1
|
Liu J, Xu L, Wang L, Wang Q, Yu L, Zhang S. Naringin Alleviates Intestinal Fibrosis by Inhibiting ER Stress-Induced PAR2 Activation. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2024:izae071. [PMID: 38557865 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izae071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Fibrosis characterized by intestinal strictures is a common complication of Crohn's disease (CD), without specific antifibrotic drugs, which usually relies on surgical intervention. The transcription factor XBP1, a key component of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, is required for degranulation of mast cells and linked to PAR2 activation and fibrosis. Many studies have confirmed that naringin (NAR) can inhibit ER stress and reduce organ fibrosis. We hypothesized that ER stress activated the PAR2-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition process by stimulating mast cell degranulation to release tryptase and led to intestinal fibrosis in CD patients; NAR might play an antifibrotic role by inhibiting ER stress-induced PAR2 activation. We report that the expression levels of XBP1, mast cell tryptase, and PAR2 are upregulated in fibrotic strictures of CD patients. Molecular docking simulates the interaction of NAR and spliced XBP1. ER stress stimulates degranulation of mast cells to secrete tryptase, activates PAR2-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition process, and promotes intestinal fibrosis in vitro and vivo experiments, which is inhibited by NAR. Moreover, F2rl1 (the coding gene of PAR2) deletion in intestinal epithelial cells decreases the antifibrotic effect of NAR. Hence, the ER stress-mast cell tryptase-PAR2 axis can promote intestinal fibrosis, and NAR administration can alleviate intestinal fibrosis by inhibiting ER stress-induced PAR2 activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinguo Liu
- Department of Endoscopy Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Surgery, Huangshi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Hubei Chinese Medical University, Huangshi, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liangliang Yu
- Department of Endoscopy Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Özgüden-Akkoc CG, Mutlu AM, Keskin A, Yumuşak E, Akkoc A. Phenotypic evaluation of mast cells in bovine mammary tissue and mastitis in the context of fibrosis. J DAIRY RES 2023; 90:387-392. [PMID: 38186214 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029923000651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
This research paper addresses the hypothesis that mast cells (MCs) contribute to the formation of mammary fibrosis. MCs are important immune regulatory and immune modulatory cells that play major roles in the inflammatory process. Since there is no detailed knowledge, this research study aimed to comparatively investigate the presence, localization, and immunophenotypes of MCs in healthy and mastitic mammary tissues. A total of 264 mammary samples were evaluated for the examination of mast cells and fibrosis. The mean mast cell number in both acute and chronic mastitis samples were very significantly higher than the control group P < 0.001). A 7.9-fold increase in the number of mast cells was found when the chronic mastitis group was compared with the control (healthy) group. Immunohistochemistry revealed presence of all three immune phenotypes in control and mastitic mammary samples (tryptase + (MCT), chymase + (MCC) and both chymase and tryptase + (MCTC). The mean MCT, MCC, and MCTC numbers in the chronic mastitis group were found to be significantly higher than the control (P < 0.001 for all three phenotypes) but did not differ significantly between control and acute mastitis samples. When the mean numbers of MCT, MCC, and MCTC in the control group and chronic mastitis group were compared, a 10.5, 7.8, and a 4.1-fold increase was observed, respectively. The amount of connective tissue was strongly increased in tissues with chronic mastitis and a 3.01-fold increase was detected compared to the control group. A statistically significant relation was also found between the amount of fibrosis and the increased number of total MCs (P < 0.001).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cansel Güzin Özgüden-Akkoc
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Meriç Mutlu
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Institute, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Abdülkadir Keskin
- Department of Gynaecology & Obstetrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Yumuşak
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Institute, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Akkoc
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li B, Li Y, Li S, Li H, Liu L, Xu Y. Inhibition of Protease Activated Receptor 2 Attenuates HBx-Induced Inflammation and Mitochondria Oxidative Stress. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:961-973. [PMID: 35299854 PMCID: PMC8921841 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s343864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the global public problems. Among the known infection cases, HBV X protein (HBx) is one of the key inducements of viral replication and host infection. This study was aimed to uncover the role of protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) on HBx-induced liver injury. METHODS A PAR2-KO mouse model expressing HBx was constructed using hydrodynamics-based in vivo gene transfection method. In addition, pcDNA3.1-HBx was used to over-express HBx in LO2 cells. The effects of HBx overexpression on inflammation and mitochondria oxidative stress were evaluated. RESULTS We found that PAR2 protein level was increased by HBx overexpression. The enforced HBx inhibited LO2 cells apoptosis. Meanwhile, HBx induced inflammation reactions through promoting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and CXCL-2. Overexpressed HBx also resulted in mitochondria oxidative stress by upregulation of ROS level and downregulation of MMP and ATP. However, in FSLLRY-NH2 (PAR2 antagonist) treated LO2 cells or PAR2-KO mice, PAR2 blockade reversed the above adverse effects of HBx on liver cells or tissues. CONCLUSION Inhibition of PAR2 may suppress inflammation and mitochondria oxidative stress caused by HBx, pointing out the potential application values of PAR2 antagonist on the treatment of HBV infection in clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Laboratory of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, 121001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonggang Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, 121001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuhua Li
- Laboratory of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, 121001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Li
- Laboratory of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, 121001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Liu
- Laboratory of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, 121001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, 121001, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Babaei-Jadidi R, Dongre A, Miller S, Castellanos Uribe M, Stewart ID, Thompson ZM, Nateri AS, Bradding P, May ST, Clements D, Johnson SR. Mast-Cell Tryptase Release Contributes to Disease Progression in Lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 204:431-444. [PMID: 33882264 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202007-2854oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a multisystem disease that causes lung cysts and respiratory failure. Loss of TSC (tuberous sclerosis complex) gene function results in a clone of "LAM cells" with dysregulated mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) activity. LAM cells and fibroblasts form lung nodules that also contain mast cells, although their significance is unknown. Objectives: To understand the mechanism of mast-cell accumulation and the role of mast cells in the pathogenesis of LAM. Methods: Gene expression was examined using transcriptional profiling and qRT-PCR. Mast cell/LAM nodule interactions were examined in vitro using spheroid TSC2-null cell/fibroblast cocultures and in vivo using an immunocompetent Tsc2-null murine homograft model. Measurements and Main Results: LAM-derived cell/fibroblast cocultures induced multiple CXC chemokines in fibroblasts. LAM lungs had increased tryptase-positive mast cells expressing CXCRs (CXC chemokine receptors) (P < 0.05). Mast cells located around the periphery of LAM nodules were positively associated with the rate of lung function loss (P = 0.016). LAM spheroids attracted mast cells, and this process was inhibited by pharmacologic and CRISPR/cas9 inhibition of CXCR1 and CXCR2. LAM spheroids caused mast-cell tryptase release, which induced fibroblast proliferation and increased LAM-spheroid size (1.36 ± 0.24-fold; P = 0.0019). The tryptase inhibitor APC366 and sodium cromoglycate (SCG) inhibited mast cell-induced spheroid growth. In vivo, SCG reduced mast-cell activation and Tsc2-null lung tumor burden (vehicle: 32.5.3% ± 23.6%; SCG: 5.5% ± 4.3%; P = 0.0035). Conclusions: LAM-cell/fibroblast interactions attract mast cells where tryptase release contributes to disease progression. Repurposing SCG for use in LAM should be studied as an alternative or adjunct to mTOR inhibitor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roya Babaei-Jadidi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and Biodiscovery Institute
| | - Arundhati Dongre
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and Biodiscovery Institute
| | - Suzanne Miller
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and Biodiscovery Institute
| | | | - Ian D Stewart
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and Biodiscovery Institute
| | - Zoe M Thompson
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and Biodiscovery Institute
| | - Abdolrahman S Nateri
- Cancer Genetics & Stem Cell Group, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Bradding
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.,Respiratory Theme, National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sean T May
- Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre, and
| | - Debbie Clements
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and Biodiscovery Institute
| | - Simon R Johnson
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and Biodiscovery Institute.,National Centre for Lymphangioleiomyomatosis, Nottingham University Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Frungieri MB, Calandra RS, Bartke A, Matzkin ME. Male and female gonadal ageing: its impact on health span and life span. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 197:111519. [PMID: 34139215 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ageing is linked to changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and a progressive decline in gonadal function. While women become infertile when they enter menopause, fertility decline in ageing men does not necessarily involve a complete cessation of spermatogenesis. Gonadal dysfunction in elderly people is characterized by morphological, endocrine and metabolic alterations affecting the reproductive function and quality of life. With advancing age, sexuality turns into a critical emotional and physical factor actually defining the number of years that ageing people live a healthy life. Gonadal ageing correlates with comorbidities and an increased risk of age-related diseases including diabetes, kidney problems, cardiovascular failures and cancer. This article briefly summarizes the current state of knowledge on ovarian and testicular senescence, explores the experimental models used in the study of gonadal ageing, and describes the local pro-inflammatory, oxidative and apoptotic events and the associated signalling pathways that take place in the gonads while people get older. Overall, literature reports that ageing exacerbates a mutual crosstalk among oxidative stress, apoptosis and the inflammatory response in the gonads leading to detrimental effects on fertility. Data also highlight the clinical implications of novel therapeutic interventions using antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory drugs on health span and life span.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica B Frungieri
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1428ADN, Argentina; Cátedra de Química, Ciclo Básico Común, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1405CAE, Argentina.
