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Kook E, Chun KS, Kim DH. Emerging Roles of YES1 in Cancer: The Putative Target in Drug Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1450. [PMID: 38338729 PMCID: PMC10855972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Src family kinases (SFKs) are non-receptor tyrosine kinases that are recognized as proto-oncogenic products. Among SFKs, YES1 is frequently amplified and overexpressed in a variety of human tumors, including lung, breast, ovarian, and skin cancers. YES1 plays a pivotal role in promoting cell proliferation, survival, and invasiveness during tumor development. Recent findings indicate that YES1 expression and activation are associated with resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and tyrosine kinase inhibitors in human malignancies. YES1 undergoes post-translational modifications, such as lipidation and nitrosylation, which can modulate its catalytic activity, subcellular localization, and binding affinity for substrate proteins. Therefore, we investigated the diverse mechanisms governing YES1 activation and its impact on critical intracellular signal transduction pathways. We emphasized the function of YES1 as a potential mechanism contributing to the anticancer drug resistance emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjin Kook
- Department of Chemistry, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kyung-Soo Chun
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42691, Republic of Korea;
| | - Do-Hee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea;
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Zeng Y, Yin L, Zhou J, Zeng R, Xiao Y, Black AR, Hu T, Singh PK, Yin F, Batra SK, Yu F, Chen Y, Dong J. MARK2 regulates chemotherapeutic responses through class IIa HDAC-YAP axis in pancreatic cancer. Oncogene 2022; 41:3859-3875. [PMID: 35780183 PMCID: PMC9339507 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite paclitaxel's wide use in cancer treatment, patient response rate is still low and drug resistance is a major clinical obstacle. Through a Phos-tag-based kinome-wide screen, we identified MARK2 as a critical regulator for paclitaxel chemosensitivity in PDAC. We show that MARK2 is phosphorylated by CDK1 in response to antitubulin chemotherapeutics and in unperturbed mitosis. Phosphorylation is essential for MARK2 in regulating mitotic progression and paclitaxel cytotoxicity in PDAC cells. Mechanistically, our findings also suggest that MARK2 controls paclitaxel chemosensitivity by regulating class IIa HDACs. MARK2 directly phosphorylates HDAC4 specifically during antitubulin treatment. Phosphorylated HDAC4 promotes YAP activation and controls expression of YAP target genes induced by paclitaxel. Importantly, combination of HDAC inhibition and paclitaxel overcomes chemoresistance in organoid culture and preclinical PDAC animal models. The expression levels of MARK2, HDACs, and YAP are upregulated and positively correlated in PDAC patients. Inhibition of MARK2 or class IIa HDACs potentiates paclitaxel cytotoxicity by inducing mitotic abnormalities in PDAC cells. Together, our findings identify the MARK2-HDAC axis as a druggable target for overcoming chemoresistance in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongji Zeng
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ling Yin
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jiuli Zhou
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Renya Zeng
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yi Xiao
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Adrian R Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Tuo Hu
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Feng Yin
- Department of Pathology and Anatomic Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yuanhong Chen
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jixin Dong
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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Garmendia I, Redin E, Montuenga LM, Calvo A. YES1: a novel therapeutic target and biomarker in cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:1371-1380. [PMID: 35732509 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
YES1 is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that belongs to the SRC family of kinases (SFKs) and controls multiple cancer signaling pathways. YES1 is amplified and overexpressed in many tumor types, where it promotes cell proliferation, survival and invasiveness. Therefore, YES1 has been proposed as an emerging target in solid tumors. In addition, studies have shown that YES1 is a prognostic biomarker and a predictor of dasatinib activity. Several SFKs-targeting drugs have been developed and some of them have reached clinical trials. However, these drugs have encountered challenges to their utilization in the clinical practice in unselected patients due to toxicity and lack of efficacy. In the case of YES1, novel specific inhibitors have been developed and tested in preclinical models, with impressive antitumor effects. In this review, we summarize the structure and activation of YES1 and describe its role in cancer as a target and prognostic and companion biomarker. We also address the efficacy of SFKs inhibitors that are currently in clinical trials, highlighting the main hindrances for their clinical use. Current available information strongly suggests that inhibiting YES1 in tumors with high expression of this protein is a promising strategy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irati Garmendia
- INSERM UMRS1138. Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | | | - Luis M Montuenga
- CIMA and Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Alfonso Calvo
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
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Zhou Y, Wang C, Ding J, Chen Y, Sun Y, Cheng Z. miR-133a targets YES1 to reduce cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer by regulating cell autophagy. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:15. [PMID: 35012539 PMCID: PMC8751326 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02412-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence has revealed that aberrant microRNA (miRNA) expression can affect the development of chemotherapy drug resistance by modulating the expression of relevant target proteins. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that miR-133a participates in the tumorigenesis of various cancers. However, whether miR-133a is associated with cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer remains unclear. Objective To investigate the role of miR-133a in the development of cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer. Methods MiR-133a expression in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cell lines was assessed by reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT–qPCR). A cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to evaluate the viability of tumour cells treated with cisplatin in the presence or absence of miR-133a. A luciferase reporter assay was used to analyse the binding of miR-133a with the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of YES proto-oncogene 1 (YES1). The YES1 expression level was analysed using a dataset from the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and assessed by RT–qPCR and western blotting in vitro. The roles and mechanisms of YES1 in cell functions were further probed via gain- and loss-of-function analysis. Results The expression of miR-133a was significantly decreased in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cell lines (A2780-DDP and SKOV3-DDP), and the overexpression of the miR-133a mimic reduced cisplatin resistance in A2780-DDP and SKOV3-DDP cells. Treatment with the miR-133a inhibitor increased cisplatin sensitivity in normal A2780 and SKOV3 cells. MiR-133a binds the 3’UTR of YES1 and downregulates its expression. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that YES1 expression was upregulated in recurrent cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer tissue, and in vitro experiments also verified its upregulation in cisplatin-resistant cell lines. Furthermore, we discovered that miR-133a downregulated the expression of YES1 and thus inhibited cell autophagy to reduce cisplatin resistance. Yes1 knockdown significantly suppressed the cisplatin resistance of ovarian cancer cells by inhibiting autophagy in vitro. Xenograft tumour implantation further demonstrated that Yes1 overexpression promoted ovarian tumour development and cisplatin resistance. Conclusions Our results suggest that the miR-133a/YES1 axis plays a critical role in cisplatin resistance in human ovarian cancer by regulating cell autophagy, which might serve as a promising therapeutic target for ovarian cancer chemotherapy treatment in the future. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-02412-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.,Institute of Gynecological Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Jinye Ding
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.,Institute of Gynecological Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.,Institute of Gynecological Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Yaoqi Sun
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.,Institute of Gynecological Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Zhongping Cheng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China. .,Institute of Gynecological Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.
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Yin L, Zeng Y, Zeng R, Chen Y, Wang TL, Rodabaugh KJ, Yu F, Natarajan A, Karpf AR, Dong J. Protein kinase RNA-activated controls mitotic progression and determines paclitaxel chemosensitivity through B-cell lymphoma 2 in ovarian cancer. Oncogene 2021; 40:6772-6785. [PMID: 34799660 PMCID: PMC8688329 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Anti-tubulin agents, such as paclitaxel, have been used extensively for treatment of several types of cancer, including ovarian, lung, breast, and pancreatic cancers. Despite their wide use in cancer treatment, however, patient response is highly variable and drug resistance remains a major clinical issue. Protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR) plays a critical role in immune response to viral infection. We identified PKR as a phospho-protein in response to anti-tubulin agents and this phosphorylation occurs independent of its own kinase activity. PKR is phosphorylated by cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) during anti-tubulin treatment and unperturbed mitosis and that PKR regulates mitotic progression in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Furthermore, inactivation of PKR confers resistance to paclitaxel in ovarian and breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. PKR expression levels and activity are decreased in chemotherapeutic recurrent ovarian cancer patients. Mechanistically, our findings suggest that PKR controls paclitaxel chemosensitivity through repressing Bcl2 expression. Pharmacological inhibition of Bcl2 with FDA-approved agent venetoclax overcomes paclitaxel resistance in preclinical animal models of ovarian cancer. Our results suggest that PKR is a critical determinant of paclitaxel cytotoxicity and that PKR-Bcl2 axis as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of recurrent drug-resistant ovarian tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yin
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yongji Zeng
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Renya Zeng
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Yuanhong Chen
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Tian-Li Wang
- Department of Pathology and Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kerry J Rodabaugh
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Amarnath Natarajan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Adam R Karpf
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Jixin Dong
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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Melanoma stem cell maintenance and chemo-resistance are mediated by CD133 signal to PI3K-dependent pathways. Oncogene 2020; 39:5468-5478. [PMID: 32616888 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1373-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma stem cells (MSCs) are characterized by their unique cell surface proteins and aberrant signaling pathways. These stemness properties are either in a causal or consequential relationship to melanoma progression, treatment resistance and recurrence. The functional analysis of CD133+ and CD133- cells in vitro and in vivo revealed that melanoma progression and treatment resistance are the consequences of CD133 signal to PI3K pathway. CD133 signal to PI3K pathway drives two downstream pathways, the PI3K/Akt/MDM2 and the PI3K/Akt/MKP-1 pathways. Activation of PI3K/Akt/MDM2 pathway results in the destabilization of p53 protein, while the activation of PI3K/Akt/MKP-1 pathway results in the inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) JNK and p38. Activation of both pathways leads to the inhibition of fotemustine-induced apoptosis. Thus, the disruption of CD133 signal to PI3K pathway is essential to overcome Melanoma resistance to fotemustine. The pre-clinical verification of in vitro data using xenograft mouse model of MSCs confirmed the clinical relevance of CD133 signal as a therapeutic target for melanoma treatment. In conclusion, our study provides an insight into the mechanisms regulating MSCs growth and chemo-resistance and suggested a clinically relevant approach for melanoma treatment.
