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Banerjee S, Datta R. Localized Leishmania major infection disrupts systemic iron homeostasis that can be controlled by oral iron supplementation. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105064. [PMID: 37468101 PMCID: PMC10448173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites are heavily dependent on efficient iron acquisition from a tightly regulated host iron pool for survival and virulence. Prior studies uncovered multiple strategies adopted by the parasite to hijack the iron-regulatory network of macrophages. Despite these extensive studies with infected macrophages, there is limited knowledge of the effect of Leishmania infection on systemic iron homeostasis. This issue is particularly relevant for Leishmania major, which causes localized skin infection with minimal lymphatic spread. We show for the first time that L. major infection in the mouse footpad induced influx of iron at the site of infection through blood with simultaneous upregulation of transferrin receptor 1 and downregulation of phagolysosomal iron exporter Nramp1 expression in the footpad tissue. Interestingly, localized L. major infection had far-reaching effects beyond the infection site triggering anemia-like symptoms. This was evident from depleted physiological iron stores from the liver and bone marrow as well as reduced hemoglobin levels and deformed erythrocytes. The infected mice also developed splenomegaly with signs of splenic stress erythropoiesis as indicated by upregulation of several erythroid-related genes. These observations prompted us to provide oral iron supplementations to the L. major-infected mice, which resulted in a drastic reduction of the parasite load and restoration of iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Rupak Datta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India.
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2
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Immunostimulatory Effect of Postbiotics Prepared from Phellinus linteus Mycelial Submerged Culture via Activation of Spleen and Peyer's Patch in C3H/HeN Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101215. [PMID: 36297326 PMCID: PMC9612016 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal mushrooms are an important natural resource promoting health benefits. Herein, Phellinus linteus mycelia were prepared under submerged cultivation, the mycelium-containing culture broth was extracted as a whole to obtain the postbiotic materials (PLME), and its effect on the immune system was evaluated in normal C3H/HeN mice. Oral administration of PLME for 4 weeks was well tolerated and safe. In the PLME-administered groups, in addition to the production of immunostimulatory cytokines, such as interferon gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6), the mitogenic activity was significantly increased. PLME administration also significantly increased the levels of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA in the small intestinal fluid and Peyer's patches and enhanced Peyer's patch-mediated bone marrow cell proliferation activity and cytokine production (IL-2, IL-6, and IFN-γ). Histomorphometric analyses showed an increase in immune cells in the spleen and small intestinal tissues of mice administered PLME, supporting the rationale for its immune system activation. PLME mainly contained neutral sugar (969.1 mg/g), comprising primarily of glucose as a monosaccharide unit. The β-glucan content was 88.5 mg/g. Data suggest that PLME effectively promote immune function by stimulating the systemic immune system through the spleen and intestinal immune tissues. PLME can thus be developed as a functional ingredient to enhance immune functions.
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3
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Alexandre YO, Schienstock D, Lee HJ, Gandolfo LC, Williams CG, Devi S, Pal B, Groom JR, Cao W, Christo SN, Gordon CL, Starkey G, D'Costa R, Mackay LK, Haque A, Ludewig B, Belz GT, Mueller SN. A diverse fibroblastic stromal cell landscape in the spleen directs tissue homeostasis and immunity. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabj0641. [PMID: 34995096 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abj0641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick O Alexandre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dominik Schienstock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hyun Jae Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Luke C Gandolfo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Cameron G Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sapna Devi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bhupinder Pal
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Joanna R Groom
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Wang Cao
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Susan N Christo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Claire L Gordon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Graham Starkey
- Liver and Intestinal Transplant Unit, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rohit D'Costa
- DonateLife Victoria, Carlton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura K Mackay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashraful Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Medical Research Center, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gabrielle T Belz
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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4
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Anatomical Uniqueness of the Mucosal Immune System (GALT, NALT, iBALT) for the Induction and Regulation of Mucosal Immunity and Tolerance. MUCOSAL VACCINES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7149644 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811924-2.00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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5
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Transcription factor Tlx1 marks a subset of lymphoid tissue organizer-like mesenchymal progenitor cells in the neonatal spleen. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20408. [PMID: 31892733 PMCID: PMC6938487 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56984-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The spleen is comprised of spatially distinct compartments whose functions, such as immune responses and removal of aged red blood cells, are tightly controlled by the non-hematopoietic stromal cells that provide regionally-restricted signals to properly activate hematopoietic cells residing in each area. However, information regarding the ontogeny and relationships of the different stromal cell types remains limited. Here we have used in vivo lineage tracing analysis and in vitro mesenchymal stromal cell assays and found that Tlx1, a transcription factor essential for embryonic spleen organogenesis, marks neonatal stromal cells that are selectively localized in the spleen and retain mesenchymal progenitor potential to differentiate into mature follicular dendritic cells, fibroblastic reticular cells and marginal reticular cells. Furthermore, by establishing a novel three-dimensional cell culture system that enables maintenance of Tlx1-expressing cells in vitro, we discovered that signals from the lymphotoxin β receptor and TNF receptor promote differentiation of these cells to express MAdCAM-1, CCL19 and CXCL13, representative functional molecules expressed by different subsets of mature stromal cells in the spleen. Taken together, these findings indicate that mesenchymal progenitor cells expressing Tlx1 are a subset of lymphoid tissue organizer-like cells selectively found in the neonatal spleen.
