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Fu Y, Song Y, Zhang J, Wei LP, Sun XR. Decreased expression and DNA hypermethylation of syncytin-1 in human villus tissues with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion. J Reprod Immunol 2023; 155:103784. [PMID: 36508844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2022.103784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) affects approximately 5 % of women of reproductive age worldwide. The etiology and pathogenesis of approximately 50 % of RSA cases currently remain unclear, which known as unexplained RSA (URSA). Syncytin-1, an envelope protein encoded by HERV-W gene, is essential for human embryonic development. The purpose of this study was to explore the correlation between syncytin-1 expression and URSA occurrence. The villi tissues of URSA patients and patients with voluntary termination of pregnancy for non-medical reasons in early pregnancy (Control group) were collected. Compared with the Control group, syncytin-1 was abnormally low expressed in URSA villus tissues, and the HERV-W gene promoter was hypermethylated. Compared with the control group, the global DNA methylation level and the expression level of DNA methylases in the villus tissues of the URSA group had no significant difference. In addition, compared with the Control group, URSA villus tissue showed obviously abnormal apoptosis. Overexpression of syncytin-1 promoted the proliferation of HTR-8 cells and inhibited their apoptosis; while knockdown of syncytin-1 inhibited cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis. URSA villus tissue exhibited hypermethylation of the HERV-W gene and down-regulation of syncytin-1 expression. Syncytin-1 has the potential to be a predictive and diagnostic biomarker for URSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Fu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine Center, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Jinan 250001, Shandong, China.
| | - Yan Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Jinan 250001, Shandong, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Jinan 250001, Shandong, China
| | - Lin-Ping Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Jinan 250001, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Sun
- Department of Pathology, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Jinan 250001, Shandong, China
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2
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Cirkovic A, Garovic V, Milin Lazovic J, Milicevic O, Savic M, Rajovic N, Aleksic N, Weissgerber T, Stefanovic A, Stanisavljevic D, Milic N. Systematic review supports the role of DNA methylation in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia: a call for analytical and methodological standardization. Biol Sex Differ 2020; 11:36. [PMID: 32631423 PMCID: PMC7336649 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-020-00313-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have recently examined the role of epigenetic mechanisms in preeclampsia pathophysiology. One commonly examined epigenetic process is DNA methylation. This heritable epigenetic marker is involved in many important cellular functions. The aim of this study was to establish the association between DNA methylation and preeclampsia and to critically appraise the roles of major study characteristics that can significantly impact the association between DNA methylation and preeclampsia. MAIN BODY A systematic review was performed by searching PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE for original research articles published over time, until May 31, 2019 in English. Eligible studies compared DNA methylation levels in pregnant women with vs. without preeclampsia. Ninety articles were included. Epigenome-wide studies identified hundreds of differentially methylated places/regions in preeclamptic patients. Hypomethylation was the predominant finding in studies analyzing placental tissue (14/19), while hypermethylation was detected in three studies that analyzed maternal white blood cells (3/3). In candidate gene studies, methylation alterations for a number of genes were found to be associated with preeclampsia. A greater number of differentially methylated genes was found when analyzing more severe preeclampsia (70/82), compared to studies analyzing less severe preeclampsia vs. controls (13/27). A high degree of heterogeneity existed among the studies in terms of methodological study characteristics including design (study design, definition of preeclampsia, control group, sample size, confounders), implementation (biological sample, DNA methylation method, purification of DNA extraction, and validation of methylation), analysis (analytical method, batch effect, genotyping, and gene expression), and data presentation (methylation quantification measure, measure of variability, reporting). Based on the results of this review, we provide recommendations for study design and analytical approach for further studies. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this review support the role of DNA methylation in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Establishing field-wide methodological and analytical standards may increase value and reduce waste, allowing researchers to gain additional insights into the role of DNA methylation in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cirkovic
