Adipose derived stem cells promote tumor metastasis in breast Cancer cells by stem cell factor inhibition of miR20b

Long non-coding intergenic RNA, LINC00273 induces cancer metastasis and stemness via miRNA sponging in triple negative breast cancer

LncRNAs and miRNAs, being the master regulators of gene expression, are crucial functional mediators in cancer. Our study unveils the critical regulatory role of the metastatic long non-coding RNA LINC00273 as the master regulator of oncogenes involved in cancer metastasis, stemness, and chemoresistance via its miRNA sponging mechanism. M2 (a salt of bis-Schiff base) mediated G quadruplex (G4) stabilization at the LINC00273 gene promoter remarkably inhibits LINC00273 transcription. Therefore, low-level LINC00273 transcripts are unable to efficiently sponge the miRNAs, which subsequently become available to bind and downregulate their target oncogenes. We have observed significantly different global transcriptomic scenarios in LINC00273 upregulated and downregulated circumstances in MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer model. Additionally, we have found the G4 sequence in the LINC00273 RNA to play a critical role in miRNA sequestration. miRNAs (miR-6789-5p, miR200b, miR-125b-5p, miR-4268, miR3978) have base pairing complementarity within the G4 region of LINC00273 RNA and the 3'-UTR (untranslated region) of MAPK12, TGF-β1, and SIX-1 transcripts. We have reported TGF-β1, SIX-1, and MAPK12 to be the direct downstream targets of LINC00273. The correlation between abnormal expression of lncRNA LINC00273 and TNBC aggressiveness strongly evidenced in our study shall accelerate the development of lncRNA-based anti-metastatic therapeutics.

EBP1 promotes the malignant biological behaviors of kidney renal clear cell carcinoma through activation of p38/HIF-1α signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma (KIRC) is a common malignant tumor of the urinary system, and its incidence is increasing. ERBB3 binding protein (EBP1) is upregulated in various cancers. However, the connection between EBP1 and KIRC has not been reported.

METHODS

The expression of EBP1 in normal kidney tissue and KIRC tissue was analyzed through database and tissue microarray. EBP1 was knocked down in KIRC cell lines, and its impact on KIRC proliferation was assessed through CCK-8, soft agar assay, and flow cytometry. Scratch and transwell assays were used to evaluate the influence of EBP1 on KIRC invasion and migration. Nude mice tumor experiment were conducted to examine the effect of EBP1 on tumor tissue. Database analysis explored potential pathways involving EBP1, and validation was performed through Western blot experiments and p38 inhibitor.

RESULTS

EBP1 is upregulated in KIRC and significantly correlates with clinical staging, pathological grading, and lymph node metastasis in patients. The mechanism research showed that knocking down EBP1 inhibited KIRC proliferation, invasion, and migration and inhibited p38 phosphorylation and the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in KIRC. p-38 inhibitor (SB203580) inhibits p38 phosphorylation and HIF-1α expression and suppresses cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner, but has no effect on EBP1 expression. HEK 293T cells overexpressing EBP1 showed increased expression of phosphorylated p38 and HIF-1α and enhanced cell viability, however, SB203580 inhibited this effect of EBP1.

CONCLUSION

EBP1 may promote the occurrence and development of KIRC by regulating the expression of p38/HIF-1α signaling pathway.

Prostate cancer and the cell cycle: Focusing on the role of microRNAs

Prostate cancer is the most frequent solid tumor in terms of incidence and ranks second only to lung cancer in terms of cancer mortality among men. It has a considerably high mortality rate; around 375,000 deaths occurred worldwide in 2020. In 2024, the American Cancer Society estimated that the number of new prostate cancer cases will be around 299,010 cases, and the estimated deaths will be around 32,250 deaths only in the USA. Cell cycle dysregulation is inevitable in cancer etiology and is targeted by various therapies in cancer treatment. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous, non-coding regulatory molecules involved in both normal and abnormal cellular events. One of the cellular processes regulated by miRNAs is the cell cycle. Although there are some exceptions, tumor suppressor miRNAs could potentially arrest the cell cycle by downregulating several molecular machineries involved in catalyzing the cell cycle progression. In contrast, oncogenic miRNAs (oncomirs) help the cell cycle to progress by targeting various regulatory proteins such as retinoblastoma (Rb) or cell cycle inhibitors such as p21 or p27, and hence may contribute to prostate cancer progression; however, this is not always the case. In this review, we emphasize how a dysregulated miRNA expression profile is linked to an abnormal cell cycle progression in prostate cancer, which subsequently paves the way to a new therapeutic option for prostate cancer.

