gene expression changes reflecting microglial activation and inflammatory states, and receptors and enzymes related to phagocytosis and ROS production, (ii) myelin phagocytosis and production of ROS, and (iii) expression and contributions of several ion channels that are considered potential targets for regulating microglial behavior. METHODS Primary rat microglia were exposed to cytokines, individually or sequentially. First, responses to individual M1 or M2 stimuli were compared: IFN-γ plus TNF-α ("I + T"; M1 activation), interleukin-4 (M2a/alternative activation), and interleukin-10 (M2c/acquired deactivation). Second, sequential cytokine addition was used to assess microglia repolarization and cell functions. The paradigms were M2a→M1, M2c→M1, M1→M2a, and M1→M2c. RESULTS M1 stimulation increased pro-inflammatory genes, phagocytosis, and ROS, as well as expression of Kv1.3, KCa3.1, and Kir2.1 channels. M2a stimulation increased anti-inflammatory genes, ROS production, and Kv1.3 and KCa3.1 expression. Myelin phagocytosis enhanced the M1 profile and dampened the M2a profile, and both phagocytosis and ROS production were dependent on NOX enzymes and Kir2.1 and CRAC channels. Importantly, microglia showed some capacity for re-polarization between M1 and M2a states, based on gene expression changes, myelin phagocytosis, and ROS production. CONCLUSIONS In response to polarizing and re-polarizing cytokine treatments, microglia display complex changes in gene transcription profiles, phagocytic capacity, NOX-mediated ROS production, and in ion channels involved in microglial activation. Because these changes might affect microglia-mediated CNS inflammation, they should be considered in future experimental, pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamjeed A Siddiqui
- Genes and Development Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Starlee Lively
- Genes and Development Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Lyanne C Schlichter
- Genes and Development Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Krembil Discovery Tower, Krembil Research Institute, Room 7KD-417, 60 Leonard Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada.
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