- Institute for Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - V Garovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - J Milin Lazovic
- Institute for Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - O Milicevic
- Institute for Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Savic
- Institute for Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - N Rajovic
- Institute for Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - N Aleksic
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - T Weissgerber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, QUEST Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Stefanovic
- Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Stanisavljevic
- Institute for Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - N Milic
- Institute for Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Sheng F, Sun N, Ji Y, Ma Y, Ding H, Zhang Q, Yang F, Li W. Aberrant expression of imprinted lncRNA MEG8 causes trophoblast dysfunction and abortion. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:17378-17390. [PMID: 31265183 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a group of noncoding RNAs whose nucleotides are longer than 200 bp. Previous studies have shown that they play an important regulatory role in many developmental processes and biological pathways. However, the contributions of lncRNAs to placental development are largely unknown. Here, our study aimed to investigate the lncRNA expression signatures in placental development by performing a microarray lncRNA screen. Placental samples were obtained from pregnant C57BL/6 female mice at three key developmental time points (embryonic day E7.5, E13.5, and E19.5). Microarrays were used to analyze the differential expression of lncRNAs during placental development. In addition to the genomic imprinting region and the dynamic DNA methylation status during placental development, we screened imprinted lncRNAs whose expression was controlled by DNA methylation during placental development. We found that the imprinted lncRNA Rian may play an important role during placental development. Its homologous sequence lncRNA MEG8 (RIAN) was abnormally highly expressed in human spontaneous abortion villi. Upregulation of MEG8 expression in trophoblast cell lines decreased cell proliferation and invasion, whereas downregulation of MEG8 expression had the opposite effect. Furthermore, DNA methylation results showed that the methylation of the MEG8 promoter region was increased in spontaneous abortion villi. There was dynamic spatiotemporal expression of imprinted lncRNAs during placental development. The imprinted lncRNA MEG8 is involved in the regulation of early trophoblast cell function. Promoter methylation abnormalities can cause trophoblastic cell defects, which may be one of the factors that occurs in early unexplained spontaneous abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Sheng
- Changzheng Hospital, Reproductive Medicine Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningxia Sun
- Changzheng Hospital, Reproductive Medicine Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixuan Ji
- Changzheng Hospital, Reproductive Medicine Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Changzheng Hospital, Reproductive Medicine Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Haixia Ding
- Changzheng Hospital, Reproductive Medicine Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Changzheng Hospital, Reproductive Medicine Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Fu Yang
- Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Department of Reproductive Medicine Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Li
- Changzheng Hospital, Reproductive Medicine Center, Shanghai, China
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5
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Ma M, Zhou QJ, Xiong Y, Li B, Li XT. Preeclampsia is associated with hypermethylation of IGF-1 promoter mediated by DNMT1. Am J Transl Res 2018; 10:16-39. [PMID: 29422991 PMCID: PMC5801344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated a dynamic epigenetic regulation of genes expression in placenta trophoblasts and a dynamic imbalance of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation. Reduced IGF-1 has been observed in preeclampsia. This study was to investigate the interactive roles between IGF-1 and the global DNA methylation/hydroxymethylation, and the status of DNA methylation/hydroxymethylation and associated enzymes such as DNMTs and TETs in peeeclamptic placentas and hypoxic trophoblasts. It was found that IGF-1 was decreased in preeclamptic placentas and hypoxic trophoblasts when compared to the control group using immunohistochemisty, western blot, qRT-PCR and ELISA. Pyrophosphate sequencing showed IGF-1 promoter was significantly hypermethylated in preeclamptic placentas, which was responsible for reduced IGF-1 expression. Preeclamptic placentas and hypoxic trophoblasts were hypermethylated