Potential Consequences of the Use of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks as the most prevalent of primary liver cancers and stands as the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Early-stage HCC can be effectively managed with available treatment modalities ranging from invasive techniques, such as liver resection and thermoablation, to systemic therapies primarily employing tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Unfortunately, these interventions take a significant toll on the body, either through physical trauma or the adverse effects of pharmacotherapy. Consequently, there is an understandable drive to develop novel HCC therapies. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are a promising therapeutic tool. Their facile extraction process, coupled with the distinctive immunomodulatory capabilities of their secretome, make them an intriguing subject for investigation in both oncology and regenerative medicine. The factors they produce are both enzymes affecting the extracellular matrix (specifically, metalloproteinases and their inhibitors) as well as cytokines and growth factors affecting cell proliferation and invasiveness. So far, the interactions observed with various cancer cell types have not led to clear conclusions. The evidence shows both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on tumor growth. Notably, these effects appear to be dependent on the tumor type, prompting speculation regarding their potential inhibitory impact on HCC. This review briefly synthesizes findings from preclinical and clinical studies examining the effects of ADSCs on cancers, with a specific focus on HCC, and emphasizes the need for further research.

Adipose-derived stem cells exosome and its potential applications in autologous fat grafting

Recently, there has been renewed interest in autologous fat grafting both for its filler and regenerative traits. The universal application, however, has been impeded by the unstable survival rates and complications. There has been substantial research undertaken on the role of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) involved in fat graft fates including angiogenesis, adipogenesis, and inflammatory regulation. As the effectors of their parental cells, ADSC-derived exosomes (ADSC-exos) encapsulating multiple bioactive cargoes mediate cell-to-cell communication in a paracrine manner. ADSC-exos have received much attention for their biocompatible and efficient therapeutic potentials as "cell-free therapy" in plastic surgery, including increasing fat grafting survival rates. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the biological basis of ADSC-exos, ADSC-related mechanisms of fat survival, research updates of ADSC-exos in autologous fat grafting, and discuss some challenges along with research prospects.

The emerging role of miR-20b in human cancer and other disorders: Pathophysiology and therapeutic implications

miR-20b is a microRNA with diverse and somehow contradictory roles in the pathogenesis of human disorders, especially cancers. It has been known to be a tumor suppressor in colon cancer, renal cell carcinoma, prostate cancer, osteosarcoma and papillary thyroid cancer. In lung cancer and breast cancers, both tumor suppressor and oncogenic effects have been identified for this miRNA. Finally, in T cell leukemia, hepatocellular carcinoma, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and cervical and gastric cancers, miR-20b is regarded as an oncogenic miRNA. In several types of cancer, dysregulation of miR-20b has been recognized as a predictive marker for patients' survival. Dysregulation of miR-20b has also been recognized in Alzheimer's disease, diabetic retinopathy, myocardial ischemia/infarction, chronic hepatitis B and multiple sclerosis. In the current review, we have summarized the miR-20b targets and related cellular processes. We have also provided a review of participation of this miRNA in different human disorders.

Aberrant BMP15/HIF-1α/SCF signaling pathway in human granulosa cells is involved in the PCOS related abnormal follicular development

AIMS

To investigate the regulatory mechanism of SCF expression in human GCs of PCOS related follicles.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

SCF, BMP15 and HIF-1α were evaluated in human serums, follicular fluids (FFs) and GCs, which were collected from 69 PCOS patients and 74 normal ovulatory patients. KGN cell line was used in this study.

RESULTS

Our results showed that the rate of MII oocyte and 2PN fertilization was lower in PCOS group, though PCOS patients retrieved much more oocytes. The level of BMP15 in FF and the level of SCF in serum and FF were also lower in PCOS patients. We found a weakened expression of HIF-1α and SCF in GCs from PCOS patients when compared with the non-PCOS patients. The expression of HIF-1α and SCF was significantly increased in KGN cells after treating cells with rhBMP15, however, this promotion effects of BMP15 on HIF-1α and SCF expression were obviously abolished by co-treatment with BMP-I receptor inhibitor (DM). Moreover, knock down of HIF-1α expression in KGN cells significantly reduced the expression of SCF in human GCs, in spite of activating BMP15 signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study suggest that BMP15 could induce SCF expression by up-regulating HIF-1α expression in human GCs, the aberrance of this signaling pathway might be involved in the PCOS related abnormal follicular development.

Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells, Obesity and the Tumor Microenvironment of Breast Cancer

Simple Summary

Adipose tissue is the major microenvironment of breast cancer. Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (ASCs/MSCs) are key players in adipose tissue. ASCs/MSCs, particularly in the obese state, are critical in remodeling the tumor microenvironment and promoting breast cancer progression. In this review, we have addressed the impact of obesity on ASCs/MSCs, summarized the crosstalk between ASCs/MSCs and breast cancer cells, discussed related molecular mechanisms, and highlighted related research perspectives.

