1
|
Drysdale A, Unsworth AJ, White SJ, Jones S. The Contribution of Vascular Proteoglycans to Atherothrombosis: Clinical Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11854. [PMID: 37511615 PMCID: PMC10380219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The vascular extracellular matrix (ECM) produced by endothelial and smooth muscle cells is composed of collagens and glycoproteins and plays an integral role in regulating the structure and function of the vascular wall. Alteration in the expression of these proteins is associated with endothelial dysfunction and has been implicated in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. The ECM composition of atherosclerotic plaques varies depending on plaque phenotype and vulnerability, with distinct differences observed between ruptured and erodes plaques. Moreover, the thrombi on the exposed ECM are diverse in structure and composition, suggesting that the best antithrombotic approach may differ depending on plaque phenotype. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the role of proteoglycans in atherogenesis and thrombosis. It discusses the differential expression of the proteoglycans in different plaque phenotypes and the potential impact on platelet function and thrombosis. Finally, the review highlights the importance of this concept in developing a targeted approach to antithrombotic treatments to improve clinical outcomes in cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Drysdale
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK; (A.D.); (A.J.U.)
| | - Amanda J. Unsworth
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK; (A.D.); (A.J.U.)
| | - Stephen J. White
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK;
| | - Sarah Jones
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK; (A.D.); (A.J.U.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
El-Far YM, Khodir AE, Emarah ZA, Ebrahim MA, Al-Gayyar MMH. Chemopreventive and hepatoprotective effects of genistein via inhibition of oxidative stress and the versican/PDGF/PKC signaling pathway in experimentally induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats by thioacetamide. Redox Rep 2022; 27:9-20. [PMID: 35080474 PMCID: PMC8794077 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2022.2031515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Genistein is a recognized isoflavone present in soybeans with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic and antitumor activities. This study aimed to test ability of genistein in modulating versican/platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) axis in HCC. Methods HCC was experimentally induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats then treated with 25 or 75 mg/kg genistein. Antioxidant activities of genistein was assessed by measuring the gene expression of Nrf2 and the hepatic levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione. Expression of versican, PDGF, protein kinase C (PKC) and ERK-1 protein was assessed by Western blotting and immunostaining. Results HCC induced an elevation in oxidative stress, PDGF, versican, PKC and ERK protein expression levels. Genistein significantly reduced an HCC-induced increase in oxidative stress. Moreover, genistein dose-dependently reduced HCC-induced elevation of PDGF, versican, PKC and ERK protein expression levels. Moreover, genistein helped retain a normal hepatocyte structure and reduced fibrous tissue deposition, especially in high dose. Conclusions Genistein exerted antitumor and antioxidant effects and therefore suppress HCC development via inhibition of the PDGF/versican bidirectional axis, suppressing both ERK1 and PKC as downstream regulators. Therefore, genistein is a potential novel therapeutic candidate for improving the outcome of patients with HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yousra M. El-Far
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E. Khodir
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Horus University in Egypt, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Ziad A. Emarah
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Ebrahim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohammed M. H. Al-Gayyar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu Y, Chen X, Choi YJ, Yang N, Song Z, Snedecor ER, Liang W, Leung ELH, Zhang L, Qin C, Chen J. GORAB promotes embryonic lung maturation through antagonizing AKT phosphorylation, versican expression, and mesenchymal cell migration. FASEB J 2020; 34:4918-4933. [PMID: 32067289 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902075r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic development of the alveolar sac of the lung is dependent upon multiple signaling pathways to coordinate cell growth, migration, and the formation of the extracellular matrix. Here, we identify GORAB as a regulator of embryonic alveolar sac formation as genetically disrupting the Gorab gene in mice resulted in fatal saccular maturation defects characterized by a thickened lung mesenchyme. This abnormality is not associated with impairments in cellular proliferation and death, but aberrantly increased protein kinase B (AKT) phosphorylation, elevated Vcan transcription, and enhanced migration of mesenchymal fibroblasts. Genetically augmenting PDGFRα, a potent activator of AKT in lung mesenchymal cells, recapitulated the alveolar phenotypes, whereas disrupting PDGFRα partially rescued alveolar phenotypes in Gorab-deficient mice. Overexpressing or suppressing Vcan in primary embryonic lung fibroblasts could, respectively, mimic or attenuate alveolar sac-like phenotypes in a co-culture model. These findings suggest a role of GORAB in negatively regulating AKT phosphorylation, the expression of Vcan, and the migration of lung mesenchyme fibroblasts, and suggest that alveolar sac formation resembles a patterning event that is orchestrated by molecular signaling and the extracellular matrix in the mesenchyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China.,Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yeon Ja Choi