| | - Ricardo S Calandra
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1428ADN, Argentina
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Division of Geriatrics Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA
| | - María E Matzkin
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1428ADN, Argentina; Cátedra de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Noh CS, Chung HY, Han IH, Kim JH, Kim YM, Ryu JS. Mast cell tryptase-PAR2 pathway in proliferation of prostatic stromal cells reacted with Trichomonas vaginalis. Parasite Immunol 2021; 43:e12868. [PMID: 33991355 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether tryptase released from mast cells activated by prostate stromal cells (PSC) reacted with Trichomonas vaginalis (Tv) promoted the proliferation of PSC through protease- activated receptor 2 (PAR2). Conditioned medium of PSC was prepared by stimulating them with Tv (Trichomonad-conditioned medium (TCM)), and mast cell-conditioned medium were prepared by incubating them with TCM (mast cell-TCM (M-TCM)). Mast cells incubated with TCM migrated more efficiently and produced more β-hexosaminidase and tryptase. M-TCM containing tryptase increased the proliferation of PSC, while inhibition of tryptase decreased proliferation. Expression of signalling molecules such as PAR2, p-ERK, COX-2, 15d-PGJ2 and PPARγ, known to be involved in the tryptase-PAR2 pathway, increased in response to M-TCM, and blocking any of these signals decreased proliferation, indicating that tryptase-PAR2 signalling is involved in the proliferation of PSC. Inhibition of tryptase and PAR2 led to reduced expression of PAR2, p-ERK, COX-2, 15d-PGJ2 and PPARγ, while inhibition of ERK or COX-2 reduced the expression of COX-2, 15d-PGJ2 and PPARγ indicating that the tryptase-PAR2 pathway proceeds in the order p-ERK, COX-2, 15d-PGJ2 , and PPARγ. These results show that interaction between PSC stimulated with Tv and mast cells causes proliferation of PSC through the tryptase-PAR2 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Suk Noh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seongnam Citizen Medical Center, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hyo-Yeoung Chung
- Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ik-Hwan Han
- Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu-Mi Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Sook Ryu
- Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu T, Xiao P, Li R, She R, Tian J, Wang J, Mao J, Yin J, Shi R. Increased Mast Cell Activation in Mongolian Gerbils Infected by Hepatitis E Virus. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2226. [PMID: 30333798 PMCID: PMC6175998 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, mechanism study of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection has attracted an increasing attention because of the growing rate of the acute hepatitis caused by the virus over the world. As an important initiate in the inflammation, mast cells (MCs) play a critical role in maintaining a healthy physiology. However, the function of the MCs in the acute hepatitis caused by HEV is still unclear. In the present study, mongolian gerbils infected by HEV were used as an animal model to evaluate the role of MCs in the HEV infection. The positive ELISA and RT-PCR results showed the gerbils was successfully infected with HEV. The number of mast cell in the liver and the small intestine in the infected animals were growing higher significantly than the control group. In addition, higher expression of the tryptase and 5-HT in the liver and the intestine detected by immunohistochemical method and western blot also indicate the activation of MCs in the infection. These results suggest that MCs play an important role in the hepatitis E.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianlong Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Ruiwen Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Dingzhou, China
| | - Ruiping She
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jijing Tian
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyuan Wang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Mao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruihan Shi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Frungieri MB, Calandra RS, Bartke A, Matzkin ME. Ageing and inflammation in the male reproductive tract. Andrologia 2018; 50:e13034. [DOI: 10.1111/and.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. B. Frungieri
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET; Ciudad de Buenos Aires Argentina
- Cátedra de Química; Ciclo Básico Común; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Ciudad de Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - R. S. Calandra
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET; Ciudad de Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - A. Bartke
- Geriatrics Research; Department of Internal Medicine; School of Medicine; Southern Illinois University; Springfield Illinois USA
| | - M. E. Matzkin
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET; Ciudad de Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Ciudad de Buenos Aires Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jarido V, Kennedy L, Hargrove L, Demieville J, Thomson J, Stephenson K, Francis H. The emerging role of mast cells in liver disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G89-G101. [PMID: 28473331 PMCID: PMC5582878 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00333.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The depth of our knowledge regarding mast cells has widened exponentially in the last 20 years. Once thought to be only important for allergy-mediated events, mast cells are now recognized to be important regulators of a number of pathological processes. The revelation that mast cells can influence organs, tissues, and cells has increased interest in mast cell research during liver disease. The purpose of this review is to refresh the reader's knowledge of the development, type, and location of mast cells and to review recent work that demonstrates the role of hepatic mast cells during diseased states. This review focuses primarily on liver diseases and mast cells during autoimmune disease, hepatitis, fatty liver disease, liver cancer, and aging in the liver. Overall, these studies demonstrate the potential role of mast cells in disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Jarido
- Baylor Scott & White Health and Medicine, Temple, Texas; and
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
- Texas A & M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | | | | | - Joanne Thomson
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
| | | | - Heather Francis
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas;
- Baylor Scott & White Health and Medicine, Temple, Texas; and
- Texas A & M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Effects of Secreted Mast Cell Mediators on Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells: Focus on Mast Cell Tryptase. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:3124753. [PMID: 28751819 PMCID: PMC5511656 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3124753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous mast cells are present in the choroid, but the effects of mast cell mediators on retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are not well understood. We investigated the influence of mast cell mediators on RPE cells in vitro, focusing on tryptase. Expression of receptors was examined by the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. We also assessed production of interleukin 8 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) after RPE cells were stimulated with mast cell mediators by using an antibody array and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, we investigated the influence of tryptase on RPE cell migration and integrity by the scratch assay and the transepithelial resistance. RPE cells expressed protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), histamine receptor 1, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) receptor 1, and CCR 1, 3, 4, 8, and 11. Tryptase, PAR2 agonists, histamine, and TNF-α all enhanced interleukin 8 production by RPE cells, while only tryptase enhanced VEGF production. Tryptase also enhanced expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2, resulting in increased migration of RPE cells. However, tryptase did not alter epithelial integrity or the expression of zonula occludens-1 and junctional adhesion molecule-A by RPE cells. Mast cell mediators, especially tryptase, may influence RPE cell inflammation.