Abstract

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and a common cause of cancer-related death in women. It is well recognized that obesity is associated with an enhanced risk of more aggressive breast cancer as well as reduced patient survival. Adipose tissue is the major microenvironment of breast cancer. Obesity changes the composition, structure, and function of adipose tissue, which is associated with inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. Interestingly, adipose tissue is rich in ASCs/MSCs, and obesity alters the properties and functions of these cells. As a key component of the mammary stroma, ASCs play essential roles in the breast cancer microenvironment. The crosstalk between ASCs and breast cancer cells is multilateral and can occur both directly through cell–cell contact and indirectly via the secretome released by ASC/MSC, which is considered to be the main effector of their supportive, angiogenic, and immunomodulatory functions. In this narrative review, we aim to address the impact of obesity on ASCs/MSCs, summarize the current knowledge regarding the potential pathological roles of ASCs/MSCs in the development of breast cancer, discuss related molecular mechanisms, underline the possible clinical significance, and highlight related research perspectives. In particular, we underscore the roles of ASCs/MSCs in breast cancer cell progression, including proliferation and survival, angiogenesis, migration and invasion, the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, cancer stem cell development, immune evasion, therapy resistance, and the potential impact of breast cancer cells on ASCS/MSCs by educating them to become cancer-associated fibroblasts. We conclude that ASCs/MSCs, especially obese ASCs/MSCs, may be key players in the breast cancer microenvironment. Targeting these cells may provide a new path of effective breast cancer treatment.

To study the mechanism of Scutellariae Radix and Astragaloside in the treatment of lung cancer based on network pharmacology

The aim of the study wasto explore the target and potential mechanism of Scutellariae Radix and Astragaloside in the treatment of lung cancer infection by network pharmacology. The target information of baicalein and flavonin was mined from CTD database and Swiss database. Genecards database, DRUGBANK database, and OMIM database were used to search for lung cancer related genes. The target protein network map (PPI) was drawn by using the STRING database analysis and Cytoscape3.7.1 software. With the help of Perl language, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis and gene function analysis (GO) enrichment analysis were carried out by using the biological program package of R language. In total, 347 biological targets of Astragaloside and Scutellariae Radix were identified through the collection and analysis of multiple databases. In total, 1526 lung cancer targets were obtained from a multi-disease database. The "component-target" network of Astragaloside and Scutellariae Radix was constructed, and the protein interaction network (PPI) of the overlapping targets was analyzed to identify the key targets of drug-influenced diseases. In addition, KEGG pathway analysis and GO enrichment analysis were performed on the overlapping targets to explore the mechanism of Scutellariae Radix and Astragaloside in the treatment of lung cancer. Scutellariae Radix and Astragaloside have the characteristics of multi-component, multi-target and multi-pathway in the treatment of lung cancer, which provides a new idea and scientific basis for further research on the molecular mechanism of the antilung cancer effect of Scutellariae Radix and Astragaloside.

MAPK/ERK-CBP-RFPL-3 Mediates Adipose-Derived Stem Cell-Induced Tumor Growth in Breast Cancer Cells by Activating Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Expression

Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) improve the self-renewal and survival of fat grafts in breast reconstruction after oncology surgery. However, ASCs have also been found to enhance breast cancer growth, and its role in tumor proliferation remains largely elusive. Here, we explored a novel mechanism that mediates hTERT reactivation during ASC-induced tumor growth in breast cancer cells. In this study, we found the proliferative ability of breast cancer cells markedly increased with ASC coculture. To explore the molecular mechanism, we treated cells with anibody/inhibitor and found that the activation of MEK-ERK pathway was triggered in breast cancer cells by SCF secreted from ASCs, leading to the nuclear recruitment of CBP. As a coactivator of hTERT, CBP subsequently coordinated with RFPL-3 upregulated hTERT transcription and telomerase activity. The inhibition of CBP and RFPL-3 abrogated the activation of hTERT transcription and the promotion of proliferation in breast cancer cells with cocultured ASCs in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our study findings indicated that CBP coordination with RFPL-3 promotes ASC-induced breast cancer cell proliferation by anchoring to the hTERT promoter and upregulating telomerase activity, which is activated by the MAPK/ERK pathway.

OUP accepted manuscript

Adipose-derived stem or stromal cells (ASCs) possess promising potential in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to their secretory activity, their multilineage differentiation potential, their easy harvest, and their rich yield compared to other stem cell sources. After the first identification of ASCs in humans in 2001, the knowledge of their cell biology and cell characteristics have advanced, and respective therapeutic options were determined. Nowadays, ASC-based therapies are on the verge of translation into clinical practice. However, conflicting evidence emerged in recent years about the safety profile of ASC applications as they may induce tumor progression and invasion. Numerous in-vitro and in-vivo studies demonstrate a potential pro-oncogenic effect of ASCs on various cancer entities. This raises questions about the safety profile of ASCs and their broad handling and administration. However, these findings spark controversy as in clinical studies ASC application did not elevate tumor incidence rates, and other experimental studies reported an inhibitory effect of ASCs on different cancer cell types. This comprehensive review aims at providing up-to-date information about ASCs and cancer cell interactions, and their potential carcinogenesis and tumor tropism. The extracellular signaling activity of ASCs, the interaction of ASCs with the tumor microenvironment, and 3 major organ systems (the breast, the skin, and genitourinary system) will be presented with regard to cancer formation and progression.