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Zhongya Song
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Wei Liang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China.,Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Elaine Lai-Han Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China.,Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China.,Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China.,Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China.,Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Afroz R, Cao Y, Rostam MA, Ta H, Xu S, Zheng W, Osman N, Kamato D, Little PJ. Signalling pathways regulating galactosaminoglycan synthesis and structure in vascular smooth muscle: Implications for lipoprotein binding and atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 187:88-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
5
|
Rostam MA, Shajimoon A, Kamato D, Mitra P, Piva TJ, Getachew R, Cao Y, Zheng W, Osman N, Little PJ. Flavopiridol Inhibits TGF-β-Stimulated Biglycan Synthesis by Blocking Linker Region Phosphorylation and Nuclear Translocation of Smad2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 365:156-164. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.244483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
|
6
|
Förstermann U, Xia N, Li H. Roles of Vascular Oxidative Stress and Nitric Oxide in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2017; 120:713-735. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 692] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Major reactive oxygen species (ROS)–producing systems in vascular wall include NADPH (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase, xanthine oxidase, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase. ROS at moderate concentrations have important signaling roles under physiological conditions. Excessive or sustained ROS production, however, when exceeding the available antioxidant defense systems, leads to oxidative stress. Animal studies have provided compelling evidence demonstrating the roles of vascular oxidative stress and NO in atherosclerosis. All established cardiovascular risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking enhance ROS generation and decrease endothelial NO production. Key molecular events in atherogenesis such as oxidative modification of lipoproteins and phospholipids, endothelial cell activation, and macrophage infiltration/activation are facilitated by vascular oxidative stress and inhibited by endothelial NO. Atherosclerosis develops preferentially in vascular regions with disturbed blood flow (arches, branches, and bifurcations). The fact that these sites are associated with enhanced oxidative stress and reduced endothelial NO production is a further indication for the roles of ROS and NO in atherosclerosis. Therefore, prevention of vascular oxidative stress and improvement of endothelial NO production represent reasonable therapeutic strategies in addition to the treatment of established risk factors (hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Förstermann
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (U.F., N.X., H.L.); Center for Translational Vascular Biology (CTVB), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (H.L.); and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany (H.L.)
| | - Ning Xia
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (U.F., N.X., H.L.); Center for Translational Vascular Biology (CTVB), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (H.L.); and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany (H.L.)
| | - Huige Li
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (U.F., N.X., H.L.); Center for Translational Vascular Biology (CTVB), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (H.L.); and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany (H.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Al Gwairi O, Osman N, Getachew R, Zheng W, Liang XL, Kamato D, Thach L, Little PJ. Multiple Growth Factors, But Not VEGF, Stimulate Glycosaminoglycan Hyperelongation in Retinal Choroidal Endothelial Cells. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:1041-51. [PMID: 27570478 PMCID: PMC4997048 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.16134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A major feature of early age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the thickening of Bruch's membrane in the retina and an alteration in its composition with increased lipid deposition. In certain pathological conditions proteoglycans are responsible for lipid retention in tissues. Growth factors are known to increase the length of glycosaminoglycan chains and this can lead to a large increase in the interaction between proteoglycans and lipids. Using choroidal endothelial cells, we investigated the effects of a number of AMD relevant growth factors TGFβ, thrombin, PDGF, IGF and VEGF on proteoglycan synthesis. Cells were characterized as of endothelial origin using the specific cell markers endothelial nitric oxide synthesis and von Willebrand factor and imaged using confocal microscopy. Cells were treated with growth factors in the presence and absence of the appropriate inhibitors and were radiolabeled with [35S]-SO4. Proteoglycans were isolated by ion exchange chromatography and sized using SDS-PAGE. Radiosulfate incorporation was determined by the cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) precipitation technique. To measure cellular glycosaminoglycan synthesizing capacity we added xyloside and assessed the xyloside-GAGs by SDS-PAGE. TGFβ, thrombin, PDGF & IGF dose-dependently stimulated radiosulfate incorporation and GAG elongation as well as xyloside-GAG synthesis, however VEGF treatment did not stimulate any changes in proteoglycan synthesis. VEGF did not increase pAKT but caused a large increase in pERK relative to the response to PDGF. Thus, AMD relevant agonists cause glycosaminoglycan hyperelongation of proteoglycans synthesised and secreted by retinal choroidal endothelial cells. The absence of a response to VEGF is intriguing and identifies proteoglycans as a novel potential target in AMD. Future studies will examine the relevance of these changes to enhanced lipid binding and the development of AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Othman Al Gwairi