Collapse
|
11
|
Lee YJ, Kim SJ, Kwon KW, Lee WM, Im WJ, Sohn UD. Inhibitory effect of FSLLRY-NH 2 on inflammatory responses induced by hydrogen peroxide in HepG2 cells. Arch Pharm Res 2017. [PMID: 28643288 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0927-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Proteinase activated receptor 2 (PAR2), which is localized in the GI tract, the respiratory system, and the kidney tubules is a G protein-coupled receptor associated with inflammation, metabolism, and disease. The aim of this study was to explore the role of PAR2 in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced HepG2 cells by using FSLLRY-NH2 a PAR2 antagonist. H2O2 treatment resulted in induction of PAR2 in esophageal, gastric, and liver cells, with the most robust response being in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, this effect was dose-dependent in HepG2 cells. Treatment with H2O2 at concentrations above 400 μM for 24 h also reduced HepG2 cell viability. H2O2 treatment increased both the protein and mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α, as well as those of SAPK/JNK. The increased levels of these pro-inflammatory genes and SAPK/JNK induced by H2O2 were attenuated in a dose-dependent manner when cells were co-treated with H2O2 and FSLLRY-NH2. In summary, the PAR2 antagonist peptide, FSLLRY-NH2, reduces the level of the pro-inflammatory genes IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α induced by H2O2, through the SAPK/JNK pathways in HepG2 cells. These data suggest that a PAR2 antagonist could be an anti-inflammatory agent in HepG2 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Joo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Wan Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Mo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Wi Joon Im
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Uy Dong Sohn
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Local Actions of Melatonin in Somatic Cells of the Testis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061170. [PMID: 28561756 PMCID: PMC5485994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pineal hormone melatonin regulates testicular function through the hypothalamic-adenohypophyseal axis. In addition, direct actions of melatonin in somatic cells of the testis have been described. Melatonin acts as a local modulator of the endocrine activity in Leydig cells. In Sertoli cells, melatonin influences cellular growth, proliferation, energy metabolism and the oxidation state, and consequently may regulate spermatogenesis. These data pinpoint melatonin as a key player in the regulation of testicular physiology (i.e., steroidogenesis, spermatogenesis) mostly in seasonal breeders. In patients with idiopathic infertility, melatonin exerts anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects on testicular macrophages, and provides protective effects against oxidative stress in testicular mast cells. Consequently, melatonin is also involved in the modulation of inflammatory and oxidant/anti-oxidant states in testicular pathology. Overall, the literature data indicate that melatonin has important effects on testicular function and male reproduction.
Collapse
|
13
|
Karkampouna S, Kreulen M, Obdeijn MC, Kloen P, Dorjée AL, Rivellese F, Chojnowski A, Clark I, Kruithof-de Julio M. Connective Tissue Degeneration: Mechanisms of Palmar Fascia Degeneration (Dupuytren's Disease). CURRENT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 2:133-140. [PMID: 27617187 PMCID: PMC4996878 DOI: 10.1007/s40610-016-0045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dupuytren's disease is a connective tissue disorder of the hand causing excessive palmar fascial fibrosis with associated finger contracture and disability. The aetiology of the disease is heterogeneous, with both genetic and environmental components. The connective tissue is abnormally infiltrated by myofibroblasts that deposit collagen and other extracellular matrix proteins. We describe the clinical profile of Dupuytren's disease along with current therapeutic schemes. Recent findings on molecular and cellular parameters that are dysregulated in Dupuytren's disease, which may contribute to the onset of the disease, and the role of resident inflammation promoting fibrosis, are highlighted. We review recent literature focusing on non-myofibroblast cell types (stem cell-like cells), their pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic role that may account for abnormal wound healing response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Karkampouna
- Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, ZA 2333 The Netherlands
- Urology Research Laboratory, Department of Urology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, Bern, 3008 Switzerland
| | - M. Kreulen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Rode Kruis Ziekenhuis, Vondellaan 13, Beverwijk, 1942 LE The Netherlands
| | - M. C. Obdeijn
- Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1100 DD The Netherlands
| | - P. Kloen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1100 DD The Netherlands
| | - A. L. Dorjée
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, 2333 ZA The Netherlands
| | - F. Rivellese
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, 2333 ZA The Netherlands
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - A. Chojnowski
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
| | - I. Clark
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Marianna Kruithof-de Julio
- Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, ZA 2333 The Netherlands
- Urology Research Laboratory, Department of Urology and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, Bern, 3008 Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang X, Peng B, Xu C, Gao Z, Cao Y, Liu Z, Liu T. BDNF-ERK1/2 signaling pathway in ketamine-associated lower urinary tract symptoms. Int Urol Nephrol 2016; 48:1387-93. [PMID: 27165402 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-016-1315-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Long-term ketamine abuse can affect the urinary system, resulting in lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), but the pathogenesis of this is still unknown. Previous studies have demonstrated that ketamine can change the expression of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the serum of ketamine abuse patients. The aim of the present study is to explore the mechanism of the ketamine-mediated BDNF signaling pathway in the bladder of rats on chronic ketamine treatment. METHODS Rats were randomly assigned to a control (normal saline) or ketamine (30 mg/kg) group, with five rats in each group. The experimental group was given ketamine via intraperitoneal injection daily, while the control group was treated with saline. After 12 weeks of treatment, bladders were excised and samples from the control and ketamine group were examined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Phosphoprotein and non-phosphoprotein purification, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and western blot were carried out in all groups. RESULTS Histological study showed hyperplastic epithelium and inflammatory cell infiltration in ketamine-treated rat bladders. TEM showed that chronic ketamine treatment results in structural damage to organelles. Immunohistochemical staining and western blot showed that the expression of BDNF was significantly lower in the ketamine group. However, the expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases ½ (ERK1/2) in the ketamine group was higher, whereas the total ERK1/2 was similar to the control group. CONCLUSIONS Long-term ketamine abuse reduces expression of BDNF, while inducing phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in the bladder wall. This may play an important role in the pathogenesis of ketamine-associated LUTS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Rd, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Biwen Peng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Rd, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Rd, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhengyan Gao
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Rd, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yuanfei Cao
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Rd, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Rd, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Tongzu Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Rd, Wuhan, 430071, China. .,Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Rd, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Role of PAR2 in the Development of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction. J Urol 2016; 196:588-98. [PMID: 26860791 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.01.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lower urinary tract symptoms are a common finding in patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. We previously reported that the mast cell-tryptase-PAR2 (protease activated receptor 2) axis has a critical role in the development of chronic pain in experimental autoimmune prostatitis, a mouse model of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Therefore, we examined whether PAR2 activation mediates lower urinary tract dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Functional cystometry was done in male B6 mice along with immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry for the expression of COL1A1 (collagen type I α I) and α-SMA (α-smooth muscle actin). Flow cytometry analysis was performed on single cell suspensions of the prostate, bladder, lymph nodes and spleen. RESULTS Experimental autoimmune prostatitis resulted in increased urinary voiding frequency and decreased bladder capacity 30 days after initiation. Concurrently, there was increased expression of COL1A1 and α-SMA in the prostates and bladders. In contrast, induction of experimental autoimmune prostatitis in PAR2 knockout mice did not result in altered urodynamics or increased markers of fibrosis in the prostate or the bladder. Single cell suspensions of the prostate, bladder, lymph nodes and spleen demonstrated that in the absence of PAR2 cellular inflammatory mechanisms were still initiated in experimental autoimmune prostatitis but PAR2 expression may be required to maintain chronic inflammation. Finally, antibody mediated PAR2 neutralization normalized urinary voiding frequency and bladder capacity, and attenuated chronic pelvic pain. CONCLUSIONS PAR2 activation in the prostate may contribute to the development of lower urinary tract dysfunction through proinflammatory as well as profibrotic pathways.