Traditional Chinese Medicine for adjuvant treatment of breast cancer: Taohong Siwu Decoction

The high incidence of breast cancer is the greastest threat to women' health all over the world. Among them, HER-2 positive breast cancer has the characteristics of high malignancy, easy recurrence and metastasis, and poor prognosis. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a rich theoretical basis and clinical application for breast cancer. TCM believes that blood stasis syndrome is one of the important pathogenesis of breast formation and development. Taohong Siwu Decoction (TSHWD) is based on the "First Prescription of Gynecology" Siwu Decoction. It is widely used in various blood stasis and blood deficiency syndromes, mainly in gynecological blood stasis. Clinical studies have found that THSWD can treat breast cancer by reducing blood vessel and lymphangiogenesis with auxiliary chemotherapy. In this study, we aim to explore the material basis and mechanism of THSWD in the treatment of HER-2 positive breast cancer through literature review and network pharmacology studies. Through a literature review of the traditional application, chemical composition of Chinese herbal medicine of THSWD, as well as its clinical reports and pharmacological research on breast cancer treatment. Meanwhile, we conducted "component-pathway-target" network through network pharmacology reveals the main material basis, possible targets and pathways of THSWD in inhibiting HER-2 positive breast cancer. Literature review and network pharmacology research results had predicted that, baicalein, kaempferol, caffeic acid, amygdalin, quercetin, ferulic acid, gallic acid, catalpol, hydroxysafflor yellow A, paeoniflorin in THSWD are the main effective chemical composition. THSWD regulates 386 protein targets and 166 pathways related to breast cancer. The molecular mechanism is mainly to improve the microenvironment of tumor cells, regulate the process of tumor cell EMT, and inhibit tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. This study revealed the mechanism of action of THSWD in the treatment of HER-2 positive breast cancer through literature review and network pharmacology studies, providing a scientific basis for clinical application.

CTLA-4 promotes lymphoma progression through tumor stem cell enrichment and immunosuppression

The recurrence rate of lymphoma is very high, and tumor stem cells may be an important mechanism. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) can inhibit antitumor immunity and promote cancer progression, but its role and mechanism in lymphoma are still unclear. Here we collected lymphoma tissue and peripheral blood from patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Results showed that CTLA-4 expression and CD44+ cell in the high-risk group were significantly higher than that in the low-risk group. Correlation analysis showed that CTLA-4 expression positively correlated with CD44+ cell in lymphoma tissue and regulatory T (Treg) cells in lymphocytes. In vitro experiment showed that CTLA-4 increased the ratio of lymphoma stem cells, and proliferation and invasion of lymphoma cells through TGF-β pathway. Moreover, CTLA-4 enhanced the proliferation of Treg cells induced by lymphoma cells. Animal experiments showed that CTLA-4 can promote transplanted lymphoma growth. Immunohistochemistry results showed that both Ki-67 and CD44+ cells increased significantly in the CTLA-4 group. TGF-β neutralization can significantly block these effects of CTLA-4. In conclusion, CTLA-4 promoted DLBCL progression through lymphoma stem cell enrichment and immunosuppression.

Differentiated pre-adipocytes promote proliferation, migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells of different p53 status

Breast cancer progression and metastasis are associated with stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment. Adipocytes are the most abundant cells surrounding breast stromal tissue, promote tumor progression through the induction of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) which is negatively regulated by tumor suppressor protein p53. In this study aimed to investigate the role of p53 in the progression of breast cancer after mature adipocyte-conditioned medium (CM) application. The proliferative effect of CM obtained from differentiated pre-adipocytes were assessed by MTS assay. 20% CM increased cell proliferation in breast cancer cells, T-47D (mutant p53) and MCF-7 (wild-type p53). The migration and invasion capacity were evaluated by scratch and transwell assays, respectively. CM significantly enhanced migration and invasion capacity in T-47D compared to MCF-7. Gene and protein expressions were detected by qRT-PCR and Western Blot analysis, respectively. CM markedly increased expression levels of Cyclin D1, PI3K, MMP9, Snail and Twist in T-47D compared to MCF-7. However, CM did not change E-Cadherin level in T-47D while downregulated in MCF-7 cells. Also, the protein levels of NFκB p65, p-Akt, Snail, and Vimentin were upregulated in both cells. Overall, the findings highlight how the p53 status affects mature adipocyte-mediated proliferation, migration, and aggressive behavior of breast cancer cell lines. Targeting the tumor microenvironment may represent a promising approach for preventing breast cancer progression and metastasis.