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Narin Osman
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia;; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne 3004 VIC, Australia
| | - Robel Getachew
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China;; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - X-L Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Lyna Thach
- School of Pharmacy. The University of Queensland, Wooloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia;; School of Pharmacy. The University of Queensland, Wooloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The role of specific Smad linker region phosphorylation in TGF-β mediated expression of glycosaminoglycan synthesizing enzymes in vascular smooth muscle. Cell Signal 2016; 28:956-66. [PMID: 27153775 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hyperelongation of glycosaminoglycan chains on proteoglycans facilitates increased lipoprotein binding in the blood vessel wall and the development of atherosclerosis. Increased mRNA expression of glycosaminoglycan chain synthesizing enzymes in vivo is associated with the development of atherosclerosis. In human vascular smooth muscle, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) regulates glycosaminoglycan chain hyperelongation via ERK and p38 as well as Smad2 linker region (Smad2L) phosphorylation. In this study, we identified the involvement of TGF-β receptor, intracellular serine/threonine kinases and specific residues on transcription factor Smad2L that regulate glycosaminoglycan synthesizing enzymes. Of six glycosaminoglycan synthesizing enzymes, xylosyltransferase-1, chondroitin sulfate synthase-1, and chondroitin sulfotransferase-1 were regulated by TGF-β. In addition ERK, p38, PI3K and CDK were found to differentially regulate mRNA expression of each enzyme. Four individual residues in the TGF-β receptor mediator Smad2L can be phosphorylated by these kinases and in turn regulate the synthesis and activity of glycosaminoglycan synthesizing enzymes. Smad2L Thr220 was phosphorylated by CDKs and Smad2L Ser250 by ERK. p38 selectively signalled via Smad2L Ser245. Phosphorylation of Smad2L serine residues induced glycosaminoglycan synthesizing enzymes associated with glycosaminoglycan chain elongation. Phosphorylation of Smad2L Thr220 was associated with XT-1 enzyme regulation, a critical enzyme in chain initiation. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the complex signalling pathways that contribute to glycosaminoglycan chain modification that could be targeted using pharmacological agents to inhibit the development of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Bernard R, Getachew R, Kamato D, Thach L, Osman N, Chan V, Zheng W, Little PJ. Evaluation of the potential synergism of imatinib-related poly kinase inhibitors using growth factor stimulated proteoglycan synthesis as a model response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 68:368-78. [PMID: 26888375 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tyrosine kinase inhibitors were the first class of smart drugs being specifically designed to inhibit a disease causing target. There is a very important but unresolved question as whether or not the overall therapeutic role of an individual tinib results from an action at its primary target, a single most likely, tyrosine kinase, or from the combined or aggregate action at the multiple targets which each tinib addresses. METHODS We selected a series of ten tinibs (gefitinib, sunitinib, lapatinib, erlotinib, imatinib, sorafenib, axitinib, vanitinib, bosutinib, dasatinib) with various known targets and investigated their activities in the inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis and GAG hyperelongation stimulated by a tyrosine kinase receptor agonist, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and for contrast, a serine/threonine kinase receptor agonist, TGF β and some downstream signalling pathways. RESULTS The inhibitory activity varied from little to total inhibition. The actions of the tinibs were directed more towards inhibition of the tyrosine kinase, PDGF receptor signalling pathway compared to the TGF β. CONCLUSION There was no suggestion of any synergistic effect arising from inhibition of multiple kinases as the most potent compound, dasatinib, is known to inhibit the broadest spectrum of kinases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Bernard
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Robel Getachew
- School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Lyna Thach
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Narin Osman
- School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vincent Chan
- School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau.,China and Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Protease activated receptor-1 mediated dual kinase receptor transactivation stimulates the expression of glycosaminoglycan synthesizing genes. Cell Signal 2016; 28:110-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|