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Sefiani A, Rusyn I, Geoffroy CG. Novel adult cortical neuron processing and screening method illustrates sex- and age-dependent effects of pharmaceutical compounds. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13125. [PMID: 35908049 PMCID: PMC9338961 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17389-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases and neurotraumatic injuries are typically age-associated disorders that can reduce neuron survival, neurite outgrowth, and synaptic plasticity leading to loss of cognitive capacity, executive function, and motor control. In pursuit of reducing the loss of said neurological functions, novel compounds are sought that promote neuron viability, neuritogenesis, and/or synaptic plasticity. Current high content in vitro screenings typically use cells that are iPSC-derived, embryonic, or originate from post-natal tissues; however, most patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases and neurotrauma are of middle-age and older. The chasm in maturity between the neurons used in drug screens and those in a target population is a barrier for translational success of in vitro results. It has been historically challenging to culture adult neurons let alone conduct screenings; therefore, age-appropriate drug screenings have previously not been plausible. We have modified Miltenyi's protocol to increase neuronal yield, neuron purity, and neural viability at a reduced cost to expand our capacity to screen compounds directly in primary adult neurons. To our knowledge, we developed the first morphology-based screening system using adult cortical neurons and the first to incorporate age and sex as biological variables in a screen using adult cortical neurons. By using primary adult cortical neurons from mice that were 4 to 48 weeks old for screening pharmaceutical agents, we have demonstrated age- and sex-dependent effects on neuritogenesis and neuron survival in vitro. Utilizing age- and sex-appropriate in vitro models to find novel compounds increasing neuron survival and neurite outgrowth, made possible by our modified adult neuron processing method, will greatly increase the relevance of in vitro screening for finding neuroprotective compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Sefiani
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Cédric G Geoffroy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA.
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The potential inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rh2 on mitophagy in UV-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:646-656. [PMID: 36090683 PMCID: PMC9459079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In addition to its use as a health food, ginseng is used in cosmetics and shampoo because of its extensive health benefits. The ginsenoside, Rh2, is a component of ginseng that inhibits tumor cell proliferation and differentiation, promotes insulin secretion, improves insulin sensitivity, and shows antioxidant effects. Methods The effects of Rh2 on cell survival, extracellular matrix (ECM) protein expression, and cell differentiation were examined. The antioxidant effects of Rh2 in UV-irradiated normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cells were also examined. The effects of Rh2 on mitochondrial function, morphology, and mitophagy were investigated in UV-irradiated NHDF cells. Results Rh2 treatment promoted the proliferation of NHDF cells. Additionally, Rh2 increased the expression levels of ECM proteins and growth-associated immediate-early genes in ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated NHDF cells. Rh2 also affected antioxidant protein expression and increased total antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, treatment with Rh2 ameliorated the changes in mitochondrial morphology, induced the recovery of mitochondrial function, and inhibited the initiation of mitophagy in UV-irradiated NHDF cells. Conclusion Rh2 inhibits mitophagy and reinstates mitochondrial ATP production and membrane potential in NHDF cells damaged by UV exposure, leading to the recovery of ECM, cell proliferation, and antioxidant capacity.