Effectiveness and mechanisms of adipose-derived stem cell therapy in animal models of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Animal models provide an opportunity to assess the optimal treatment way and the underlying mechanisms of direct clinical application of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs). Previous studies have evaluated the effects of primitive and induced ADSCs in animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, eight databases were systematically searched for studies on the effects and in vivo changes caused by ADSC intervention. Quality assessment was conducted using a 10-item risk of bias tool. For the subsequent meta-analysis, study characteristics were extracted and effect sizes were computed. Ten out of 2324 published articles (n = 169 animals) were selected for further meta-analysis. After ADSC therapy, the rotation behavior (10 experiments, n = 156 animals) and rotarod performance (3 experiments, n = 54 animals) were improved (P < 0.000 01 and P = 0.000 3, respectively). The rotation behavior test reflected functional recovery, which may be due to the neurogenesis from neuronally differentiated ADSCs, resulting in a higher pooled effect size of standard mean difference (SMD) (- 2.59; 95% CI, - 3.57 to - 1.61) when compared to that of primitive cells (- 2.18; 95% CI, - 3.29 to - 1.07). Stratified analyses by different time intervals indicated that ADSC intervention exhibited a long-term effect. Following the transplantation of ADSCs, tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons recovered in the lesion area with pooled SMD of 13.36 [6.85, 19.86]. Transplantation of ADSCs is a therapeutic option that shows long-lasting effects in animal models of PD. The potential mechanisms of ADSCs involve neurogenesis and neuroprotective effects. The standardized induction of neural form of transplanted ADSCs can lead to a future application in clinical practice.

Lipofilling in Breast Oncological Surgery: A Safe Opportunity or Risk for Cancer Recurrence?

Lipofilling (LF) is a largely employed technique in reconstructive and esthetic breast surgery. Over the years, it has demonstrated to be extremely useful for treatment of soft tissue defects after demolitive or conservative breast cancer surgery and different procedures have been developed to improve the survival of transplanted fat graft. The regenerative potential of LF is attributed to the multipotent stem cells found in large quantity in adipose tissue. However, a growing body of pre-clinical evidence shows that adipocytes and adipose-derived stromal cells may have pro-tumorigenic potential. Despite no clear indication from clinical studies has demonstrated an increased risk of cancer recurrence upon LF, these observations challenge the oncologic safety of the procedure. This review aims to provide an updated overview of both the clinical and the pre-clinical indications to the suitability and safety of LF in breast oncological surgery. Cellular and molecular players in the crosstalk between adipose tissue and cancer are described, and heterogeneous contradictory results are discussed, highlighting that important issues still remain to be solved to get a clear understanding of LF safety in breast cancer patients.

Adipose tissue-derived stem cells in breast reconstruction: a brief review on biology and translation

Recent developments in adipose-derived stromal/stem cell (ADSC) biology provide new hopes for tissue engineering and regeneration medicine. Due to their pluripotent activity, paracrine activity, and immunomodulatory function, ADSCs have been widely administrated and exhibited significant therapeutic effects in the treatment for autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and ischemic conditions both in animals and human clinical trials. Cell-assisted lipotransfer (CAL) based on ADSCs has emerged as a promising cell therapy technology and significantly improved the fat graft retention. Initially applied for cosmetic breast and facial enhancement, CAL has found a potential use for breast reconstruction in breast cancer patients. However, more challenges emerge related to CAL including lack of a standardized surgical procedure, the controversy in the effectiveness of CAL, and the potential oncogenic risk of ADSCs in cancer patients. In this review, we summarized the latest research and intended to give an outline involving the biological characteristics of ADSCs as well as the preclinical and clinical application of ADSCs.

Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: Current Applications and Future Directions in the Regeneration of Multiple Tissues

Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) can maintain self-renewal and enhanced multidifferentiation potential through the release of a variety of paracrine factors and extracellular vesicles, allowing them to repair damaged organs and tissues. Consequently, considerable attention has increasingly been paid to their application in tissue engineering and organ regeneration. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current status of ADSC preparation, including harvesting, isolation, and identification. The advances in preclinical and clinical evidence-based ADSC therapy for bone, cartilage, myocardium, liver, and nervous system regeneration as well as skin wound healing are also summarized. Notably, the perspectives, potential challenges, and future directions for ADSC-related researches are discussed. We hope that this review can provide comprehensive and standardized guidelines for the safe and effective application of ADSCs to achieve predictable and desired therapeutic effects.

miR-20b-5p functions as tumor suppressor microRNA by targeting cyclinD1 in colon cancer