Collapse
|
16
|
Muley MM, Reid AR, Botz B, Bölcskei K, Helyes Z, McDougall JJ. Neutrophil elastase induces inflammation and pain in mouse knee joints via activation of proteinase-activated receptor-2. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 173:766-77. [PMID: 26140667 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neutrophil elastase plays a crucial role in arthritis. Here, its potential in triggering joint inflammation and pain was assessed, and whether these effects were mediated by proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Neutrophil elastase (5 μg) was injected into the knee joints of mice and changes in blood perfusion, leukocyte kinetics and paw withdrawal threshold were assessed. Similar experiments were performed in animals pretreated with the neutrophil elastase inhibitor sivelestat, the PAR2 antagonist GB83, the p44/42 MAPK inhibitor U0126 and in PAR2 receptor knockout (KO) mice. Neutrophil elastase activity was also evaluated in arthritic joints by fluorescent imaging and sivelestat was assessed for anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. KEY RESULTS Intra-articular injection of neutrophil elastase caused an increase in blood perfusion, leukocyte kinetics and a decrease in paw withdrawal threshold. Sivelestat treatment suppressed this effect. The PAR2 antagonist GB83 reversed neutrophil elastase-induced synovitis and pain and these responses were also attenuated in PAR2 KO mice. The MAPK inhibitor U0126 also blocked neutrophil elastase-induced inflammation and pain. Active neutrophil elastase was increased in acutely inflamed knees as shown by an activatable fluorescent probe. Sivelestat appeared to reduce neutrophil elastase activity, but had only a moderate anti-inflammatory effect in this model. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Neutrophil elastase induced acute inflammation and pain in knee joints of mice. These changes are PAR2-dependent and appear to involve activation of a p44/42 MAPK pathway. Blocking neutrophil elastase, PAR2 and p44/42 MAPK activity can reduce inflammation and pain, suggesting their utility as therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milind M Muley
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Allison R Reid
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Bálint Botz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, School of Medicine, Pécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Molecular Pharmacology Research Team, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kata Bölcskei
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, School of Medicine, Pécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Molecular Pharmacology Research Team, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, School of Medicine, Pécs, Hungary.,MTA NAP B Pain Research Group, University of Pécs, School of Medicine, Pécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Molecular Pharmacology Research Team, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Jason J McDougall
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Anaesthesia, Pain Management & Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fujishita T, Kajino-Sakamoto R, Kojima Y, Taketo MM, Aoki M. Antitumor activity of the MEK inhibitor trametinib on intestinal polyp formation in Apc(Δ716) mice involves stromal COX-2. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:692-699. [PMID: 25855137 PMCID: PMC4471789 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase is an MAPK that is most closely associated with cell proliferation, and the MEK/ERK signaling pathway is implicated in various human cancers. Although epidermal growth factor receptor, KRAS, and BRAF are considered major targets for colon cancer treatment, the precise roles of the MEK/ERK pathway, one of their major downstream effectors, during colon cancer development remain to be determined. Using ApcΔ716 mice, a mouse model of familial adenomatous polyposis and early-stage sporadic colon cancer formation, we show that MEK/ERK signaling is activated not only in adenoma epithelial cells, but also in tumor stromal cells including fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells. Eight-week treatment of ApcΔ716 mice with trametinib, a small-molecule MEK inhibitor, significantly reduced the number of polyps in the large size class, accompanied by reduced angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. Trametinib treatment reduced the COX-2 level in ApcΔ716 tumors in vivo and in primary culture of intestinal fibroblasts in vitro. Antibody array analysis revealed that trametinib and the COX-2 inhibitor rofecoxib both reduced the level of CCL2, a chemokine known to be essential for the growth of Apc mutant polyps, in intestinal fibroblasts in vitro. Consistently, trametinib treatment reduced the Ccl2 mRNA level in ApcΔ716 tumors in vivo. These results suggest that MEK/ERK signaling plays key roles in intestinal adenoma formation in ApcΔ716 mice, at least in part, through COX-2 induction in tumor stromal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Fujishita
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Rie Kajino-Sakamoto
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kojima
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Makoto Mark Taketo
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Aoki
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Frungieri MB, Calandra RS, Mayerhofer A, Matzkin ME. Cyclooxygenase and prostaglandins in somatic cell populations of the testis. Reproduction 2015; 149:R169-80. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) are synthesized through the action of the rate-limiting enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) and further specific enzymes. The development ofCox-deficient mice in the 1990s gave insights into the reproductive roles of PGs. FemaleCox-knockout mice were subfertile or infertile. Interestingly, fertility was not affected in male mice deficient inCox, suggesting that PGs may not be critical for the functioning of the testis. However, this conclusion has recently been challenged by observations of important roles for PGs in both physiological and pathological processes in the testis. The two key somatic cell types in the testis, Leydig and Sertoli cells, express the inducible isoenzyme COX2 and produce PGs. Testicular COX2 expression in these somatic cells is regulated by hormonal input (FSH, prolactin (PRL), and testosterone) as well as by IL1β. PGs modulate steroidogenesis in Leydig cells and glucose uptake in Sertoli cells. Hence, the COX2/PG system in Leydig and Sertoli cells acts as a local modulator of testicular activity, and consequently may regulate spermatogenic efficiency. In addition to its expression in Leydig and Sertoli cells, COX2 has been detected in the seminiferous tubule wall, and in testicular macrophages and mast cells of infertile patients. These observations highlight the possible relevance of PGs in testicular inflammation associated with idiopathic infertility. Collectively, these data indicate that the COX2/PG system plays crucial roles not only in testicular physiology (i.e., development, steroidogenesis, and spermatogenesis), but more importantly in the pathogenesis or maintenance of infertility status in the male gonad. Further studies of these actions could lead to new therapeutic approaches to idiopathic male infertility.Free German abstractA German translation of this abstract is freely available athttp://www.reproduction-online.org/content/149/4/R169/suppl/DC1.Free Spanish abstractA Spanish translation of this abstract is freely available athttp://www.reproduction-online.org/content/149/4/R169/suppl/DC2.