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Bennuri SC, Rose S, Frye RE. Mitochondrial Dysfunction Is Inducible in Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines From Children With Autism and May Involve the TORC1 Pathway. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:269. [PMID: 31133888 PMCID: PMC6514096 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously developed a lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) model of mitochondrial dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder (ASD); some individuals with ASD showed mitochondrial dysfunction (AD-A) while other individuals (AD-N) demonstrated mitochondrial respiration similar to controls (CNT). To test the hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction could be a consequence of environmental exposures through chronic elevations in reactive oxygen species (ROS), we exposed LCLs to prolonged ROS. We also examined expression of metabolic regulatory genes and the modulating effect of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Prolonged ROS exposure induced or worsened mitochondrial dysfunction in all LCL groups. Expression of genes associated with ROS protection was elevated in both AD-N and AD-A LCLs, but mitochondrial fission/fusion and mitoplasticity gene expression was only increased in AD-N LCLs. Partial least squares discriminant analysis showed that mTOR, UCP2 (uncoupling protein 2), SIRT1 (sirtuin 1), and MFN2 (mitofusin-2) gene expression differentiated LCL groups. Low-dose rapamycin (0.1 nM) normalized respiration with the magnitude of this normalization greater for AD-A LCLs, suggesting that the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway may have a different dynamic range for regulating mitochondrial activity in individuals with ASD with and without mitochondrial dysfunction, potentially related to S6K1 (S6 kinase beta-1) regulation. Understanding pathways that underlie mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD may lead to novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirish C Bennuri
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Shannon Rose
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Richard E Frye
- Barrow Neurologic Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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Lee H, Hong Y, Tran Q, Cho H, Kim M, Kim C, Kwon SH, Park S, Park J, Park J. A new role for the ginsenoside RG3 in antiaging via mitochondria function in ultraviolet-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts. J Ginseng Res 2018; 43:431-441. [PMID: 31308815 PMCID: PMC6606973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The efficacy of ginseng, the representative product of Korea, and its chemical effects have been well investigated. The ginsenoside RG3 has been reported to exhibit apoptotic, anticancer, and antidepressant-like effects. Methods In this report, the putative effect of RG3 on several cellular function including cell survival, differentiation, development and aging process were evaluated by monitoring each specific marker. Also, mitochondrial morphology and function were investigated in ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated normal human dermal fibroblast cells. Results RG3 treatment increased the expression of extracellular matrix proteins, growth-associated immediate-early genes, and cell proliferation genes in UV-irradiated normal human dermal fibroblast cells. And, RG3 also resulted in enhanced expression of antioxidant proteins such as nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor-2 and heme oxygenase-1. In addition, RG3 affects the morphology of UV-induced mitochondria and plays a role in protecting mitochondrial dysfunction. Conclusioin RG3 restores mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and membrane potential via its antioxidant effects in skin cells damaged by UV irradiation, leading to an increase in proteins linked with the extracellular matrix, cell proliferation, and antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunji Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngeun Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Quangdon Tran
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonjeong Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhee Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaeyeong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hee Kwon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - SungJin Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jisoo Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.
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Pan L, Zhou L, Yin W, Bai J, Liu R. miR-125a induces apoptosis, metabolism disorder and migrationimpairment in pancreatic cancer cells by targeting Mfn2-related mitochondrial fission. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:124-136. [PMID: 29749475 PMCID: PMC5958665 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial fission is important for the development and progression of pancreatic cancer (PC). However, little is known regarding its role in pancreatic cancer apoptosis, metabolism and migration. In the current study, the mechanism by which mitochondrial fission modifies the biological characteristics of PC was explored. MicroRNA-125a (miR-125a) had the ability to inhibit mitochondrial fission and contributed to cellular survival. Suppressed mitochondrial fission led to a reduction in mitochondrial debris, preserved the mitochondrial membrane potential, inhibited mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, ablated cytochrome c leakage into the cytoplasm and reduced the pro-apoptotic protein contents, finally blocking mitochondria related apoptosis pathways. Furthermore, defective mitochondrial fission induced by miR-125a enhanced mitochondria-dependent energy metabolism by promoting activity of electron transport chain complexes. Furthermore, suppressed mitochondrial fission also contributed to PANC-1 cell migration by preserving the F-actin balance. Furthermore, mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), the key defender of mitochondrial fission, is involved in inhibition of miR125a-mediated mitochondrial fission. Low contents of miR-125a upregulated Mfn2 transcription and expression, leading to inactivation of mitochondrial fission. Ultimately, the current study determined that miR-125a and Mfn2 are regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1). Knockdown of HIF1 reversed miR-125a expression, and therefore, inhibited Mfn2 expression, leading to activation of mitochondrial fission. Collectively, the present study demonstrated mitochondrial fission as a tumor suppression process that is regulated by the HIF/miR-125a/Mfn2 pathways, acting to restrict PANC-1 cell survival, energy metabolism and migration, with potential implications for novel approaches for PC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Pan
- The Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Weijia Yin
- Department of Biochemistry, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Jia Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Rong Liu
- The Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
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S6 kinase 1 plays a key role in mitochondrial morphology and cellular energy flow. Cell Signal 2018; 48:13-24. [PMID: 29673648 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial morphology, which is associated with changes in metabolism, cell cycle, cell development and cell death, is tightly regulated by the balance between fusion and fission. In this study, we found that S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) contributes to mitochondrial dynamics, homeostasis and function. Mouse embryo fibroblasts lacking S6K1 (S6K1-KO MEFs) exhibited more fragmented mitochondria and a higher level of Dynamin related protein 1 (Drp1) and active Drp1 (pS616) in both whole cell extracts and mitochondrial fraction. In addition, there was no evidence for autophagy and mitophagy induction in S6K1 depleted cells. Glycolysis and mitochondrial respiratory activity was higher in S6K1-KO MEFs, whereas OxPhos ATP production was not altered. However, inhibition of Drp1 by Mdivi1 (Drp1 inhibitor) resulted in higher OxPhos ATP production and lower mitochondrial membrane potential. Taken together the depletion of S6K1 increased Drp1-mediated fission, leading to the enhancement of glycolysis. The fission form of mitochondria resulted in lower yield for OxPhos ATP production as well as in higher mitochondrial membrane potential. Thus, these results have suggested a potential role of S6K1 in energy metabolism by modulating mitochondrial respiratory capacity and mitochondrial morphology.