MicroRNA functions as an oncogenic regulator or tumor suppressor in various human tumors. Although bioinformatics analysis suggested that miRNA-20b-5p may be associated with the tumorigenesis, its role in colon cancer remains elusive. To investigate the role of miRNA-20b-5p, HCT116 cell, a human colon cancer cell line used in therapeutic research and drug screenings, was chosen as a model system for our in vitro studies. We first carried out bioinformatics and microarray analysis. To gain further mechanism insight, flow cytometry was performed to determine cell apoptosis and cell cycle, and western blot or immunohistochemistry were employed to check the expression of CCND1/CDK/FOXM1 axis in HCT116 cells. In addition, wound-healing migration assay and transwell assay were conducted to uncover the effect of miR-20b-5p on tumor migration and invasion. Finally, we examined the role of miR-20b-5p by subcutaneous xenograft mouse models. Our data have shown that miRNA-20b-5p inhibited the cell cycle, migration, and invasion in HCT116 cells, but had no effect on cell apoptosis. CyclinD1 (CCND1) was identified as a direct target of miR-20b-5p. Overexpression of miRNA-20b-5p downregulated CCND1 level in HCT-116 cells. Mechanically, the inhibition of cell cycle, migration, and invasion of CC cells mediated by miRNA-20b-5p are through regulating the CCND1/CDK4/FOXM1 axis. Furthermore, miRNA-20b-5p inhibited the tumorigenesis in Balb/c nude mice CC xenograft models. Our data demonstrated that miR-20b-5p may serve as a tumor suppressor in colon cancer by negatively regulating CCND1, implying that miR-20b-5p could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of colon cancer.

Ginsenoside Rg1 prevents vascular intimal hyperplasia involved by SDF-1α/CXCR4, SCF/c-kit and FKN/CX3CR1 axes in a rat balloon injury

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. is a traditional tonic that has been used for thousands of years, and has positive effects on vascular diseases. Ginsenoside Rg1 (GS-Rg1) is one of the active ingredients of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. and has been shown to have beneficial effects against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Our previously study has found that GS-Rg1 can mobilize bone marrow stem cells and inhibit vascular smooth muscle proliferation and phenotype transformation. However, pharmacological effects and mechanism of GS-Rg1 in inhibiting intimal hyperplasia is still unknown.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study was aimed to investigate whether GS-Rg1 prevented vascular intimal hyperplasia, and the involvement of stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α)/CXCR4, stem cell factor (SCF)/c-kit and fractalkine (FKN)/CX3CR1 axes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Rats were operated with carotid artery balloon injury. The treatment groups were injected with 4, 8 and 16 mg/kg of GS-Rg1 for 14 days. The degree of intimal hyperplasia was evaluated by histopathological examination. The expression of α-SMA (α-smooth muscle actin) and CD133 were detected by double-label immunofluorescence. Serum levels of SDF-1α, SCF and soluble FKN (sFKN) were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The protein expressions of SCF, SDF-1α and FKN, as well as the receptors c-kit, CXC chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and CX3C chemokine receptor type 1 (CX3CR1) were detected by immunochemistry.

RESULTS

GS-Rg1 reduced intimal hyperplasia by evidence of the values of NIA, the ratio of NIA/MA, and the ratio of NIA/IELA and the ratio of NIA/LA, especially in 16 mg/kg group. Furthermore, GS-Rg1 8 mg/kg group and 16 mg/kg group decreased the protein expressions of the SDF-1α/CXCR4, SCF/c-kit and FKN/CX3CR1 axes in neointima, meanwhile GS-Rg1 8 mg/kg group and 16 mg/kg group also attenuated the expressions of SDF-1α, SCF and sFKN in serum. In addition, the expression of α-SMA and CD133 marked smooth muscle progenitor cells (SMPCs) was decreased after GS-Rg1 treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

GS-Rg1 has a positive effect on inhibiting vascular intimal hyperplasia, and the underlying mechanism is related to inhibitory expression of SDF-1α/CXCR4, SCF/c-kit and FKN/CX3CR1 axes.

DNA methyltransferase mediates the hypermethylation of the microRNA 34a promoter and enhances the resistance of patient-derived pancreatic cancer cells to molecular targeting agents

DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) participates in the transformation or progression of human cancers by mediating the hypermethylation of cancer suppressors. However, the regulatory role of DNMT in pancreatic cancer cells remains poorly understood. In the present study, we demonstrated that DNMT1 repressed the expression of microRNA 34a (miR-34a) and enhanced the activation of the Notch pathway by mediating the hypermethylation of the miR-34a promoter. In patients with pancreatic cancer, the expression levels of DNMT1 were negatively related with those of miR-34a. Mechanistically, knockdown of DNMT1 decreased the methylation of the miR-34a promoter and enhanced the expression of miR-34a to inhibit the activation of the Notch pathway. Downregulation of the Notch pathway via the DNMT1/miR-34a axis significantly enhanced the sensitivity of pancreatic cells to molecular targeting agents. Therefore, the results of our study suggest that downregulation of DNMT enhances the expression of miR-34a and may be a potential therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.