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6
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Li Y, Yue H, Yang S, Yuan D, Li L, Zhao J, Zhao L. Splenomegaly induced by anemia impairs T cell movement in the spleen partially via EPO. Mol Immunol 2019; 112:399-405. [PMID: 31299495 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The spleen is an important secondary lymph organ. Splenomegaly induced by anemia could affect the function of spleen in immune responses. We observe that anemia induced in mice with reduced peripheral T cell trafficking to the spleen T cell zones as well as CCL21 and CCL19 expression. In accordance with previous research, we found that the production of EPO in the mice kidney was sharply increased post anemia. In addition, mice were injected with different doses of EPO. Our results show that with the increased dosage of EPO, the chemokine expression in the spleen is lowered with a decrease in peripheral T cell homing to the spleen T cell zones. At last, our results show that the anemia mice model administrated with anti-EPO antibody had a higher expression of spleen CCL19 and CCL21 and an increased count of periphery T cells trafficking to spleen T cell zones at day 3 post induction. These data indicate that anemia could disturb T cell movement in the spleen, which might further affect T cell immune response, with partial involvement of EPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Honggang Yue
- Department of Oncology, PLA 958 Hospital, Chongqing, 400020, China.
| | - Shouyan Yang
- Department of Oncology, PLA 958 Hospital, Chongqing, 400020, China.
| | - Dandi Yuan
- Department of Oncology, PLA 958 Hospital, Chongqing, 400020, China.
| | - Luxia Li
- Department of Oncology, PLA 958 Hospital, Chongqing, 400020, China.
| | - Jinghong Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Lintao Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China; Department of Oncology, PLA 958 Hospital, Chongqing, 400020, China.
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7
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Liu L, Zhao L, Yang Y, Gao J, Hu C, Guo B, Zhu B. Cytotoxic chemotherapy reduces T cell trafficking to the spleen by downregulating the expression of C-C motif chemokine ligand 21 and C-C motif chemokine ligand 19. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:5013-5019. [PMID: 30250567 PMCID: PMC6144923 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells serve an important role in the destruction of tumor cells and clearing of foreign pathogens. Previous studies have suggested that the T cell immune response of tumor-bearing patients is significantly lower than that of healthy people, and the principal reason for this is lymphocytopenia, which is caused by repeated cycles of chemotherapy. In addition to lymphocytopenia, the present study revealed that cytotoxic chemotherapy also weakens the homing ability of T cells to the T-cell zone of the spleen, which decreases the possibility of encounters between antigen-specific T cells and dendritic cells presenting the appropriate antigen, thereby weakening the immune response of T cells. These changes are attributed to the lower expression of C-C motif chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21) and C-C motif chemokine ligand 19 (CCL19) in the spleen of secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). Finally, the present study identified that chemotherapy affects the function and survival of fibroblastic reticular cells in SLOs, which are the main source of CCL21 and CCL19. These observations aid us in further understanding the mechanism that is responsible for the decreased T cell immune response following repeated cycles of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Liu
- Institute of Oncology, Third Inpatient Building of Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Lintao Zhao
- Institute of Oncology, Third Inpatient Building of Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China.,Institute of Oncology, People's Liberation Army No. 324 Hospital, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Oncology, Third Inpatient Building of Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Jianbao Gao
- Institute of Oncology, Third Inpatient Building of Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Hu
- Institute of Oncology, Third Inpatient Building of Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Bo Guo
- Department of Microbiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Institute of Oncology, Third Inpatient Building of Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
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SIRPα + dendritic cells regulate homeostasis of fibroblastic reticular cells via TNF receptor ligands in the adult spleen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E10151-E10160. [PMID: 29109283 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1711345114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In secondary lymphoid organs, development and homeostasis of stromal cells such as podoplanin (Pdpn)-positive fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) are regulated by hematopoietic cells, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms of such regulation have remained unclear. Here we show that ablation of either signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα), an Ig superfamily protein, or its ligand CD47 in conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) markedly reduced the number of CD4+ cDCs as well as that of Pdpn+ FRCs and T cells in the adult mouse spleen. Such ablation also impaired the survival of FRCs as well as the production by CD4+ cDCs of tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) ligands, including TNF-α, which was shown to promote the proliferation and survival of Pdpn+ FRCs. CD4+ cDCs thus regulate the steady-state homeostasis of FRCs in the adult spleen via the production of TNFR ligands, with the CD47-SIRPα interaction in cDCs likely being indispensable for such regulation.