Collapse
|
19
|
Lu J, Chen B, Li S, Sun Q. Tryptase inhibitor APC 366 prevents hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting collagen synthesis induced by tryptase/protease-activated receptor 2 interactions in hepatic stellate cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 20:352-7. [PMID: 24735816 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor (PAR) 2 is a G-protein-coupled receptor that is activated by mast cell tryptase. PAR-2 activation augments profibrotic pathways through the induction of extracellular matrix proteins. PAR-2 is widely expressed in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), but the role of tryptase/PAR-2 interaction in liver fibrosis is unclear. We studied the development of bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats treated with mast cell tryptase inhibitor APC 366, and showed that APC 366 reduced hepatic fibrosis scores, collagen content and serum biochemical parameters. Reduced fibrosis was associated with decreased expression of PAR-2 and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Our findings demonstrate that mast cell tryptase induces PAR-2 activation to augment HSC proliferation and promote hepatic fibrosis in rats. Treatment with tryptase antagonists may be a novel therapeutic approach to prevent fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Baian Chen
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Shengli Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Quan Sun
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rossi SP, Windschuettl S, Matzkin ME, Terradas C, Ponzio R, Puigdomenech E, Levalle O, Calandra RS, Mayerhofer A, Frungieri MB. Melatonin in testes of infertile men: evidence for anti-proliferative and anti-oxidant effects on local macrophage and mast cell populations. Andrology 2014; 2:436-49. [PMID: 24659586 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2014.00207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin acting through the hypothalamus and pituitary regulates testicular function. In addition, direct actions of melatonin at the testicular level have been recently suggested. We have described that melatonin inhibits androgen production in hamster Leydig cells via melatonin subtype 1a (mel1a) receptors and the local corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) system. The initial events of the melatonin/CRH signalling pathway have also been established. Melatonin and all components of the melatonergic/CRH system were also detected in Leydig cells of infertile men. This study attempted to search for additional targets of melatonin in the human testis, and to investigate the effects of melatonin on proliferation and the oxidative state in these novel target cells. To this aim, evaluation of human testicular biopsies of patients suffering from hypospermatogenesis or Sertoli cell only syndrome and cell culture studies were performed. Melatonergic receptors were found in macrophages (MACs) and mast cells (MCs) of the human testis. In biopsies of patients suffering idiopathic infertility, melatonin testicular concentrations were negatively correlated with MAC number per mm(2) and TNFα, IL1β and COX2 expression, but positively correlated with the expression of the anti-oxidant enzymes SOD1, peroxiredoxin 1 and catalase. Melatonin inhibited proliferation and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) in both the human non-testicular THP-1 MAC cell line and primary cell cultures of hamster testicular MACs. In the human HMC-1 MC line, melatonin increased the expression of anti-oxidant enzymes and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The results reveal new testicular targets of melatonin and describe anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects of this hormone on testicular MACs. Furthermore, melatonin might provide protective effects against oxidative stress in testicular MCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S P Rossi
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Duchesne E, Bouchard P, Roussel MP, Côté CH. Mast cells can regulate skeletal muscle cell proliferation by multiple mechanisms. Muscle Nerve 2013; 48:403-14. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.23758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Duchesne
- CHUQ Research Center and Faculty of Medicine; Laval University; 2705 Boulevard Laurier, RC-9800 Québec G1V 4G2 Canada
| | - Patrice Bouchard
- CHUQ Research Center and Faculty of Medicine; Laval University; 2705 Boulevard Laurier, RC-9800 Québec G1V 4G2 Canada
| | - Marie-Pier Roussel
- CHUQ Research Center and Faculty of Medicine; Laval University; 2705 Boulevard Laurier, RC-9800 Québec G1V 4G2 Canada
| | - Claude H. Côté
- CHUQ Research Center and Faculty of Medicine; Laval University; 2705 Boulevard Laurier, RC-9800 Québec G1V 4G2 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Goffredo V, Gadaleta CD, Laterza A, Vacca A, Ranieri G. Tryptase serum levels in patients suffering from hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing intra-arterial chemoembolization: Possible predictive role of response to treatment. Mol Clin Oncol 2013; 1:385-389. [PMID: 24649180 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2013.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptase is a serin protease stored in mast cell granules that has recently been found to be involved in tumor angiogenesis. Data from experimental tumor models have suggested that prior to the onset of angiogenesis mast cells were accumulated near tumor cells and were required for the macroscopic expansion and metastatic spread of primary tumor cells. Hepatocellular cancer (HCC) is a well-established, highly angiogenesis-dependent hypervascular tumor. The aim of this preliminary study was to assess tryptase serum levels in 30 HCC patients prior and subsequent to hepatic transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). In this study, patients with intermediate stage (B) HCC, according to the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging classification, were enrolled. Additional patient features were adequate liver functional reserve and A or B status, according to the Child-Pugh classification. Tryptase levels were measured using the UniCAP-Tryptase fluoroimmunoassay. TACE was performed by loading doxorubicin on microspheres. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) tryptase level pre-TACE was 7.74±3.62 μg/l, and post-TACE 4.67±2.79 μg/l. A statistically significant difference (P<0.001) was detected, using the Student's t-test, between pre- and post-TACE tryptase level concentrations. No correlations were found between tryptase levels and other important clinicopathological features of patients. This is the first preliminary study analyzing the potential significance of serum tryptase levels in HCC patients. The results demonstrated higher serum tryptase levels in HCC patients, suggesting tryptase release from HCC tissue. As expected, after TACE, serum tryptase levels were decreased. Therefore, we suggested that tryptase was a potential biomarker of response to TACE treatment in HCC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Goffredo
- Interventional Radiology and Medical Oncology Unit, National Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Institute 'Giovanni Paolo II'
| | - Cosmo Damiano Gadaleta
- Interventional Radiology and Medical Oncology Unit, National Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Institute 'Giovanni Paolo II'
| | - Annamaria Laterza
- Laboratory of Analyses, Department of Experimental Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Institute 'Giovanni Paolo II'
| | - Angelo Vacca
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Girolamo Ranieri
- Interventional Radiology and Medical Oncology Unit, National Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Institute 'Giovanni Paolo II'
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nagalla KT, Gole M, Claudino MA, Gardner JD, Murray DB. Alteration in myocardial prostaglandin D synthase expression in pressure overload-induced left ventricular remodeling in rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2012; 237:24-30. [PMID: 22228706 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.011180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that acute pharmacological blockade of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) using nimesulide (Nime) would prevent maladaptive changes in left ventricular (LV) structure and function secondary to abdominal aortic coarctation-induced pressure overload (PO). In vivo LV chamber dimension and function were assessed by pressure/volume admittance catheter at 14 days' postsurgery in three groups (n ≥ 6/group): sham-operated (Sham); untreated PO; and selective COX-2 inhibitor nimesulide-treated PO (PO + Nime; 25 mg/kg/d). Treatment was initiated 24 h prior to surgical induction of PO. Relative to Sham, there was a marked increase in LV mass index in the PO groups (2.2 ± 0.01 mg/g versus 2.9 ± 0.10 mg/g Sham versus PO, PO+Nime: 2.5 ± 0.03 mg/g). End diastolic volume, an indicator of chamber size, was significantly decreased in the PO animals compared with Sham (202 ± 17μL versus 143 ± 16 μL Sham versus PO, PO + Nime: 226 ± 9 μL). Collagen levels in PO rats assessed by hydroxyproline analysis were significantly elevated relative to Sham values. Nimesulide treatment attenuated: (1) the increase in LV mass index; (2) the reduction in end diastolic volume; and (3) the PO-induced increase in myocardial collagen. In summary, acute COX-2 inhibition with nimesulide attenuated the maladaptive changes in the LV after PO. Acknowledging the clinical failure of chronic COX-2 inhibitor use, we propose that acute treatment with COX-2 inhibition during the initial stages of cardiac remodeling can be beneficial in maintaining the normal cardiac structure and function during PO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna T Nagalla