Increased miR-20b Level in High Grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia

Cervical cancer is a common malignant tumor worldwide ranking fourth in incidence and mortality among females, which was reduced significantly by cytology screening and human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA testing. The specificity of cytology is high; however, the sensitivity is low, in contrast to the HPV DNA testing. Despite the success of these measures, new biomarkers are still considered to aim increasing sensitivity and specificity of screening and diagnosis. Significant alterations in microRNA (miRNA) expression have been detected in several cancers with variable consistency. To investigate the stratification role of miRNAs between normal epithelium and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2–3), we screened the expression of 667 miRNAs to identify significant markers (n = 10), out of them 9 miRNAs were applied in the study (miR-20b, −24, −26a, −29b, −99a, −100, −147, −212, −515-3p) along with RNU48 and U6 as the references. To benchmark the miRNAs, 22 paired (tumor-free and tumor tissue pairs) laser microdissection-obtained cervical formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue samples were assayed. The expression of miR-20b was 2.4 times higher in CIN2–3 samples as compared to normal tissues (p < 0.0001). In the HPV16-positive subsets of the samples (n = 13), miR-20b showed 2.9-times elevation (p < 0.001), whereas miR-515 was 1.15-times downregulated (p < 0.05) in CIN2–3 as compared to normal tissue. These results suggest the potential value of miR-20b as a statification biomarker in order to differentiate neoplastic and non-tumorous cases.

Hypoxia-induced miR-3677-3p promotes the proliferation, migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by suppressing SIRT5

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with life‐threatening malignant behaviours, often develops distant metastases and is the fourth most common primary cancer in the world, having taken millions of lives in Asian countries such as China. The novel miR‐3677‐3p is involved in a high‐expression‐related poor prognosis in HCC tissues and cell lines, indicating oncogenesis functions in vitro and in vivo. Initially, we confirmed the inhibition of proliferation, migration and invasion in miR‐3677‐3p knock‐down MHCC‐97H and SMMC‐7721 cell lines, which are well known for their high degree of invasiveness. Then, we reversed the functional experiments in the low‐miR‐3677‐3p‐expression Hep3B cell line via overexpressing miR‐3677‐3p. In nude mice xenograft and lung metastasis assays, we found suppressor behaviours, smaller nodules and low density of organ spread, after injection of cells transfected with shRNA‐miR‐3677‐3p. A combination of databases (Starbase, TargetScan and MiRgator) illustrated miR‐3677‐3p targets, and it was shown to suppress the expression of SIRT5 in a dual‐luciferase reporter system. To clarify the conclusions of previous ambiguous research, we up‐regulated SIRT5 in Hep3B cells, and rescue tests were established for confirmation that miR‐3677‐3p suppresses SIRT5 to enhance the migration and invasion of HCC. Interestingly, we discovered hypoxia‐induced miR‐3677‐3p up‐regulation benefited HCC malignancy and invasiveness. In conclusion, the overexpression of miR‐3677‐3p mediated SIRT5 inhibition, which could increase proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC in hypoxic microenvironments.

The Role of Metabolic Changes in Shaping the Fate of Cancer-Associated Adipose Stem Cells

Adipose tissue in physiological and in metabolically altered conditions (obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome) strictly interacts with the developing tumors both systemically and locally. In addition to the cancer-associated fibroblasts, adipose cells have also recently been described among the pivotal actors of the tumor microenvironment responsible for sustaining tumor development and progression. In particular, emerging evidence suggests that not only the mature adipocytes but also the adipose stem cells (ASCs) are able to establish a strict crosstalk with the tumour cells, thus resulting in a reciprocal reprogramming of both the tumor and adipose components. This review will focus on the metabolic changes induced by this interaction as a driver of fate determination occurring in cancer-associated ASCs (CA-ASCs) to support the tumor metabolic requirements. We will showcase the major role played by the metabolic changes occurring in the adipose tumor microenvironment that regulates ASC fate and consequently cancer progression. Our new results will also highlight the CA-ASC response in vitro by using a coculture system of primary ASCs grown with cancer cells originating from two different types of adrenal cancers [adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) and pheochromocytoma]. In conclusion, the different factors involved in this crosstalk process will be analyzed and their effects on the adipocyte differentiation potential and functions of CA-ASCs will be discussed.

Cellular Plasticity in Breast Cancer Progression and Therapy

With the exception of non-melanoma skin cancer, breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignant disease among women, with the majority of mortality being attributable to metastatic disease. Thus, even with improved early screening and more targeted treatments which may enable better detection and control of early disease progression, metastatic disease remains a significant problem. While targeted therapies exist for breast cancer patients with particular subtypes of the disease (Her2+ and ER/PR+), even in these subtypes the therapies are often not efficacious once the patient's tumor metastasizes. Increases in stemness or epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in primary breast cancer cells lead to enhanced plasticity, enabling tumor progression, therapeutic resistance, and distant metastatic spread. Numerous signaling pathways, including MAPK, PI3K, STAT3, Wnt, Hedgehog, and Notch, amongst others, play a critical role in maintaining cell plasticity in breast cancer. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate breast cancer cell plasticity is essential for understanding the biology of breast cancer progression and for developing novel and more effective therapeutic strategies for targeting metastatic disease. In this review we summarize relevant literature on mechanisms associated with breast cancer plasticity, tumor progression, and drug resistance.