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Wang H, Zhao X, Ni C, Dai Y, Guo Y. Zearalenone regulates endometrial stromal cell apoptosis and migration via the promotion of mitochondrial fission by activation of the JNK/Drp1 pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:7797-7806. [PMID: 29620184 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased endometrial stromal cell (ESC) survival and migration is responsible for the development and progression of endometriosis. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying ESC survival and migration, and limited therapeutic strategies that are able to reverse these abnormalities are available. The present study investigated the effects of zearalenone (ZEA) on ESC survival and migration, particularly focusing on mitochondrial fission and the c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase (JNK)/dynamin‑related protein 1 (Drp1) pathway. The results revealed that ZEA induced ESC apoptosis in a dose‑dependent manner. Furthermore, ZEA treatment triggered excessive mitochondrial fission resulting in structural and functional mitochondrial damage, leading to the collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential and subsequent leakage of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm. This triggered the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Additionally, ZEA‑induced mitochondrial fission decreased ESC migration through F‑actin/G‑actin homeostasis dysregulation. ZEA also increased JNK phosphorylation and subsequently Drp1 phosphorylation at the serine 616 position, resulting in Drp1 activation. JNK/Drp1 pathway inhibition abolished the inhibitory effects of ZEA on ESC survival and migration. In summary, the present study demonstrated that ZEA reduced ESC survival and migration through the stimulation of mitochondrial fission by activation of the JNK/Drp1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixiang Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Chengxiang Ni
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Yuyang Dai
- Department of National Institute for Drug Clinical Trial, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
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Calcium ion regulation by BAPTA-AM and ruthenium red improved the fertilisation capacity and developmental ability of vitrified bovine oocytes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10652. [PMID: 28878377 PMCID: PMC5587528 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10907-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitrification reduces the fertilisation capacity and developmental ability of mammalian oocytes; this effect is closely associated with an abnormal increase of cytoplasmic free calcium ions ([Ca2+]i). However, little information about the mechanism by which vitrification increases [Ca2+]i levels or a procedure to regulate [Ca2+]i levels in these oocytes is available. Vitrified bovine oocytes were used to analyse the effect of vitrification on [Ca2+]i, endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ (ER Ca2+), and mitochondrial Ca2+ (mCa2+) levels. Our results showed that vitrification, especially with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), can induce ER Ca2+ release into the cytoplasm, consequently increasing the [Ca2+]i and mCa2+ levels. Supplementing the cells with 10 μM 1,2-bis (o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA-AM or BAPTA) significantly decreased the [Ca2+]i level and maintained the normal distribution of cortical granules in the vitrified bovine oocytes, increasing their fertilisation ability and cleavage rate after in vitro fertilisation (IVF). Treating vitrified bovine oocytes with 1 μM ruthenium red (RR) significantly inhibited the Ca2+ flux from the cytoplasm into mitochondria; maintained normal mCa2+ levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, and ATP content; and inhibited apoptosis. Treating vitrified oocytes with a combination of BAPTA and RR significantly improved embryo development and quality after IVF.
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