and hypohydroxymethylated accompanied by remarkably higher 5mC, DNMT1 and DNMT3b, and lower DNMT3a, 5hmC, TET1, TET2 and TET3 detected by immunohistochemisty, western blot, qRT-PCR and ELISA. Pearson's correlation confirmed a statistically significant negative correlation between IGF-1 and DNMT1. Furthermore, both treatment with 5-Aza-dc and DNMT1-siRNA significantly increased the expression of IGF-1 in HTR8 cells, indicating the potential mechanism of DNMT1-mediated DNA methylation in IGF-1 regulation. However, IGF-1 didn't change DNA methylation or hydroxymethylation. These findings suggest that preeclampsia is associated with hypermethylation of IGF-1 promoter mediated by DNMT1 and provide new insights into the diagnosis and treatment of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ma
- Department of Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai 200011, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiong-Jie Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related DiseasesShanghai 200011, China
- Women’s Health and Perinatology Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT-The Arctic University of NorwayTromso, Norway
| | - Yu Xiong
- Department of Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related DiseasesShanghai 200011, China
| | - Bin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related DiseasesShanghai 200011, China
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai 200011, China
| | - Xiao-Tian Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related DiseasesShanghai 200011, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Eudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth DefectsShanghai 200032, China
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Jia Y, Li T, Huang X, Xu X, Zhou X, Jia L, Zhu J, Xie D, Wang K, Zhou Q, Jin L, Zhang J, Duan T. Dysregulated DNA Methyltransferase 3A Upregulates IGFBP5 to Suppress Trophoblast Cell Migration and Invasion in Preeclampsia. Hypertension 2017; 69:356-366. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a unique multiple system disorder during human pregnancy, which affects ≈5% to 8% of pregnancies. Its risks and complications have become the major causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Although abnormal placentation to which DNA methylation dysregulation is always linked is speculated to be one of the reasons causing preeclampsia, the underlying mechanisms still remain elusive to date. Here we revealed that aberrant DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) plays a critical role in preeclampsia. Our results show that the expression and localization of DNMT3A are dysregulated in preeclamptic placenta. Moreover, knockdown of DNMT3A obviously inhibits trophoblast cell migration and invasion. Mechanistically, IGFBP5 (insulin-like growth factor–binding protein 5), known as a suppressor, is upregulated by decreased DNMT3A because of promoter hypomethylation. Importantly, IGFBP5 downregulation can rescue the defects caused by DNMT3A knockdown, thereby, consolidating the significance of IGFBP5 in the downstream of DNMT3A in trophoblast. Furthermore, we detected low promoter methylation and high protein expression of IGFBP5 in the clinical samples of preeclamptic placenta. Collectively, our study suggests that dysregulation of DNMT3A and IGFBP5 is relevant to preeclampsia. Thus, we propose that DNMT3A and IGFBP5 can serve as potential markers and targets for the clinical diagnosis and therapy of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhui Jia
- From the Clinical and Translational Research Center (Y.J., X.H., X.X., X.Z., L. Jia, J. Zhu, D.X., K.W., Q.Z., L. Jin) and Department of Obstetrics (T.L., T.D.), Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, China; and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, the Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China (J. Zhang)
| | - Ting Li
- From the Clinical and Translational Research Center (Y.J., X.H., X.X., X.Z., L. Jia, J. Zhu, D.X., K.W., Q.Z., L. Jin) and Department of Obstetrics (T.L., T.D.), Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, China; and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, the Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China (J. Zhang)
| | - Xiaojie Huang
- From the Clinical and Translational Research Center (Y.J., X.H., X.X., X.Z., L. Jia, J. Zhu, D.X., K.W., Q.Z., L. Jin) and Department of Obstetrics (T.L., T.D.), Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, China; and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, the Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China (J. Zhang)
| | - Xianghong Xu
- From the Clinical and Translational Research Center (Y.J., X.H., X.X., X.Z., L. Jia, J. Zhu, D.X., K.W., Q.Z., L. Jin) and Department of Obstetrics (T.L., T.D.), Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, China; and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, the Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China (J. Zhang)
| | - Xinyao Zhou
- From the Clinical and Translational Research Center (Y.J., X.H., X.X., X.Z., L. Jia, J. Zhu, D.X., K.W., Q.Z., L. Jin) and Department of Obstetrics (T.L., T.D.), Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, China; and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, the Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China (J. Zhang)