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Duchesne E, Tremblay MH, Côté CH. Mast cell tryptase stimulates myoblast proliferation; a mechanism relying on protease-activated receptor-2 and cyclooxygenase-2. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2011; 12:235. [PMID: 21999702 PMCID: PMC3207928 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-12-235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells contribute to tissue repair in fibrous tissues by stimulating proliferation of fibroblasts through the release of tryptase which activates protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2). The possibility that a tryptase/PAR-2 signaling pathway exists in skeletal muscle cell has never been investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether tryptase can stimulate myoblast proliferation and determine the downstream cascade. METHODS Proliferation of L6 rat skeletal myoblasts stimulated with PAR-2 agonists (tryptase, trypsin and SLIGKV) was assessed. The specificity of the tryptase effect was evaluated with a specific inhibitor, APC-366. Western blot analyses were used to evaluate the expression and functionality of PAR-2 receptor and to assess the expression of COX-2. COX-2 activity was evaluated with a commercial activity assay kit and by measurement of PGF2α production. Proliferation assays were also performed in presence of different prostaglandins (PGs). RESULTS Tryptase increased L6 myoblast proliferation by 35% above control group and this effect was completely inhibited by APC-366. We confirmed the expression of PAR-2 receptor in vivo in skeletal muscle cells and in satellite cells and in vitro in L6 cells, where PAR-2 was found to be functional. Trypsin and SLIGKV increased L6 cells proliferation by 76% and 26% above control, respectively. COX-2 activity was increased following stimulation with PAR-2 agonist but its expression remained unchanged. Inhibition of COX-2 activity by NS-398 abolished the stimulation of cell proliferation induced by tryptase and trypsin. Finally, 15-deoxy-Δ-12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15Δ-PGJ2), a product of COX-2-derived prostaglandin D2, stimulated myoblast proliferation, but not PGE2 and PGF2α. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data show that tryptase can stimulate myoblast proliferation and this effect is part of a signaling cascade dependent on PAR-2 activation and on the downstream activation of COX-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Duchesne
- CHUQ Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 boul, Laurier, Québec, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Harding P, Murray DB. The contribution of prostaglandins versus prostacyclin in ventricular remodeling during heart failure. Life Sci 2011; 89:671-6. [PMID: 21855554 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the role of Cox-2 in the heart's response to physiologic stress remains controversial (i.e. expression in myocytes versus other resident myocardial cells) the ever expanding role of prostanoids in multiple models of heart failure cannot be denied. Due to the fact that prostanoids are metabolized rather quickly (half life of seconds to minutes) it is believed these signaling mediators act in a paracrine fashion at the site of production. Evidence to date is quite convincing that these bioactive lipid derivatives are involved in physiologic homeostatic regulation as well as beneficial and maladaptive ventricular remodeling in heart failure. Thus, this review will assess the direct contribution of each PG on remodeling in the left ventricle (e.g. hypertrophy, functional effects, and fibrosis).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Harding
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Murray DB, McLarty-Williams J, Nagalla KT, Janicki JS. Tryptase activates isolated adult cardiac fibroblasts via protease activated receptor-2 (PAR-2). J Cell Commun Signal 2011; 6:45-51. [PMID: 21786087 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-011-0146-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) derived cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) was recently implicated in a cardiac mast cell and fibroblast cross-talk signaling cascade mediating myocardial remodeling secondary to mechanical stress. We designed this study to investigate in vitro assays of isolated adult cardiac fibroblasts to determine whether binding of tryptase to the PAR-2 receptor on cardiac fibroblasts will lead to increased expression of COX-2 and subsequent formation of the arachodonic acid metabolite 15-d-Prostaglandin J(2) (15-d-PGJ(2)). The effects of tryptase (100 mU) and co-incubation with PAR-2 inhibitor peptide sequence FSLLRY-NH(2) (10(-6)M) on proliferation, hydroxyproline concentration, 15-d-PGJ(2) formation and PAR-2/COX-2 expression were investigated in fibroblasts isolated from 9 week old SD rats. Tryptase induced a significant increase in fibroproliferation, hydroxyproline, 15-d-PGJ(2) formation and PAR-2 expression which were markedly attenuated by FSLLRY. Tryptase-induced changes in cardiac fibroblast function utilize a PAR-2 dependent mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David B Murray
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, 311 Faser Hall, University, MS, 38677, USA,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
McLarty JL, Meléndez GC, Brower GL, Janicki JS, Levick SP. Tryptase/Protease-activated receptor 2 interactions induce selective mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and collagen synthesis by cardiac fibroblasts. Hypertension 2011; 58:264-70. [PMID: 21730297 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.169417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The mast cell product, tryptase, has recently been implicated to mediate fibrosis in the hypertensive heart. Tryptase has been shown to mediate noncardiac fibroblast function via activation of protease-activated receptor 2 and subsequent activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. Therefore, we hypothesized that this pathway may be a mechanism leading to fibrosis in the hypertensive heart. Isolated adult cardiac fibroblasts were treated with tryptase, which induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 via protease-activated receptor 2. Blockade of protease activated receptor 2 with FSLLRY (10 μmol/L) and inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway with PD98059 (10 μmol/L) prevented collagen synthesis in isolated cardiac fibroblasts stimulated with tryptase. In contrast, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and stress-activated protein/c-Jun N-terminal kinase were not activated by tryptase. Cardiac fibroblasts isolated from spontaneously hypertensive rats showed this same pattern of activation. Treatment of spontaneously hypertensive rats with FSLLRY prevented fibrosis in these animals, indicating the in vivo applicability of the cultured fibroblast findings. Also, tryptase induced a myofibroblastic phenotype indicated by elevations in α-smooth muscle actin and extra type III domain A (ED-A) fibronectin. Thus, the results from this study demonstrate the importance of tryptase for inducing a cardiac myofibroblastic phenotype, ultimately leading to the development of cardiac fibrosis. Specifically, tryptase causes cardiac fibroblasts to increase collagen synthesis via a mechanism involving activation of protease-activated receptor 2 and subsequent induction of extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L McLarty
- Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 6349 Garners Ferry Rd, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bachelet I, Munitz A, Levi-Schaffer F. Tryptase as an inflammatory marker in allergic disease and asthma. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 1:63-73. [PMID: 20477655 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.1.1.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, varying from occasional episodes of wheezing and shortness of breath, to an irreversible, life-threatening obstructive disease. While many cases are managed with relative ease, others do not respond to the traditional inhaled therapy or even to oral glucocorticosteroids. Although it cannot be cured as yet, asthma can be controlled if properly diagnosed. Usually, functional clinical parameters form the basis for estimation of the disease severity. In addition, the growing database of cytokine and mediator profiles have allowed their exploitation as molecular markers for processes underlying airway inflammation in asthma. Tryptase is a potent and versatile mediator in allergic inflammation, orchestrating both acute and chronic events by acting on a vast array of cells and tissue components. For more than a decade, tryptase has been used as a marker for allergic inflammation in asthma as well as in a variety of other airway diseases. In this review, the current advantages and disadvantages of the use of tryptase as an inflammatory marker in asthma will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ido Bachelet
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Pharmacology, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Comparison of mast cells count in oral reactive lesions. Pathol Res Pract 2010; 206:151-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
31
|
Albrecht M, Müller K, Köhn FM, Meineke V, Mayerhofer A. Ionizing radiation induces degranulation of human mast cells and release of tryptase. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 83:535-41. [PMID: 17613126 DOI: 10.1080/09553000701444657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Skin fibrosis is a hallmark of ionizing radiation-induced tissue injury and we hypothesized that mast cells via their products (especially tryptase) are involved in this event. We therefore investigated whether: (i) irradiation with 5 Gray (Gy) is able to induce the release of the typical mast cell mediator tryptase from human mast cells (HMC-1) in vitro, (ii) this effect can be influenced by application of clinically relevant mast cell blockers, and (iii) irradiation leads to mast cell degranulation in ex vivo skin culture models. MATERIALS AND METHODS The human mast cell line (HMC)-1, as well as ex vivo skin tissue served as experimental models. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), mast cell degranulation assays and immunohistochemistry were applied. RESULTS Ionizing radiation induces a time-dependent, statistically significant increase in the release of tryptase by HMC-1 cultured in vitro. Mast cell degranulation and secretion of tryptase was partially, but not significantly, inhibited by pre-incubation with the histamine-1 receptor (H1) blocker cetirizine. Mast cell degranulation was also clearly evident after irradiation using an ex vivo skin culture model of mastocytoma tissue. CONCLUSIONS We propose that ionizing radiation leads to a degranulation of dermal mast cells, an event which is accompanied by the release of tryptase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Albrecht