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9
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Gao J, Zhao L, Liu L, Yang Y, Guo B, Zhu B. Disrupted fibroblastic reticular cells and interleukin-7 expression in tumor draining lymph nodes. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:2954-2960. [PMID: 28928833 PMCID: PMC5588138 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system of patients with cancer is usually in an inhibitory state. Lymph node (LN) draining of pathological sites provides a suitable microenvironment where adaptive immune responses mainly occur. However, the microenvironment in the tumor draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) of patients with cancer appears to be in favor of tolerance. The effects of tumor cells on TDLNs have not been elaborated clearly. The present results have indicated that tumor cells may directly affect TDLNs by decreasing the fibroblastic reticular cell population that led to less interleukin-7 secretion. As a result, the number of T cells in TDLNs declined with reduced survival signals. A decreased number of T cells in TDLNs means weakened ability of immune surveillance. Clinically, these results were also confirmed in LN biopsies from patients with colon cancer at different clinical stages. Results of the present study showed that tumor cells may directly inhibit the immunological function of TDLNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbao Gao
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Lintao Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, The People's Liberation Army No. 324 Hospital, Chongqing 404000, P.R. China
| | - Lina Liu
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Bo Guo
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
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10
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Li G, Zhao Y, Wang J, Liu B, Sun X, Guo S, Feng J. Transcriptome profiling of developing spleen tissue and discovery of immune-related genes in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 60:400-410. [PMID: 27965162 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella is an important freshwater aquaculture species. However, studies regarding transcriptomic profiling of developing spleen tissue in the grass carp are lacking. Here, the transcriptome sequencing from the spleen tissue of one-year-old (cis1) and three-year-old (cis3) grass carp was performed using Illumina paired-end sequencing technology. The de novo assemblies yielded 48,970 unigenes with average lengths of 1264.51 bp from the two libraries. The assembled unigenes were evaluated and functionally annotated by comparing with sequences in major public databases including Nr, COG, Swiss-Prot, KEGG, Pfam and GO. Comparative analysis of expression levels revealed that a total of 38,254 unigenes were expressed in both the cis1 and cis3 libraries, while 4356 unigenes were expressed only in the cis1 library, and 3312 unigenes were expressed only in the cis3 library. Meanwhile, 1782 unigenes (including 903 down-regulated and 879 up-regulated unigenes) were differentially expressed between the two developmental stages of the grass carp spleen. Based on GO and KEGG enrichment analysis, these differentially expressed genes widely participated in the regulation of immunity and response in the grass carp. Moreover, the main components of six immune-related pathways were identified, including complement and coagulation cascades, Toll-like receptor signaling, B-cell receptor signaling, T-cell receptor signaling, antigen processing and presentation, and chemokine signaling. Finally, two identified transcripts including TLR 8 and complement component C8 were validated for reliability by RT-PCR. Collectively, the results obtained in this study will provide a basis for the study of molecular mechanisms in grass carp spleen development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxi Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450002, PR China.
| | - Yinli Zhao
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China.
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450002, PR China.
| | - Bianzhi Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450002, PR China.
| | - Xiangli Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450002, PR China.
| | - Shuang Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450002, PR China.
| | - Jianxin Feng
- Laboratory of Aquaculture and Genetic Breeding, Henan Academy of Fishery Science, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450044, PR China.
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11
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Zhao L, Liu L, Guo B, Zhu B. Regulation of adaptive immune responses by guiding cell movements in the spleen. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:645. [PMID: 26161081 PMCID: PMC4479725 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The spleen combines the innate and adaptive immune systems in a uniquely organized way. The excision of spleen will induce many complications, especially the increased susceptibility to infections. Recent research shows that besides playing roles during the immune responses, the spleen is also an important organ during immunoregulation, which is different from other secondary lymphoid organs. This unique function is mainly realized by modulating cell migration and proliferation in the spleen. This review provides a better understanding of the functions of this complex organ gained from recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lintao Zhao
- Institution of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Lina Liu
- Institution of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Guo
- Institution of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China ; Department of Microbiology, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Institution of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
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12
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Mechanism of Action of IL-7 and Its Potential Applications and Limitations in Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:10267-80. [PMID: 25955647 PMCID: PMC4463645 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160510267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a non-hematopoietic cell-derived cytokine with a central role in the adaptive immune system. It promotes lymphocyte development in the thymus and maintains survival of naive and memory T cell homeostasis in the periphery. Moreover, it is important for the organogenesis of lymph nodes (LN) and for the maintenance of activated T cells recruited into the secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). The immune capacity of cancer patients is suppressed that is characterized by lower T cell counts, less effector immune cells infiltration, higher levels of exhausted effector cells and higher levels of immunosuppressive cytokines, such as transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). Recombinant human IL-7 (rhIL-7) is an ideal solution for the immune reconstitution of lymphopenia patients by promoting peripheral T cell expansion. Furthermore, it can antagonize the immunosuppressive network. In animal models, IL-7 has been proven to prolong the survival of tumor-bearing hosts. In this review, we will focus on the mechanism of action and applications of IL-7 in cancer immunotherapy and the potential restrictions for its usage.
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