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Ge MM, Zhou YQ, Tian XB, Manyande A, Tian YK, Ye DW, Yang H. Src-family protein tyrosine kinases: A promising target for treating chronic pain. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:110017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Yuan B, Hao J, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Zhu Y. Role of Bcl-2 on drug resistance in breast cancer polyploidy-induced spindle poisons. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:1701-1710. [PMID: 32194662 PMCID: PMC7039128 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spindle poisons are chemotherapeutic drugs used in the treatment of malignant tumors; however, numerous patients develop resistance following chemotherapy. The present study aimed to induce polyploidy in breast cancer cells using the spindle poison nocodazole to investigate the mechanism of polyploid-induced tumor resistance. It was revealed that the spindle poison nocodazole induced apoptosis in HCC1806 cells but also induced polyploidy in MDA-MB-231 cells. The drug sensitivities of the polyploid MDA-MB-231 cells to paclitaxel, docetaxel, epirubicin, 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin were lower than those of the original tumor cells; however, the polyploid MDA-MB-231 cells were more sensitive to etoposide than the original tumor cells. The expression of F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7 (FBW7) was decreased, while the expression of MCL1 apoptosis regulator BCL2 family member (MCL-1) and Bcl-2 was increased, and caspase-3/9 and Bax were not expressed in MDA-MB-231 cells. The resistance to docetaxel and etoposide was reversed, but the sensitivity of paclitaxel was not changed following Bcl-2 silencing. The formation of polyploidy in tumors may be one of the molecular mechanisms underlying tumor resistance to spindle poisons. Expression of the Bcl-2 family members, for example FBW7 and MCL-1, plays a key role in apoptosis and the cell escape process that forms polyploid cells. However, Bcl-2 silencing has different reversal effects on different anti-tumor drugs, which requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibo Yuan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Juan Hao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Jinghai Hospital, Tianjin 301600, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
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Li N, Qian S, Li B, Zhan X. Quantitative analysis of the human ovarian carcinoma mitochondrial phosphoproteome. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:6449-6468. [PMID: 31442208 PMCID: PMC6738437 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the existence and their potential biological roles of mitochondrial phosphoproteins (mtPPs) in human ovarian carcinoma (OC), mitochondria purified from OC and control tissues were analyzed with TiO2 enrichment-based iTRAQ quantitative proteomics. Totally 67 mtPPs with 124 phosphorylation sites were identified, which of them included 48 differential mtPPs (mtDPPs). Eighteen mtPPs were reported previously in OCs, and they were consistent in this study compared to previous literature. GO analysis revealed those mtPPs were involved in multiple cellular processes. PPI network indicated that those mtPPs were correlated mutually, and some mtPPs acted as hub molecules, such as EIF2S2, RPLP0, RPLP2, CFL1, MYH10, HSP90, HSPD1, PSMA3, TMX1, VDAC2, VDAC3, TOMM22, and TOMM20. Totally 32 mtPP-pathway systems (p<0.05) were enriched and clustered into 15 groups, including mitophagy, apoptosis, deubiquitination, signaling by VEGF, RHO-GTPase effectors, mitochondrial protein import, translation initiation, RNA transport, cellular responses to stress, and c-MYC transcriptional activation. Totally 29 mtPPs contained a certain protein domains. Upstream regulation analysis showed that TP53, TGFB1, dexamethasone, and thapsigargin might act as inhibitors, and L-dopa and forskolin might act as activators. This study provided novel insights into mitochondrial protein phosphorylations and their potential roles in OC pathogenesis and offered new biomarker resource for OCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Shehua Qian
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Biao Li
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Xianquan Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
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