- Anatomisches Institut am Biederstein, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Christerson U, Keita AV, Söderholm JD, Gustafson-Svärd C. Potential role of protease-activated receptor-2-stimulated activation of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) in intestinal myofibroblast proliferation: Implications for stricture formation in Crohn's disease. J Crohns Colitis 2009; 3:15-24. [PMID: 21172243 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Myofibroblast hyperplasia contributes to muscularis mucosae thickening and stricture formation in Crohn's disease (CD). Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) and cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) are known regulators of cell growth, but their significance in intestinal myofibroblast proliferation remain to be elucidated. The principle aims of the present study were to investigate if PAR-2 is expressed in the expanded muscularis mucosa in ileal CD specimens, if inflammatory cytokines may stimulate PAR-2 expression in intestinal myofibroblasts, and if PAR-2 and cPLA(2) may regulate intestinal myofibroblast growth. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used for detection of PAR-2 in ileal CD specimens. Studies on PAR-2 expression, PLA(2) activation and cell growth were performed in a human intestinal myofibroblast cell line, CCD-18Co. PAR-2 expression was investigated by RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. PLA(2) activity was analyzed by quantification of released (14)C-arachidonic acid ((14)C-AA). Cell growth was examined by (3)H-thymidine incorporation and cell counting. RESULTS The thickened muscularis mucosae of the CD specimens showed strong PAR-2 expression. In cultured myofibroblasts, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) up-regulated PAR-2 mRNA and protein, and potentiated PAR-2-stimulated (14)C-AA release by two known PAR-2 activators, trypsin and SLIGRL-NH(2). The release of (14)C-AA was dependent on cPLA(2). Trypsin stimulated the proliferation of serum-starved cells, and inhibition of cPLA(2) reduced normal cell growth and abolished the growth-promoting effect of trypsin. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that PAR-2-mediated cPLA(2) activation might be of importance in intestinal myofibroblast proliferation. The results also point to the possibility that PAR-2 up-regulation by inflammatory cytokines, like TNF-α, may modulate this effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Christerson
- School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lin CB, Chen N, Scarpa R, Guan F, Babiarz-Magee L, Liebel F, Li WH, Kizoulis M, Shapiro S, Seiberg M. LIGR, a protease-activated receptor-2-derived peptide, enhances skin pigmentation without inducing inflammatory processes. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2008; 21:172-83. [PMID: 18426410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2008.00441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) is a seven transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor that could be activated by serine protease cleavage or by synthetic peptide agonists. We showed earlier that activation of PAR-2 with Ser-Leu-Ile-Gly-Arg-Leu-NH(2) (SLIGRL), a known PAR-2 activating peptide, induces keratinocyte phagocytosis and increases skin pigmentation, indicating that PAR-2 regulates pigmentation by controlling phagocytosis of melanosomes. Here, we show that Leu-Ile-Gly-Arg-NH(2) (LIGR) can also induce skin pigmentation. Both SLIGRL and LIGR increased melanin deposition in vitro and in vivo, and visibly darkened human skins grafted onto severe combined immuno-deficient (SCID) mice. Both SLIGRL and LIGR stimulated Rho-GTP activation resulting in keratinocyte phagocytosis. Interestingly, LIGR activates only a subset of the PAR-2 signaling pathways, and unlike SLIGRL, it does not induce inflammatory processes. LIGR did not affect many PAR-2 signaling pathways, including [Ca(2+)] mobilization, cAMP induction, the induction of cyclooxgenase-2 (COX-2) expression and the secretion of prostaglandin E2, interleukin-6 and -8. PAR-2 siRNA inhibited LIGR-induced phagocytosis, indicating that LIGR signals via PAR-2. Our data suggest that LIGR is a more specific regulator of PAR-2-induced pigmentation relative to SLIGRL. Therefore, enhancing skin pigmentation by topical applications of LIGR may result in a desired tanned-like skin color, without enhancing inflammatory processes, and without the need of UV exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Connie B Lin
- The Johnson & Johnson Skin Research Center, Consumer Product Worldwide, A division of Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc., 199 Grandview Rd., Skillman, NJ 08558, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Schell C, Albrecht M, Mayer C, Schwarzer JU, Frungieri MB, Mayerhofer A. Exploring human testicular peritubular cells: identification of secretory products and regulation by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Endocrinology 2008; 149:1678-86. [PMID: 18187550 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Testicular peritubular cells are myofibroblastic cells, which represent the major cellular components of the wall of the seminiferous tubules. In men their phenotypic characteristics, including possible secretory activity and regulation, are not well known, in neither normal nor pathologically altered testes. Especially in testes of men with impaired spermatogenesis, the cytoarchitecture of the tubular wall is frequently remodeled and presents fibrotic thickening, increased innervation, and infiltration by macrophages and mast cells. The latter are two sources of TNF-alpha. The purpose of our study was to explore human testicular peritubular cells and mechanisms of their regulation. To this end we primarily studied cultured human testicular peritubular cells (HTPCs), isolated from adult human testes. Having established that HTPCs express TNF-alpha receptors 1 and 2 and respond to recombinant human TNF-alpha by a rapid phosphorylation of ERK1/2, we used complementary approaches, including gene array/RT-PCR studies, Western blotting/immunocytochemistry, and ELISA techniques to study phenotypic characteristics of HTPCs and actions of TNFalpha. We found that HTPCs express the nerve growth factor gene and TNF-alpha-stimulated mRNA levels and secretion of nerve growth factor in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Similarly, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 was identified as a product of HTPCs, which was regulated by TNF-alpha in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. TNF-alpha furthermore strongly enhanced expression and/or synthesis of other inflammatory molecules, namely IL-6 and cyclooxygenase-2. Active cyclooxygenase-2 is indicated by increased prostaglandin D2 levels. In addition, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, which was not detected at protein level in the absence of TNF-alpha, was induced upon TNF-alpha stimulation. In conclusion, these results provide novel insights into the nature of human peritubular cells, which are able to secrete potent signaling molecules and are regulated by TNF-alpha. These results also hint to an as-yet-unknown role of peritubular cells in normal human testis and involvement in the pathomechanisms associated with impaired spermatogenesis in men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schell
- Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Rey-Ares V, Lazarov N, Berg D, Berg U, Kunz L, Mayerhofer A. Dopamine receptor repertoire of human granulosa cells. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2007; 5:40. [PMID: 17961240 PMCID: PMC2206026 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-5-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High levels of dopamine (DA) were described in human ovary and recently evidence for DA receptors in granulosa and luteal cells has been provided, as well. However, neither the full repertoire of ovarian receptors for DA, nor their specific role, is established. Human granulosa cells (GCs) derived from women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) are an adequate model for endocrine cells of the follicle and the corpus luteum and were therefore employed in an attempt to decipher their DA receptor repertoire and functionality. METHODS Cells were obtained from patients undergoing IVF and examined using cDNA-array, RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. In addition, calcium measurements (with FLUO-4) were employed. Expression of two DA receptors was also examined by in-situ hybridization in rat ovary. Effects of DA on cell viability and cell volume were studied by using an ATP assay and an electronic cell counter system. RESULTS We found members of the two DA receptor families (D1- and D2 -like) associated with different signaling pathways in human GCs, namely D1 (as expected) and D5 (both are Gs coupled and linked to cAMP increase) and D2, D4 (Gi/Gq coupled and linked to IP3/DAG). D3 was not found. The presence of the trophic hormone hCG (10 IU/ml) in the culture medium for several days did not alter mRNA (semiquantitative RT-PCR) or protein levels (immunocytochemistry/Western blotting) of D1,2,4,5 DA receptors. Expression of prototype receptors for the two families, D1 and D2, was furthermore shown in rat granulosa and luteal cells by in situ hybridization. Among the DA receptors found in human GCs, D2 expression was marked both at mRNA and protein levels and it was therefore further studied. Results of additional RT-PCR and Western blots showed two splice variants (D2L, D2S). Irrespective of these variants, D2 proved to be functional, as DA raised intracellular calcium levels. This calcium mobilizing effect of DA was observed in the absence of extracellular calcium and was abolished by a D2 blocker (L-741,626). DA treatment (48 h) of human GCs resulted in slightly, but significantly enlarged, viable cells. CONCLUSION A previous study showed D2 in human GCs, which are linked to cAMP, and the present study reveals the full spectrum of DA receptors present in these endocrine cells, which also includes D2-like receptors, linked to calcium. Ovarian DA can act thus via D1,2,4,5, which are co-expressed by endocrine cells of the follicle and the corpus luteum and are linked to different signaling pathways. This suggests a complex role of DA in the regulation of ovarian processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Rey-Ares
- Anatomisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), München, Germany
| | - Nikolai Lazarov
- Anatomisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), München, Germany