MiR-524-5p Suppresses Migration, Invasion, and EMT Progression in Breast Cancer Cells Through Targeting FSTL1

Background: The effects of miR-524-5p on breast cancer (BC) have not been investigated, though studies show that miR-524-5p has an anticancer function. Thus, this study investigated the effects of miR-524-5p on BC cells and its potential molecular mechanism. Materials and Methods: The expression of miR-524-5p from the collected BC samples was determined. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was performed to examine the effect of miR-524-5p on BC cells viability. The target for miR-524-5p was predicted by bioinformatics and further verified by luciferase assay. Wound healing assay and transwell assay were performed to determine cell migration and invasion of BC cells. The expressions of Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) and related proteins in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were detected by Western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: MiR-524-5p was low-expressed in BC samples, and upregulation of miR-524-5p suppressed BC cell viability, migration, and invasion. FSTL1 was predicted as a target for miR-524-5p. In addition, overexpressed FSTL1 effectively abolished the effect of miR-524-5p on inhibiting FSTL1 expression, and reversed the inhibitory effects of miR-524-5p on the migration, invasion of BC cells as well as the effect of miR-524-5p on regulating the expressions of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), E-cadherin, and N-cadherin. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that miR-524-5p targeting FSTL1 adversely affects the progression of migration, invasion, and EMT of BC cells, thus, miR-524-5p is possibly a target for BC treatment.

Fat Therapeutics: The Clinical Capacity of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells and Exosomes for Human Disease and Tissue Regeneration

Fat grafting is a well-established surgical technique used in plastic surgery to restore deficient tissue, and more recently, for its putative regenerative properties. Despite more frequent use of fat grafting, however, a scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying either survival or remedial benefits of grafted fat remain lacking. Clinical use of fat grafts for breast reconstruction in tissues damaged by radiotherapy first provided clues regarding the clinical potential of stem cells to drive tissue regeneration. Healthy fat introduced into irradiated tissues appeared to reverse radiation injury (fibrosis, scarring, contracture and pain) clinically; a phenomenon since validated in several animal studies. In the quest to explain and enhance these therapeutic effects, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) were suggested as playing a key role and techniques to enrich ADSCs in fat, in turn, followed. Stem cells - the body's rapid response 'road repair crew' - are on standby to combat tissue insults. ADSCs may exert influences either by releasing paracrine-signalling factors alone or as cell-free extracellular vesicles (EVs, exosomes). Alternatively, ADSCs may augment vital immune/inflammatory processes; or themselves differentiate into mature adipose cells to provide the 'building-blocks' for engineered tissue. Regardless, adipose tissue constitutes an ideal source for mesenchymal stem cells for therapeutic application, due to ease of harvest and processing; and a relative abundance of adipose tissue in most patients. Here, we review the clinical applications of fat grafting, ADSC-enhanced fat graft, fat stem cell therapy; and the latest evolution of EVs and nanoparticles in healing, cancer and neurodegenerative and multiorgan disease.

Multiple Copies in T-Cell Malignancy 1 (MCT-1) Promotes the Stemness of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells via Activating Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Signaling through Suppressing MiR-34a Expression

Background

Although the oncogenic roles of multiple copies in T-cell malignancy 1 (MCT-1) have been revealed in multiple cancers, its effects on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) progression are still uncertain. This study aimed to reveal the effects of MCT-1 on the stem cell-like traits of NSCLC cells.

Material/Methods

Western blot, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), spheroid forming ability, and ALDH1 (aldehyde dehydrogenase 1) activity analysis were carried out to examine the effects of MCT-1/micrRNa-34 (miR-34a)/interleukin-6 (IL-6) on the stem cell-like characteristics of lung cancer cells.

Results

MCT-1 knockdown reduced the spheroid forming ability, characterized as the decreased spheroid size and number. Additionally, MCT-1 knockdown decreased the expression of the NSCLC stemness markers and the activity of ALDH1. Moreover, MCT-1 knockdown decreased IL-6 secretion that promotes NSCLC cell stemness. Furthermore, MCT-1 knockdown increased the level of miR-34a, which attenuated the stemness of NSCLC cells through targeting IL-6R (IL-6 receptor) expression.

Conclusions

These results suggest MCT-1/miR-34a/IL-6/IL-6R axis is responsible for MCT-1-mediated effects on NSCLC cell stemness.