| | - Linyan Jia
- From the Clinical and Translational Research Center (Y.J., X.H., X.X., X.Z., L. Jia, J. Zhu, D.X., K.W., Q.Z., L. Jin) and Department of Obstetrics (T.L., T.D.), Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, China; and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, the Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China (J. Zhang)
| | - Jingping Zhu
- From the Clinical and Translational Research Center (Y.J., X.H., X.X., X.Z., L. Jia, J. Zhu, D.X., K.W., Q.Z., L. Jin) and Department of Obstetrics (T.L., T.D.), Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, China; and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, the Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China (J. Zhang)
| | - Dandan Xie
- From the Clinical and Translational Research Center (Y.J., X.H., X.X., X.Z., L. Jia, J. Zhu, D.X., K.W., Q.Z., L. Jin) and Department of Obstetrics (T.L., T.D.), Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, China; and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, the Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China (J. Zhang)
| | - Kai Wang
- From the Clinical and Translational Research Center (Y.J., X.H., X.X., X.Z., L. Jia, J. Zhu, D.X., K.W., Q.Z., L. Jin) and Department of Obstetrics (T.L., T.D.), Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, China; and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, the Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China (J. Zhang)
| | - Qian Zhou
- From the Clinical and Translational Research Center (Y.J., X.H., X.X., X.Z., L. Jia, J. Zhu, D.X., K.W., Q.Z., L. Jin) and Department of Obstetrics (T.L., T.D.), Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, China; and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, the Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China (J. Zhang)
| | - Liping Jin
- From the Clinical and Translational Research Center (Y.J., X.H., X.X., X.Z., L. Jia, J. Zhu, D.X., K.W., Q.Z., L. Jin) and Department of Obstetrics (T.L., T.D.), Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, China; and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, the Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China (J. Zhang)
| | - Jiqin Zhang
- From the Clinical and Translational Research Center (Y.J., X.H., X.X., X.Z., L. Jia, J. Zhu, D.X., K.W., Q.Z., L. Jin) and Department of Obstetrics (T.L., T.D.), Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, China; and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, the Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China (J. Zhang)
| | - Tao Duan
- From the Clinical and Translational Research Center (Y.J., X.H., X.X., X.Z., L. Jia, J. Zhu, D.X., K.W., Q.Z., L. Jin) and Department of Obstetrics (T.L., T.D.), Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, China; and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, the Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China (J. Zhang)
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Hu Q, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Wang N, Chen S. Cloning and characterization of wnt4a gene and evidence for positive selection in half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). Sci Rep 2014; 4:7167. [PMID: 25418599 PMCID: PMC4241513 DOI: 10.1038/srep07167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt4 gene plays a role in developmental processes in mammals. However, little is known regarding its function in teleosts. We cloned and characterized the full-length half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) wnt4a gene (CS-wnt4a). CS-wnt4a cDNA was 1746 bp in length encoding 353aa. CS-wnt4a expression level was highest in the testis, and gradually increased in the developing gonads until 1 year of age. In situ hybridization revealed that CS-wnt4a expression level was highest in stage II oocytes and sperm in the adult ovary and testis, respectively. CS-wnt4a expression level was significantly up-regulated in the gonads after exposure to high temperature. The level of methylation of the CS-wnt4a first exon was negatively correlated with the expression of CS-wnt4a. The branch-site model suggested that vertebrate wnt4a differed significantly from that of wnt4b, and that the selective pressures differed between ancestral aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Two positively selected sites were found in the ancestral lineages of teleost fish, but none in the ancestral lineages of mammals. One positively selected site was located on the α-helices of the 3D structure, the other on the random coil. Our results are of value for further study of the function of wnt4 and the mechanism of selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaomu Hu
- 1] Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China [2] Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Na Wang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Songlin Chen
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China
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