| | - Dieter Berg
- Assisted Reproductive Technologies Bogenhausen, München, Germany
| | - Ulrike Berg
- Assisted Reproductive Technologies Bogenhausen, München, Germany
| | - Lars Kunz
- Anatomisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), München, Germany
| | - Artur Mayerhofer
- Anatomisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), München, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zitta K, Albrecht M, Weidinger S, Mayerhofer A, Köhn F. Protease activated receptor 2 and epidermal growth factor receptor are involved in the regulation of human sperm motility. Asian J Androl 2007; 9:690-6. [PMID: 17712488 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7262.2007.00289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate mechanisms of tryptase-induced reduction of sperm motility and explore whether epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) and protease activated receptor 2 (PAR-2)- associated pathways are involved. METHODS Fresh semen was collected from healthy donors (n = 15). Semen parameters and quality were assessed in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Swim-up sperm were fixed and subjected to immunocytochemistry and immunoelectronmicroscopy with specific antibodies directed against PAR-2 and EGF-R. Protein extractions from swim-up spermatozoa were analyzed by Western blotting with antibodies for both receptors. Motility of spermatozoa was evaluated by computer-assisted semen analysis. RESULTS Immunocytochemistry found PAR-2 and EGF-R in approximately 30% of examined human ejaculated spermatozoa. Both receptors were localized in the plasma membrane. Like tryptase, the PAR-2 synthetic agonist SLIGKV reduced sperm motility, and this effect was inhibited by application of two specific EGF-R pathway blockers (AG1478 and PD168393). CONCLUSION The observed reduction of sperm motility by tryptase through the PAR-2 receptor involves EGF-R pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Zitta
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University Munich, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, Munich, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Symplastic hemangioma is characterized by degenerative atypia of vascular smooth muscle and interstitial cells within a pre-existing vascular lesion with minimal endothelial cell atypia. We describe an additional two cases of this distinctive but poorly recognized entity. On histology, both lesions revealed a cirsoid aneurysm-type appearance with thick-walled and variably dilated blood vessels. The vascular endothelial cells showed mild nuclear hyperchromasia with no multilayering or mitoses. The atypical cells, either located within the vascular smooth muscle wall or within the interstitium, were spindle or epithelioid with varying degrees of hyperchromasia, nuclear enlargement, pleomorphism, and multinucleation. Perivascular hemorrhage, vascular thrombosis, and focal papillary endothelial hyperplasia were uniformly present. The variably fibrous to edematous stroma showed hemosiderin deposits and a mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate. Clusters of adipocytes were present within the superficial dermis. Rare atypical mitoses and occasional bizarre lipoblast-like stromal cells were identified in one tumor. Immunohistochemistry showed focal smooth muscle actin positivity in the pleomorphic cells of the vascular walls. CD68 and CD34 stained occasional stromal cells in the interstitial location. Both the cases showed no recurrence. The bizarre cytologic changes are interpreted as degenerative in nature and probably akin to that observed in ancient schwannoma and uterine symplastic leiomyoma.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Actins/genetics
- Actins/metabolism
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD34/genetics
- Antigens, CD34/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Hemangioma/diagnosis
- Hemangioma/metabolism
- Hemangioma/pathology
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seng Geok Nicholas Goh
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sonneck K, Florian S, Böhm A, Krauth MT, Kondo R, Hauswirth AW, Gleixner KV, Aichberger KJ, Derdak S, Pickl WF, Sperr WR, Schwartz LB, Valent P. Evaluation of biologic activity of tryptase secreted from blast cells in acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2006; 47:897-906. [PMID: 16753876 DOI: 10.1080/10428190500513652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A number of autocrine and paracrine growth regulators are considered to be involved in the survival and proliferation of blast cells in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We have recently shown that blast cells in a group of patients with AML produce and secrete the mitogenic enzyme tryptase. In the present study, we examined functional effects of tryptase in the context of AML. As assessed by 3H-thymidine uptake experiments, tryptase-containing serum from patients with AML as well as heparin-complexed recombinant tryptase were found to promote the proliferation of cultured bone marrow- and lung fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner. A neutralizing antibody against human beta-tryptase was found to diminish these growth-stimulatory effects of serum-tryptase in all patients examined. Tryptase also induced the expression of mRNA for GM-CSF and SCF, two cytokines known to promote growth of AML cells, in cultured bone marrow fibroblasts. Neither recombinant tryptase nor tryptase-rich serum of AML patients, showed an effect on the growth of leukemic blast cells irrespective of the FAB category or expression of protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2, a putative molecular target of tryptase. Together, tryptase is secreted from AML blasts as a biologically active molecule that may exhibit paracrine rather than autocrine effects in AML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Sonneck
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology - the Center of Excellence for Clinical and Experimental Oncology (CLEXO), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Albrecht M, Rämsch R, Köhn FM, Schwarzer JU, Mayerhofer A. Isolation and cultivation of human testicular peritubular cells: a new model for the investigation of fibrotic processes in the human testis and male infertility. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:1956-60. [PMID: 16478819 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2005-2169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Fibrotic remodeling, especially of the tubule wall, in testes of infertile men is common, but reasons or consequences of these striking changes are not known. Based on cell culture and ex vivo studies, we previously suggested that mast cells via their products tryptase and histamine are involved in the development of fibrosis. However, studies in a relevant human testicular model are required to further test this hypothesis and the mechanisms of testicular fibrosis in general. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was the isolation, culture, and characterization of adult human testicular peritubular cells. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS Peritubular cells were obtained from biopsies of men suffering from obstructive azoospermia (n = 8) and varicocele (n = 2) but displaying normal spermatogenesis. RESULTS Explant cultures were obtained from all biopsies. Immunostaining of the cultured cells and corresponding paraffin-embedded tissues with antibodies against markers of fibroblasts (CD90/Thy-1) and smooth muscle cells (alpha-smooth muscle actin) clearly proved their origin from the peritubular region. These cells displayed morphological features of myofibroblasts, and gene array analyses as well as immunohistochemistry revealed the predominant expression of extracellular matrix genes and genes coding for basement membrane components. The cultured cells retain receptors for the major mast cell products histamine and tryptase. The addition of histamine (100 microm) and the tryptase agonist peptide SLIGKV (10 microm) resulted in a transient increase in intracellular calcium levels, confirming the functionality of the receptors. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that human peritubular cells are a novel model for the investigation of paracrine, including mast cell initiated, interactions in the human testis, which will allow the study of fibrotic processes underlying male idiopathic infertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Albrecht
- Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Otis JS, Burkholder TJ, Pavlath GK. Stretch-induced myoblast proliferation is dependent on the COX2 pathway. Exp Cell Res 2005; 310:417-25. [PMID: 16168411 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2005] [Revised: 08/11/2005] [Accepted: 08/12/2005] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle increases in size due to weight bearing loads or passive stretch. This growth response is dependent in part upon myoblast proliferation. Although skeletal muscles are responsive to mechanical forces, the effect on myoblast proliferation remains unknown. To investigate the effects of mechanical stretch on myoblast proliferation, primary myoblasts isolated from Balb/c mice were subjected to 25% cyclical uniaxial stretch for 5 h at 0.5 Hz. Stretch stimulated myoblast proliferation by 32% and increased cell number by 41% 24 and 48 h after stretch, respectively. COX2 mRNA increased 3.5-fold immediately poststretch. Prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha increased 2.4- and 1.6-fold 6 h after stretch, respectively. Because COX2 has been implicated in regulating muscle growth and regeneration, we hypothesized that stretched myoblasts may proliferate via a COX2-dependent mechanism. We employed two different models to disrupt COX2 activity: (1) treatment with a COX2-selective drug, and (2) transgenic mice null for COX2. Treating myoblasts with a COX2-specific inhibitor blocked stretch-induced proliferation. Likewise, stretched COX2-/- myoblasts failed to proliferate compared to controls. However, supplementing stretched, COX2-/- myoblasts with prostaglandin E2 or fluprostenol increased proliferation. These data suggest that the COX2 pathway is critical for myoblast proliferation in response to stretch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Otis
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, O.W. Rollins Research Building, Room 5027, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|